Actualidades en Psicología (AP) is an official publication of the University of Costa Rica sponsored by the Psychological Research Institute (IIP, for its initials in Spanish), an entity belonging to the same university. Its objective is to promote scientific production in all fields of psychological science and associated fields, which is achieved via the publication of original and unpublished articles that present results of empirical research, mixed studies, methodological contributions, narrative states of the art, meta-analyses and literature reviews. This freely accessible journal is aimed primarily at students and professionals in the area of psychology and related sciences. The journal publishes in Spanish, English and Portuguese. The journal has been published continuously since 2018; i.e., article are published one at the time until the complete issue is compiled (issue closings are held in June and December). The journal’s call for papers is likewise open and permanent; thus, authors are welcome to submit their manuscripts throughout the year. The submissions should reflect the guidance provided under “Authors Guidelines.” Submission, revision and processing of manuscripts is free of charge. The journal is interested in original research contributions to the psychological sciences, which must respect and adhere to the highest ethical and scientific rules. Current Trends in Psychology seeks to encourage scientific investigation, to promote the discussion of relevant ideas for psychological sciences, and to disseminate professional and academic information relevant to the discipline. The journal currently ranks high in the UCRIndex. Furthermore, it is indexed in: PsycINFO , la base de datos de la Asociación Americana de Psicología SCIELO , Biblioteca Científica Electrónica en Línea-Brasil REDALYC , red de revistas para América Latina, el Caribe, Portugal y España PEPSIC , Revistas Electrónicas de Psicología – Brasil DIALNET , base de datos de revistas españolas y latinoamericanas DOAJ , Directorio de revistas de acceso abierto; Universidad de Lund, Suecia LATINDEX , Sistema regional de información en línea para revistas científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal REDBIB , Red Iberoamericana de Innovación y Conocimiento Científico CLASE , Citas Latinoamericanas en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Google Académico ESCI (Índice de citas de fuentes emergentes) SCOPUS
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Character Strengths that Prevent Substance Use in Mexican University Students
Objective. Identify character strengths that predict non-substance use. Method. Quantitative study with a cross-sectional research design. For data collection, the Spanish version of the VIA-120 Inventory of Strengths Questionnaire was used. To measure substance use, a six-question questionnaire was used regarding the use of alcohol, tobacco, electronic cigarettes, marijuana, non-prescription medication to stay focused or alert, and any illegal drugs. The application was electronical. The sample was non-probabilistic of 569 participants, with an average age of 21.2 years (SD = 2.30). 35.3% were men and 64.7% women. The participants gave their informed consent. A robust regression was performed with the RStudio program. Results. Two character strengths were predictors of non-consumption of substances: Self-regulation and Spirituality.
Copyright (c) 2025 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Development and Validation of the Self-concept Scale in Mexican Women
Abstract. Objective. Show evidence of validity and reliability of a self-concept instrument. Method. 425 Mexican women between 18 and 62 years old participated. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis shows five factors (ethical-moral, social, physical self-concept, self-realization and dependence) grouping 20 items with reliability indices ω>.75 and adequate indicators of goodness of fit. Results. The multigroup comparison shows that the instrument is equivalent in its configuration and measurement weights between women up to 30 and over 30 years old. Correlations with anxiety and self-esteem instruments show evidence of validity through external criteria. The appearance of the dependency factor instead of the autonomy factor is discussed. It is concluded that the scale is brief, valid and reliable. Likewise, its usefulness in research and clinical practice is determined.
Recognizing the Need to Seek Help: Signals that Trigger Academic Help-Seeking among University Students
Objective. The present study examines the signals that students consider clear indicators for seeking help at university, as well as the variables associated with those students who realize they need assistance only after failing a course. Method. In the study, 753 students from different fields and universities responded to a questionnaire on motivational variables related to seeking academic help. Results. The results indicate that poor grades are the most important signal for seeking help. On the other hand, it was found that 10% of the sample who needed to fail the course to realize they required help were characterized by greater shame, less social and academic integration, and less vocational strength. They also had a lower appreciation of academic support.
