Agronomía Mesoamericana

Perception and management of mango (Mangifera indica L.) dieback in Actopan, Veracruz, Mexico

2024-09-03T16:30:10-06:00

Introduction. Dieback is a serious disease reported in mango-producing regions of Mexico; however, there is no information on the perception and management of this disease by mango producers. Objective. To assess the perception of mango producers in the municipality of Actopan, Veracruz, Mexico regarding dieback disease, to evaluate the management practices they implement, and to describe their socioeconomic and production characteristics. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the municipality of Actopan, Veracruz, Mexico in the years 2021–2022. Semi-structured interviews with 45 questions were applied to mango producers. The socioeconomic characterization of the producers, plot management, recurrent diseases, and the perception and management of mango dieack were addressed. The data obtained from the surveys were analyzed using various multivariate and descriptive statistical tools. Results. The majority of the producers were men (94 %) with a wide age range, predominantly older adults and young adults. A cluster analysis identified three distinct groups of producers: small (SPM,56 %), medium (MPM,16 %), and large (LPM,28 %) mango producers, each with specific characteristics regarding cultivated area, agronomic management, and yield (M = 8,54 ± 3,75 t/ha). The mango dieback was widely recognized by all surveyed producers; the main symptoms associated with the disease: gummosis, branch rot, and trunk rot. Only 18.75 % of the producers implement some type of specific management or control of mango dieback, mainly through chemical and mineral fungicides. Conclusions. For mango producers in Actopan, Veracruz, dieback is a highly important disease in their cultivation. They carry out some basic management strategies; however, these have not been efficient, which has led to an interest in the development of new and better control tools.

Morphological characterization of advanced lines of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) from central Mexico

2024-08-23T15:07:39-06:00

Introduction. Of the five cultivated species of pepper, Capsicum annuum L. is the most important in the world, with great demand in the food, medicine, and cosmetology industries, among others. Mexico has the greatest diversity of cultivated types, highlighting jalapeño, guajillo, ancho, serrano and habanero. However, there are farmers who plant native materials that need to be studied and preserved, such as mulato and chilaca. There are no improved commercial cultivars for some types, such as chilaca, so producers depend on the seed they produce. Objective. Morphologically characterize advanced lines of different types of C. annuum from central Mexico. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in the spring summer 2022 and 2023 cycles, at the Bajío Experimental Station, Celaya, Gto., Mexico. In 32 advanced lines of C. annumm, 42 traits were evaluated based on UPOV guidelines (International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants) and the IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) guide. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and subjected to a cluster and correspondence analysis. Results. Morphological variation showed that fifteen plant, leaf and fruit traits were decisive in differentiating types and lines of chili. Based on similar traits, they were placed in five groups with the cluster analysis, where groups I and III were made up of three types of chilies and six traits presented the highest positive eigenvectors. Conclusions. The observed diversity revealed determining morphological characteristics to differentiate types and lines of chili peppers, which undoubtedly must complete their genetic improvement process.

The cryopreservation of the germplasm of livestock species: A step towards sustainability

2024-08-06T11:45:31-06:00

Introduction. Climate change has led to the need to modify the way of production in livestock systems. Objective. Review the state of the art on the cryopreservation of sperm from livestock species and its possible repercussions on sustainable development. Development. Scientific articles from 2000 to 2024 were reviewed from Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect. Sperm freezing can be considered as a way to optimize the reproduction of animals, however, during the process the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be stimulated, which promote lipid peroxidation of the membrane, which can cause damage. at a structural and molecular level that compromise the sperm functionality and the fertilizing capacity of the male gamete. The success of cryopreservation of sperm from livestock species can be improved by including extrinsic factors such as the addition of antioxidants, centrifugation or selection of the type of freezing. This reproductive biotechnology is associated with artificial insemination (AI) and the combination of these techniques has made it possible to optimize the profitability of livestock systems through continuous genetic improvement. Conclusions. The optimization of cryopreservation of the germplasm of species of zootechnical interest has allowed for an increase in the productivity and efficiency of livestock systems, as well as the possibility of species conservation, which are key factors to achieve sustainability.