Mindfulness mediates the relation between cognitive reappraisal and test anxiety
Objective. This study analyzed the relationship between mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and test anxiety in university students. The first hypothesis proposed that cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and mindfulness would be negatively associated with test anxiety and its dimensions. The second hypothesis stated that mindfulness would mediate the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and test anxiety. Method. 275 University students of legal age voluntarily completed standardized questionnaires in digital format. Results. Results showed that mindfulness was significantly associated with cognitive reappraisal and with several dimensions of test anxiety. Mediation analysis indicated that mindfulness partially explained the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and test anxiety. These findings provide evidence for the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between emotion regulation and academic anxiety and highlight the importance of considering test anxiety from a multidimensional perspective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nicolás Alejandro Vizioli, Felipe Alejandro Cultraro, Leandro Crisólogo Gimeno (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
School Coexistence in Peruvian Adolescents: A Network Analysis Study
Objective. This study examined the dynamics of school coexistence among Peruvian adolescents using network analysis. Method. The sample consisted of 1083 adolescents who completed the School Coexistence Scale. A psychometric evaluation of the instrument was conducted to ensure its validity and reliability, followed by network analysis to identify the key dimensions of school coexistence. Results. The scale demonstrated appropriate psychometric properties, with Positive Interpersonal Management emerging as the central dimension in the sample. These findings suggest that network analysis provides new insights into school coexistence and highlights some differences in network connectivity by gender, which requires further investigation.
Adolescence, Psychological networks, Psychometrics, Invariance
Relationship Between Father And Children After Divorce: Integrative Literature Review
The continuity of the relationship between the father and the children after the divorce favors the development of the child and the family. This study aimed to present an integrative review of empirical research literature on the relationship between fathers and children after divorce/marital separation. The results suggests that: there are factors that favor and factors that hinder the relationship between fathers and children after divorce; this relationship exerts influence on the development of children and adolescents; separated-father parenting is marked by specific characteristics; and psychological interventions with divorced fathers are indicated to improve the functioning of binuclear families. This subject is highly relevant for the training of professionals in the health, education and legal fields, since it is a multifaceted phenomenon, complex and relevant for the development of children and family.
Copyright (c) 2018 Actualidades en Psicología http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Predictors of Professional Identity in Psychology Students: a Path Analysis Study
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between professional identity, university student identity, academic self-efficacy, professional self-efficacy, credits taken and difficulty perceived in the career, in traditional and non-traditional psychology students. We used a cross-sectional design and a non-probabilistic sample of 136 psychology students from a public university in the north of Chile. Four scales and a sociodemographic survey were used. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and path analysis were performed. Results showed significant differences in the academic and professional self-efficacy grouped into traditional and non-traditional students and a model that predicts professional identity based on the variables of university student identity, academic self-efficacy, professional self-efficacy, credits taken and perceived difficulty in the career (R2= .24). Outcomes are discussed according to the existing literature.
Copyright (c) 2019 Actualidades en Psicología http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Psychometric Evidence of Factorial Structure of Ambivalent Sexism in Brazilian Psychologists
A perspective to assess prejudice against women can be obtained through the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). Ambivalent sexism consists of two forms of manifestation: hostile and benevolent. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the factorial structure of ambivalent sexism in a sample of Brazilian psychologists. In addition, ambivalent sexism was also evaluated in relation to age, time served and how much the professional identified with a list of psychology fields. A total of 497 psychologists, between the ages of 22 and 69 (M = 34.52; SD = 9.57) from all regions of the country responded to an online survey. In addition to descriptive statistical analysis, the confirmatory factor analysis was carried out using several quality indices to adjust the model to the data, and the associations were calculated with Pearson’s correlations. Results showed reliable psychometric scores for the bifactorial structure of ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent). Sexism was positively correlated with age and showed no correlations with time of occupation. As far as the identification with psychology fields, sexism was negatively correlated with Social and Community Psychology, and positively correlated with Psychological Evaluation, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurosciences, Sport Psychology, Traffic Psychology, Experimental Psychology and Organizational Psychology.