Exploratory single crosses of purple maize for pericarp and cob pigment production

2024-08-07T14:24:28-06:00

Introduction. Plant based pigments could replace artificial pigments and consume healthy food products. Objective. To evaluate in the field and laboratory exploratory purple grain and cob maize single cross hybrids (CSE), formed with random lines, to analyze the integration of the B-49N x B-41N heterotic pattern. Material and methods. The research was carried out in Tepatitlán, Jalisco, Mexico during 2021-2022, CSEs were formed between six S₅ lines from population B-49N and four S₃ from B-41N with purple grain and cob. The crosses and five controls were evaluated in 2022 in the same location. A randomized complete block experimental design with three repetitions was used. Plot size, a row of 4 m long, 0,8 m wide and 0,16 m between plants with 25 plants per row. Plant and ear data were taken. In seven crosses total anthocyanin content in grain (CATg) and cob (CATo) were evaluated. Analysis of variance and tests of means were performed on all variables using the statistical SAS program. Results. There were 12 CSEs with the same yield (p < 0,05) as the white control, but with purple grain and cob, significant variation (p < 0,05) in anthesis (from 80 to 90 days), stem lodging (from 0 to 12,6 %). and ear grade (from 1,5 to 2,7). The grain of the CSEs was soft to very soft, and there was not association between yield and high CATg and CATo contents. Conclusion. CSE results show positive progress in the integration of the heterotic purple maize pattern B-49N x B-41N, but, in the future, the anthocyanin content in grain and cob, and grain hardness, should be increased.

Genetic and environmental effects on production of dairy goats under semi-intensive tropical conditions

2024-07-26T09:37:28-06:00

Introduction. The study of factors affecting the productive performance of dairy goats under tropical conditions is essential for optimal resource utilization. Objective. To quantify the impact of genetic and environmental factors affecting the productive performance of dairy goats under semi-intensive tropical conditions. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at the Finca Experimental Santa Lucía (FESL) of the Universidad Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica. The experimental period spanned from January 2007 to December 2023. A total of 15,686 daily milk weighing records were analyzed from 191 dairy goats of Saanen (S) and Saanen×Toggenburg (S×T) crossbreeds. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model was used to evaluate the effect of various predictor variables on daily milk production, and standard lactation curves were fitted for different genetic and environmental conditions using the Wood function. Results. Highly significant effects (p<0.001) of variables such as parity number, year of kidding, lactation week, buck category, number of offspring, season, and month of kidding on milk production were determined. For primiparous goats of S and S×T breeds kidding in the rainy season, daily peak milk productions of 2.46 and 2.54 kg were estimated, reached in weeks 6.4 and 5.9, with persistencies at the end of lactation of 86 % and 84 %, respectively. Conclusions. Being multiparous goats and the availability of feed with higher nutritional content during the rainy season are factors associated with higher milk production. Lactation curves revealed different patterns in milk production between primiparous and multiparous goats, as well as between different kidding seasons and breed types. The study provides valuable information for commercial validation and optimization of themanagement of lactating goats in semi-intensive tropical conditions.

Functional ingredients and innovative dairy products: Scientific and technological review

2024-09-04T10:35:46-06:00

Introduction. Understanding consumer behavior in the dairy sector is essential for enhancing competitiveness and defining strategies to meet their requirements and needs. Reviewing scientific information and patents allows for the identification of trends in the addition of functional compounds to dairy products, serving as a critical input for innovation in the food industry. Objective. To identify and analyze trends in the incorporation of functional compounds in dairy products by integrating perspectives from scientific articles and patent analyses. Development. Reviews of both sources revelated a greater application of functional ingredients in yogurt, which opens opportunities for implementation and research in other fermented products such as skyr. Scientific articles indicates an increasing focus on incorporating functional ingredients from unconventional sources into yogurt, ice cream, and cheese. Notable trends include the addition of antioxidants, and proteins, fat reduction, and the substitution of additives. Patents show a tendency toward the incorporation of nutrients, with protein addition being a recurring feature, as well as the inclusion of probiotics, minerals, and antioxidants. Another frequent trend in patents is the optimization of production processes to achieve clean labeling and improve sensory characteristics. The development of dairy products for specific populations is an emerging trend evidenced in the documented strategies. Conclusions. Key trends identified in the dairy industry include an emphasis on fermented products such as yogurt, improved production efficiency, and the addition of functional nutrients aligned with consumer requirements. Both sources highlighted the addition of proteins and antioxidants. An emerging trend identified in the analysis is personalized nutrition, which focuses on using functional nutrients tailored to specific populations groups.

Strategies in developing tropical maize hybrids.

2024-06-17T08:12:58-06:00

The strategies in a hybrid development program should be so oriented to achieve short, medium and long term objectives. The germplasm source utilized is quite important and should possess desirable agronomic traits with good plant and ear height characteristics along with good stalk quality to allow development of good progenitors. To achieve these objectives, it is imperative to introduce new strategies and modifications in the conventional systems to obtain higher efficiency. In this presentation various aspects are discussed relating to germplasm source oriented towards hybrids, integration and introduction of new schemes of population improvement parallel to hybrid development, production of vigorous and productive lines using diversified and efficient strategies, precise characterization of lines in inbred-line evaluation trials, combining ability in crosses with testers, identification of new hybrids during various stages of hybrid development, prediction of new hybrids with less number of single crosses, use of inbred lines in forming new populations as well as heterotic groups and synthetics. Options for developing single cross hybrids to add efficiency in the future are discussed.

Some considerations for the organic production of vegetables.

2024-06-17T07:54:46-06:00

This article is based on a Bibliographical Compilation where the ecosystemic problems, generated by the scientific and technological advances in modern agriculture, are analyzed. The basic principles ruling the organic, bilological, alternative or ecological agriculture are defined, emphasizing the importance of maintaining and improving the soil as the basic component of organic production, adducing that a well nourished plant is most resistant to any plague. Diseases, insects, weeds and nematodes are also mentioned, giving emphasis to practices of integrated plague management.

The phytogenetic resources: an option for the agricultural development in the American Tropics.

2024-06-17T07:49:32-06:00

The Central American agriculture shows a low productivity in most of the cultivated crops, apparently due to a lack of improved varieties and a reduced used of cultural practices. The Central American region has climatic, topographic, edaphic and social characteristics that could allow a more integral development and exploitation of the autochthonous phytogenetic resources. Nonetheless, in spite of the significance that it has to the farmer and the industry, there is little research and information on the use and of cultural practices of some potential species of American origin. A better knowledge of the genetic diversity, seasonal production, quality, supply and demand of the products, will allow for the preparation of a list of the phytogenetic potential which is still preserved. The most important incentive of any crop is its economic profitability. On this way, the economic factor promotes the basis for developing an increased production, improve quality and open new alternatives to the farmer and the industry. If a new crop is not profitable, it is rejected inmediately; but on the other hand, if a crop is highly profitable, it is almost imposible to restrain its diffusion. The recognition and conscience drawn by the reasonable use of the "genetic resources" on the national, regional and world level, as an essential base for a dynamic and rational agriculture, by far justifies the programs of the countries in the American Tropics to join their efforts in the preservation and promotion of the genetic diversity.

Aerobiology: a new research area.

2024-06-17T07:38:28-06:00

A workshop to address the science of aerobiology was held at Michigan State University‘s Kellog Biological Station on October 10-13, 1992. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together scientistis and to our-reach specialists from diverse disciplines to advance the understanding of aerobiology and improve the capability to predict the atmospheric movement of biota. Biota important to agriculture, forestry, human health and the envirommental move in predictable atmospheric transport events. The workshop participants discussed the principles of long-distance atmospheric transport of biota, formulated strategies to share diagnostic technologies and information systems, and concluded that science is positioned to make major advances in forecasting the movement of arthropods, plant viruses, fungi, and bacteria; birds and human allergens. A North American alliance for aerobiology research is being accelerate research advances in the important area of science. Approximately 70 nationally and internationally recognized scientists from agriculture, medicine, engineering, physics, eviromental science, and systems science participated in the workshop. The workshop generated (1) a set of generic foci and scientific hypotheses that will serve as guidelines to conceptualize and direct research in aerobiology, (2) recommendations for networking biological, atmospheric, and other environmental monitoring networks for in forecasting aerobiological transport events, (3) recommendations for utilizing existing electronic networks to link scientistis with agencies and institutions with and tools, (4) recommendations for developing an information database on an electronic comunications network to facilitate access to aerobioogical information, and (5) the establishment of an organizational, structure for the Alliance for Aerobiological Research (AFAR)with a governing board to serve the membership.

Biotechnology and the agricultural field.

2024-06-17T07:24:41-06:00

This article summarizes how the modern biotechnology techniques can be used as a tool to make the traditional animal and plant breeding methodologies more efficient. The advantages and disadvantages of using these techniques were analyzed at each stage of the selection process of the breeding program. We compared the ease of handling and time saving obtained when the biotechnology component is integrated in the process used by the breeder. The new techniques analyzed were: a- Tissue and organ culture; b- Genetic transformation; c- Molecular genetic markers. Likewise, the current interest of multinational corporations on the potential of the agriculture modified by the biotechnology and the further concentration of knowledge and intellectual rights was analyzed. The importance for the Latin American countries to rule as a group and to share a common criteria in order to legislate in favor of the intellectual rights and biosafty was also emphasized. This legislation would allow a harmonic development of biotechnology among our countries.