Questionnaire of Emotions and Beliefs Regarding Diet and Weight (CECAP)
Objective. To build and assess the psychometric properties of an instrument that allows the emotions and beliefs elicited by food consumption to be operationalized. Participants. 1833 men (49.9%) and women (50.1%), between 14 and 18 years old (M = 15.43, SD = .93) participated in this study in a non-probabilistic and intentional way. 95.4% of the participants were studying at high school level, and 4.6% began their higher education in public schools in Mexico City. Method. The quality of the instrument was tested according to the Classical Test Theory. Only the purposely-made instrument was implemented. Results. A valid and reliable instrument was obtained, with three dimensions: erroneous beliefs about weight control, experiencing of pleasant emotions when eating, and importance given to body weight.
Copyright (c) 2019 Actualidades en Psicología (Current Trends in Psychology) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Animal Model of Sexual Motivation and Arousal: Effects of Alcohol
Sexual motivation and arousal are two semi-independent processes that are fundamental to the performance of sexual behavior. In this study, male Wistar rats were used as an animal model to determine the effects of different doses of alcohol (0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 g/kg ethanol) on genital-grooming and nose-touching (two indices of sexual motivation), and non-contact penile erections (an index of sexual arousal). The moderate and high doses of alcohol had deleterious effects on both processes, while the low dose, in contrast, facilitated sexual activation. The results of this study confirm that sexual motivation and arousal are two semi-independent processes, and show that alcohol exerts differential effects on each one.
Stereotypes About the Elderly Adult Population in Three Age Groups of Carers of Dependent Elderly People
The presence of stereotypes in carers implies unfavourable effects for dependent elderly people. Objective. This qualitative phenomenological study was therefore intended to describe the stereotypes that exist towards elderly adults in caregivers of three age groups (young, middle and older adults). Method. A semi-structured interview was applied to 20 caregivers of dependent older adults. The report was analyzed via axial coding using biological, chronological, psychological and sociological stereotype categories. Results. Positive and negative stereotypes were identified in the three age groups, although negative stereotypes related to biological aspects such as loss and disease prevail.
Internal Structure of a Scale of Helplessness for young people in northern Mexico
Objective. Analyze the internal structure of the proposal for a Youth Helplessness Scale (EIJ, by its acronym in Spanish) in a sample of the city of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. Method. A quantitative methodology of instrumental design was used. An incidental sample of 750 cases was chosen, of which 50.3% were men and 49.7% women, and whose average age was 21.85. A Scale of Hopelessness for Young people consisting of 47 reactants was used, measuring affection, motivation, cognition and behavior. The reliability was. 898, and an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was carried out. Results. Adjustment indices met the criterion of good fit. This tool provides a way to measure the predictor variables of suicidal behavior, all of which constitute a current public health problem, and which are partly predicted by indicators of helplessness.
Clinical Symptoms Prevalence in Patients and its Relation to Variables Associated with Psychotherapeutic Context
Objective. Inquire the prevalence of clinical symptoms in patients and verify possible relationships with some variables linked to the psychotherapeutic context. Method. A quantitative research was designed, at an exploratory level, with a descriptive and correlational design. The Symptom Evaluation Questionnaire (Sandín, Valiente, Chorot, Santed, & Lostao, 2008) and an ad hoc questionnaire were applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 90 subjects (M = 33.80 years, DT = 12.88). Results. There is a marked prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive behaviors; Patients with higher levels of Hostility tend to be linked to younger therapists and remain shorter in treatment; Younger patients tend to show lower levels of Somatization and higher levels of Depression, Interpersonal Sensitivity and Paranoid Ideation. The women obtained higher scores in Somatization, Depression and Phobic Anxiety, while it was found that female therapists tend to assist people with higher levels of Depression, Anxiety and Paranoid Ideation.
Towards a Healthy Aging: A Systematic Review about Music and Physical Exercise as Modulating Factors
Aging is defined as a set of biological processes genetically determined, that are characterized by the manifestation of gradual and progressive cognitive deterioration. Currently, there is a strong interest to identify which factors promote healthy cognitive aging, and the interventions and strategies that protect against age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this systematic review is to outline non-pharmacological interventions that included music or physical activity programs for older adults. Studies published between the years of 2007 and 2018 in major databases (Redalyc, Scielo, Science Direct, PubMed, Taylor, & Francis) were included in this review, obtaining 34 empirical articles (17 related with music and 17 with physical activity). The main conclusion is that an enhanced cognitive performance is found in older adults who were exposed to these interventions.