Characterization of the nopal (Opuntia spp.) production system in the Huasteca of Tamaulipas, Mexico

2024-06-21T11:17:39-06:00

Introduction. In Tamaulipas, Mexico, suitable environmental conditions are present to produce of nopal, however, yields are lower than the national average. Objective. The objective of this work is to characterize the nopal productive system in La Huasteca Tamaulipeca and identify the main problems that limit production. Materials and methods. A diagnosis of the nopal productive system was carried out in La Huasteca Tamaulipeca for which 28 surveys of 65 questions were applied, divided into three sections: a) identification of the producer, b) characterization of the family production unit and c) technical-productive characterization and marketing. Results. The age of the producers ranges from 37 to 78 years, with an average of 6,5 years of schooling. 3 % of the total producers do not have technical advice, 57,1 % mentioned that their lands are under the ejido regime and 100 % do not use agricultural machinery for their activities. 82,1 % of producers sell their products to intermediaries. The nopal producers of La Huasteca Tamaulipeca are mostly older adults with a lot of experience in growing nopal, however, production is carried out in a traditional way, without using any type of infrastructure, temporary and with little technical support. The main problems that producers face are the low prices caused by the low demand for the product, and the lack of technical assistance for crop management. Conclusions. Nopal production in La Huasteca Tamaulipeca is carried out in a traditional way, without using any type of infrastructure, temporary and with little technical support. The main problems that producers face are the low prices caused by the low demand for the product and the lack of technical assistance for crop management.

Effect of ozone on the postharvest quality of blackberry (Rubus adenotrichos) during storage

2024-06-12T11:47:03-06:00

Introduction. Blackberries are highly perishable fruits due to their soft skin and susceptibility to fungal diseases, such as gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Ozone is a gas that can extend the shelf life and protect the fruit from the growth of B. cinerea. Objective. To evaluate the effect of gaseous ozone application on the physicochemical characteristics and postharvest quality parameters of fresh blackberries during storage. Materials and methods. This study was carried out at the National Center for Food Science and Technology of the Universidad de Costa Rica in 216. Blackberries (Rubus adenotrichos) of the “Vino con espinas rojas” variety were used. The fruits were inoculated with B. cinerea and treated with gaseous ozone at a range of 50-200 μg L^-1for 150 min once a day over 0, 2, 4, 7, and 10 days of storage at 2 °C. Additionally, a control treatment (without ozone) was applied. Various physicochemical characteristics (color, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and hardness) and postharvest quality parameters (percentage of damaged fruit and fruit infected with B. cinerea) were evaluated. Results. Storage time significantly affected (p < 0.05) all the parameters analyzed, regardless of ozone application. No effect of ozone on the physicochemical parameters was observed. However, ozone treatment influenced the percentage of damaged fruit (p = 0.0067) and fruit affected by B. cinerea (p < 0.0001). After 10 days, ozone-treated fruits showed a lower percentage of fruit affected by B. cinerea (78.95 ± 1.08 %) compared to untreated samples (96.07 ± 2.19 %). Conclusion. Ozone application could be an effective method for maintaining blackberry quality, extending storage time, and improving resistance to fungal deterioration.

Insects as protein supplements in the livestock production animals: A sustainable and efficient alternative

2024-06-21T07:45:49-06:00

Introduction. The agricultural sector faces the challenge of finding sustainable alternatives for animal feed, given the growing demand for food and environmental problems. Objective. Document the outstanding nutritional characteristics of insects and their potential as a food alternative livestock production. Methodology. A bibliographic search was conducted in the Science Direct databases, based on the terms related to the consumption and production of animal feed and its environmental impact. Development. The nutritional profile of insects is outstanding due to the content of proteins (from 32 to 74 %), essential amino acids (from 8 to 39 %), healthy fats (from 6 to 21 %), vitamins, and minerals (up to 278.3 mg per 100 g dry matter). The high digestibility of nutrients makes them an important option to complement the animal diet. However, its use carries risks such as allergies, contamination, and nutritional imbalances, which can be minimized with proper management of appropriate hygiene practices, guaranteeing the quality of the insects used and complying with relevant regulations. Conclusions. The insects are an important source of proteins, amino acids, fats and minerals, all these elements of comparable quality to other traditional sources such as soybeans, wheat, improved grasses and other legumes. The use of insect represents an innovative and sustainable alternative for animal feeding, becoming a balanced and nutritious food source and benefits for both animals and the environment. Its successful adoption requires a balance between nutritional and environmental benefits and the costs associated with its production and regulation.

Survival or traditional statistics? Purple corn (Zea mays L.) premix shelf life estimation

2024-07-08T14:55:05-06:00

Introduction. Because the development process of a food product is not complete until its useful life is known, the development of a novel product food product such as the purple flour corn pancake premix raises the need of determining it. Objective. Estimate the shelf life of a pancake premix based on pujagua corn flour (Zea mays L.), through a storage study, using linear regression and Weibull distribution data analysis to compare both methodologies. Materials and methods. The study was carried out at the National Center for Food Science and Technology (CITA) of the University of Costa Rica, between 2018 and 2023. The storage study of the pancake premix was carried out with three repetitions, in a chamber at 25 °C and control samples at -18 °C for 7,5 months, considering nine sampling times and 26 days sampling frequency. For the pancakes, the critical sensory variables chewiness and atypical flavor were analyzed; the atypical odor variable was selected for the premix. A liking test was carried out with consumers (n=100).With these and the obtained from trained panel, two useful life values were calculated, one with the cut-off point method using linear regressions and another using the Weibull distribution. Results. The sensory variable determinant of the premix shelf-life was chewiness. With the first methodology, a useful life value of 124 days was estimated and with the second, a value of 265 days at 25 °C was obtained. Conclusions. The cut-off point method is more conservative and sensitive to the selected critical variables. The method using Weibull distribution was more practical, but care must be taken when evaluating products that are little familiar or about which consumers have little information.

Effects of postharvest abiotic stress on the accumulation of bioactive compounds

2024-08-22T07:33:31-06:00

Introduction. Abiotic stress in plants has been studied for many years from agricultural and physiological perspective, generating interest in its application during postharvest stages to induce desirable changes as a basis for the development of functional foods. Objective. To investigate and synthesize information related to the application of postharvest abiotic stress treatments in fruits and vegetables in order to evaluate their impact on the bioactive compounds content. Development. This review was developed in Costa Rica from March 2023 to January 2024 and describes the main effects of applying controlled abiotic stress during postharvest. The includes physical damage, exposure to high or low temperature, application of chemical substances, and irradiation in fruits and vegetables, with special attention to the accumulation of bioactive compounds generated as defense substances or through secondary metabolism. Conclusions. The available information suggests an effect on the accumulation of bioactive compounds, the sensory and general quality of the product, the type of treatment used, and storage conditions. The application of treatments to induce controlled abiotic stress should consider the intensity of stress, as excessive levels hinder subsequent use of the material as raw input for developing functional foods. Therefore, studies on treatments that allows important accumulation of compounds of interest in a specific product, suitable for the use as an raw material in functional food development, should also adedess their effects on relevant quality aspects. Aditionally, the effects of time and storage conditions on the concentration and stability of these compounds should be considered.

Osmosonication parameters affect Salmonella Typhimurium and Lactobacillus rhamnosus reductions in solutions and fruit juices

2024-08-14T15:23:03-06:00

Introduction. Sonication followed by storage in high osmotic pressure, referred to as osmosonication, can significantly reduce microbial loads in food products. Understanding the parameters that influence these reductions is essential. Objective. To evaluate the effect of osmosonication parameters on the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in model solutions and fruit juices. Materials and methods. This study was conducted at the Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica between January and December 2012. Completely randomized experiments were designed for both model solutions and fruit juices, with data analyzed using ANOVA. The parameters evaluated included amplitude (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 %), sonication time (10, 20, and 30 minutes), percentage of pulsations time (90, 50, 10, and 0), pectin content (0, 0.5, and 1,0 %), and cellulose content (0, 0.15, and 0.30 %), pH (2.5; 3.5; 4.5; 5.5, and 6.5) or natural juice pulp content. Results. L. rhamnosus demonstrated greater resistant to osmosonication treatments compared to S. Typhimurium. Microbial reductions increased with higher sonication times and amplitudes. The percentage of pulsations time did not significantly influence bacterial reductions. Lower pH values resulted in reduced bacterial resistance to osmosonication. Neither pectin nor cellulose content significantly affected the resistance of either microorganism to osmosonication. Similar treatments applied to fruit juices (blackberry, pineapple, apple, and coconut water) showed that microbial reductions for both bacteria were influenced by the type of juice, likely due to varying pH levels. These effects was also bacteria-dependent. Pulp content affected bacterial resistance to osmosonication, with the impact varying by bacterial species. Conclusions. Osmosonication parameters such as amplitude, time, pH, and the pulp content influence the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in model solutions and fruit juices.

Bactris guineensis, an underutilized Costa Rican palm fruit: juice processing and its nutritional profile

2024-09-16T09:37:05-06:00

Introduction. Bactris guineensis is a crop that produces visually appealing fruits resembling purple-black grapes with round seeds. This palm species naturally thrives in the lowland regions of tropical America. However, limited information available about this fruit. Objective. To investigate the nutritional composition, bioactive compound content, antioxidant capacity, and aroma profile of the huiscoyol fruit grown in Costa Rica, as well as to evaluate the effects of juice processing (enzymatic maceration and thermal treatment) on its bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. Materials and methods. Fruits were collected from randomly selected palms and bunches in Guanacaste Conservation Area, specifically in Palo Verde and Cañas, during peak harvest years (2007, 2011, 2014, and 2016). Nutritional composition, bioactive compound content, antioxidant capacity, and aroma and polyphenol profiles were analyzed. Juices were prepared using thermal treatment, enzymatic maceration, and a combination of both methods. The bioactive compound content and antioxidant capacity were assessed following each treatment. Results. Huiscoyol fruit exhibited high fiber content [7.3 ± 2.5 g per 100 g of fresh weight (fw)], and significant potassium content (307 ± 98 mg per 100 g fw). Anthocyanin levels ranged from 28.3 to 47.9 mg per 100 g fw, with cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside as the predominant compound. Total polyphenol content varied between 219 and 1,013 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g fw. Vitamin C content reached a maximum of 48 mg per 100 g fw. Antioxidant capacity, as measured by H-ORAC, ranged from 6,690 to 14,688 μmol Trolox equivalents per 100 g fw. Enzymatic maceration and thermal treatments applied to the juice did not significantly affect the bioactive compounds content or antioxidant activity (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Huiscoyol fruit demonstrate nutritional and antioxidant potential, making it promising ingredient for funtional beverages. Its bioactive components, such as polyphenols and anthocyanins, showed remarkable stability under thermal and enzymatic processing conditions.

Development of a green drink with spirulina (Arthrospira sp.) using the experimental mixture design

2024-06-21T12:57:06-06:00

Introduction. There is a tendency to consume spirulina (Arthrospira sp.) due to its nutritional value and potential as a sustainable protein source. Spirulina has an intense flavor and odor that can be disliked by consumers, so it is convenient to use the experimental design of mixtures to optimize the formulation. Objective. To develop a prototype of a green beverage prototype with high nutritional value that incorporates spirulina as an ingredient, through the application of an experimental mixture design. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at Universidad de Costa Rica, Liberia campus, in Guanacaste, between July and December 2022. Eleven prototypes of a spirulina-based beverage were prepared, and a space-filling mixture design was applied with three factors (spirulina, sugar, and fruits/vegetables) and overall acceptability as the response variable. Acceptability was evaluated by a panel of 95 consumers, with the averages adjusted using the Scheffe polynomial model. The model equation was obtained using JMP16 software and validated by a panel of 27 consumers with five samples. Physicochemical analyses were conducted to determine the nutritional value of a selected beverage prototype. Results. The factors were found to influence product acceptability (p<0.05). The values of R²=0.97 and adjusted R²-adj=0.96 indicated that the model fits the experimental data. Validation confirmed that the model reliably predicts overall acceptability. The formulation, which contains 2 % spirulina and a 300 mL serving, was characterized as low in sodium, a source of protein and magnesium, and rich in iron and vitamin C. Conclusions. It was possible to obtain a significant and adjusted mathematical model that manages to predict the liking of a beverage with spirulina. The developed prototype contains more spirulina and protein than similar beverages on the market.

25 years of operation of the Program of Interlaboratory Rounds for Food Analysis (PRIDAA): Contributions to the evaluation of the performance of chemical food analysis laboratories in Latin America

2024-05-20T21:13:49-06:00

The Food Analysis Interlaboratory Rounds Program (PRIDAA) was designed and developed between 1998 and 2023 by the National Center for Food Science and Technology (CITA) at the University of Costa Rica to provide an accessible proficiency testing program in food chemistry for Latin American laboratories. The program operated regularly during this period, with four to five rounds per year covering five food groups: cereals and derivatives, fruits and derivatives, dairy, meat or fish products, and roasted coffee, aimed at evaluating analyses of nutritional components or quality parameters. The program's design was based on ISO/IEC Guide 43:1 and the “International Harmonized Protocol for Proficiency Testing of (Chemical) Analytical Laboratories” developed by IUPAC/ISO/AOAC, later adopting INTE/ISO/IEC 17043:2013 as the reference standard for program accreditation by the Costa Rican Accreditation Entity, obtained in 2020. Over its 25 years of operation, PRIDAA completed 108 rounds with the participation of 91 laboratories across 16 Latin American countries. The participant profile consisted of 54 % institutional laboratories, 24 % private service laboratories, and 22 % quality control laboratories from food industries. The countries with the highest participation were Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Ecuador, accounting for 56 % of the laboratories involved. The results obtained over these years primarily provided feedback to participants for performance improvement, but they also allowed identification of the analyses in which laboratories demonstrated stronger overall performance and the more complex tests to achieve satisfactory results. The preparation process for accreditation led to enhancements in the calculation methodologies used, facilitating statistical analysis and decision-making, and ensuring reliable results for participating laboratories.

Pesticide imports in El Salvador from 2013 to 2021

2024-05-31T09:24:11-06:00

Introduction. Limited information exists on the import volumes, usage, environmental fate, and human health effects of pesticides in El Salvador. Objective. To identify import trends and the relative contribution of each active ingredient to the global volume of pesticide imports during the period 2013-2021. Materials and methods. Import records of pesticides provided by the Import Registration and Supervision Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock of El Salvador (MAG) for the period from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2021, were classified by active ingredient (a.i.). For each import event, the net quantity of each a.i. was calculated based on the technical data sheet of the commercial product. Each a.i. was categorized based on its properties into one of the following categories: herbicides, fumigants and soil disinfectants, insecticides-nematicides, fungicides-bactericides, molluscicides, and rodenticides. Results. Herbicides were imported in the largest volumes, followed by fumigants and soil disinfectants, insecticides-nematicides, fungicides-bactericides, molluscicides, and rodenticides. The most imported herbicides, in descending order, were 2,4-D, paraquat, glyphosate, and atrazine; for fumigants and soil disinfectants, methyl bromide, aluminum phosphide, and metam sodium; for fungicides-bactericides, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, carbendazim, and propineb; for insecticides-nematicides, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, terbufos, and malathion; for molluscicides, metaldehyde; and for rodenticides, coumatetralyl and diphacinone, respectively. Conclusions. From 2013 to 2021, among the most imported a.i. by volume, there was a notable increase in glyphosate, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, and mancozeb, while imports of terbufos declined. Other a.i. showed minimal variation, were imported in smaller volumes, or are no longer imported due to international regulations on the trade and use of chemical substances, and market demand.

National Center for Food Science and Technology linkage with the agri-food sector

2024-05-17T10:05:38-06:00

The academia-socio-productive sector linkage model of the National Center for Food Science and Technology (CITA) is presented through examples of technology transfer in the agri-food field. This model is organized under three figures, technical assistance, technology transfer and licensing, and the CITA Co-Lab program. CITA has promoted the development of the agri-food sector by improving existing formulations, transferring new technologies and by bringing new products to the market. The CITA Technological Support Program for Industry (PATI) was created in 1984, while the CITA Co-Lab Program began its activities aimed at supporting entrepreneurs in 2020. Through the examples developed in this manuscript, it is possible to understand the processes and identify some factors that influence products’ successful entrance into the market.

Effectiveness of chlorine and peracetic acid in the disinfection of minimally processed cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and green plantain (Musa AAB)

2024-05-22T14:48:51-06:00

Introduction. The consumption of minimally processed vegetables may pose health risks, making it imperative to understand the effectiveness of their disinfection. Objective. To evaluate the effect of peeling, cutting, and shredding on the effectiveness of sodium hypoclorite or chlorine (HClO) and peracetic acid (C₂H₄O₃) in disinfecting cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and green plantain (Musa AAB). Materials and methods. The research was conducted at Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Costa Rica, in 2012. Cabbage and green plantain (unpeeled, peeled, cut, or shredded) were disinfected by immersion in chlorine solutions (200 mg l^-1) and peracetic acid (80 mg l^-1) to evaluate desinfectant concentration over time, the reduction of Escherichia coli in shredded samples, and their sensory characteristics. Results. Both disinfectants were stable in time except when the shredded vegetables were treated with the concentration decreasing faster for chlorine and shredded green plantain. In shredded cabbage, a greater reduction of E. coli (6,767 log10 UCF/g) was observed when peracetic acid was used compared to chlorine (4 log10 UCF/g), although both equal to the control (4 log10 UCF/g). In shredded plantain, reductions with chlorine (6 ± 1 log10 UCF/g) and peracetic acid (5,7 ± 0,7 log10 UCF/g) were different from those with water (3,17 ± 0,06 log10 UCF/g), but there were no significant differences between the two disinfectants. Sensory differences were detected for shredded cabbage disinfected with chlorine or peracetic acid, however, consumer acceptance must be assessed. Conclusions. The level of vegetable subdivision affected the effeciveness of chlorine and peracetic acid when disinfecting cabbage and green plantain. Peracetic acid provides greater reductions of E. coli than chlorine in the case of shredded cabbage and equivalent reductions in shredded green plantain.

Radical biostimulation and solar irradiation in Coffea arabica L. nursery plants

2024-05-20T13:49:30-06:00

Introduction. In the nursery stage, quality Coffea arabica plants can be formed, which reduces the stressful effects after transplanting, increases photosynthetic efficiency and maintains a constant growth rate. Objective. To evaluate the effect of biostimulants and solar irradiation on the growth and physiology of C. arabica plants during the nursery stage. Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse at the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico. Each lasted 270 days and were carried out in 2018 and 2022. In a factorial design in blocks; factor 1 (biostimulants: control, mycorrhizal fungi, seaweed, and organic polymers). Factor 2 (irradiation: 81, 168, 278 and 440 µmol m^-2 s^-1). Factor 3 (varieties: Costa Rica 95, Marsellesa, Caturra Roja and Garnica). Mycorrhizal colonization (MC), root system proportion (RSP), growth rate (GR), aerial proportion (AP), chlorophylls, and nutritional content were all determined. An ANOVA was performed on the data to detect differences between treatments. Results. At 270 days after sowing, the Marsellesa variety biostimulated with mycorrhizal fungi and exposed to an irradiation of 168±36 µmol m^-2 s^-1, reached higher values in MC with 36.51 %, and GR with 0.175 g g^-1 day. In Costa Rica 95 and Marsellesa, biostimulation with polymers and an irradiation of 440±59 µmol m^-2 s^-1was significantly related (p≤0.05) to increases of 3.08 mg g^-1 FMW in total chlorophyll. In Marsellesa, high nutritional contents in N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were obtained by biostimulation with polymers and exposure to 168±36 μmol m^-2 s^-1of irradiation. Conclusions. Radical biostimulation with mycorrhizal fungi and irradiation levels of 168 to 278 μmol m^-2 s^-1led to better development in coffee plants.

Effect of vermicompost on the development of Gros Michel banana plants (Musa AAA) at greenhouse

2024-06-03T10:15:29-06:00

Introduction. Banana plantations requires high quality inputs to maintain high productions activity. The use of in vitro plants has had a great impact because the plants have greater vigor and prevent the spread of diseases in fields, these plants need a period of acclimatization before planting and the use of high-quality substrates such as vermicompost prevents the spread of soil diseases, and encourages better development, which It could also help reduce production costs. Objective. To evaluate the effect of vermicompost on the growth and development of banana plants cv Gros Michel (Musa AAA) at greenhouse stage. Materials and methods. At the Atlantic Headquarters of the University of Costa Rica located in Turrialba, during july to september, 2022, substrates were prepared with two types of vermicompost (anticipated and delayed) in doses of 0 %, 10 %, 25 % and 30 %; Then, in vitro plants of Gros Michel banana (Musa AAA) were planted in IV phase. The following were evaluated every two weeks: plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, leaf emission and pseudostem diameter. In addition to this, the corm diameter, fresh and dry biomass were analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the trial. Results. Vermicompost was beneficial at the lowest dose tested (10 % A and 10 % P), although, in the absence of vermicompost (0 %), the plants presented the lowest development, at the highest doses (30 % P) derived a phytotoxic effect. Conclusion. Vermicompost stimulated the growth of banana plants based on the physiological variables evaluated in contrast to the treatment without vermicompost.

Use of organic acids for reduction of microorganisms in shredded cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and carrot (Daucus carota)

2024-05-13T11:51:29-06:00

Introduction. Alternative disinfection processes for fresh and minimally processed vegetables have been studied recently. Methods such as the use of organic acids can reduce microbial loads in foods. Objective. To evaluate the use of citric and lactic acids at different concentrations in reducing Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in shredded cabbage and carrot. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in San José, Costa Rica, between September and November 2023. Carrots and cabbages were shredded, inoculated with E. coli and L. monocytogenes, and then disinfected using lactic or citric acid at concentrations of 5, 10 y 20 g l^-1for 5 min. After disinfection, logarithmic reductions were determined, and orthogonal contrast and Bonferroni test were applied to evaluate the effect of the acids in comparison to the water control, the differences in the reduction between acids, and effect of the acid concentration. Results. In both carrot and cabbage, logarithmic reductions of E. coli between 2 and 5 log CFU/g were determined. Greater reductions were generally found at 20 g l^-1 compared to 5 g l^-1, and for lactic acid compared to citric acid. For L. monocytogenes in carrots, no reduction could be determined, however, in cabbage, reductions between 1,2 and 2,4 log CFU/g were determined, with higher reductions at 20 g l^-1compared to 5 g l^-1and for lactic acid compared to citric acid. Conclusions. Under studied concentration and time conditions, lactic and citric acids can be used in disinfection processes for shredded cabbage and carrot, achieving reductions of at least 2 log CFU/g.