Influence of Sociodemographic Variables on Anxiety and Academic Achievement in Adolescence: The Pluricultural Context of Ceuta
The main objective of this paper is to analyze the types and levels of Anxiety and Academic Achievement according to age, gender, culture and socioeconomic and cultural, as well as the relationships between both variables. We focused on 811 participants 71.6% of whom were Muslims and 28.4% Christian; 46.1% male and 53.9% female. The techniques used in this survey were the STAIC (Spielberger, 2001) as well as the students’ grades. The results reflect medium-low levels in Anxiety and medium levels in Achievement. Anxiety is influenced by age, gender, culture and status. Academic Achievement is influenced by age, culture and socioeconomic and cultural. There is no statistically significant relationship between Anxiety and Achievement, except in Mathematics, increasing as the Anxiety scores are lower.
Impulsiveness and Aggressiveness in Police Cadets
The main objective was to inquire the levels of aggressiveness and impulsivity in Police Cadets of the San Luis, Argentina. The sample was intentional, not probabilistic, and consisted of 58 students (39 males and 19 females) attending the second and third year of a training institute. Two instruments were administered: The Aggressiveness Questionnaire (AQ) (Andreu-Rodríguez, Peña-Fernández & Graña-Gómez, 2002) and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) (Oquendo et al., 2001). The main conclusions make refer to high levels of Physical Aggression and Cognitive Impulsiveness. Women showed high scores on the Hostility sub-scale, while men had higher levels of Physical Aggression; the students of the last year of training exhibited elevated levels of Motor Impulsiveness, Verbal Aggression and Wrath. Finally, positive associations between the variables of Impulsivity and Aggressiveness to were corroborated.
Racial quotas: a study about university student’s and non-university’s social representations
This work aimed at analyzing the positioning of students and non-students about racial quotas in the Brazilian public universities and the justifications for that positioning. We also investigated the levels of prejudice existing among the participants and the relationship between their skin color and their positions about those quotas. The participants were 83 students and 63 non-students. The results showed that non-students perceive themselves as more prejudiced and 74% of the them were favorable to the quotas, being the selfdeclared black those that indicated greater agreement. The lexical analysis showed that students anchor their positions in meritocratic principles, while non-students anchor on egalitarian principles, reflecting the way in which these groups symbolically construct the meaning of racial quotas based on their group memberships.
Copyright (c) 2019 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Differences between men and women regarding psychological meaning of sexual socialization practices among siblings
Objective: to describe the psychological meaning of diverse of fraternal sexual socialization practices within a group of college students and determine whether there are significant differences among genders. Methods: cross-sectional study, non-probabilistic sample method (n = 214 college students) and the Modified Natural Semantic Networks were all used in order to analyze the psychological meaning of different practices of fraternal sexual socialization. Results: female participants were found to refer practices and meanings centered on an affective role, while men were centered on an instrumental role; however, there is a broad spectrum of socialization tactics shared by both men and women. Conclusion: gender and culture play a role in the fraternal sexual socialization practices that should be taken into account.
How is a best friend? Friendship’s characteristics in Argentine children
The aims were to inquire the concept of best friend in school children and to explore the best friend concept as a protective factor against situations of mistreatment between peers. A qualitative methodology was chosen and focus groups made. The sample was made up of 85 schoolchildren, from 4th to 7th grade (M = 10.68, SD = 1.34). The analysis was carried out via constant comparative method. The emergent categories were: companionship, conflicts, fraternity, fidelity, trust, help, positive emotions and moral aspects, manifestations of violence and search for dialogue with the aggressor, affective containment towards the victim and recourse for teacher support. Different conceptualizations are interpreted considering cognitive and socioemotional development. Friendship is a psychosocial resource to cushion the effects of rejection and foster socioemotional development.
Psychometric Conditions of the Stressful Life Events Scale Used on Colombian Population
Objective. This paper seeks to find the psychometric qualities of validity and reliability of the Scale of Stressful Life Events for Colombian people. Sample. 1225 participants aged between 17 and 64, (M = 33.14 years old; SD = 12.47) stratified by gender and origin. Method. We analyzed the psychometric conditions of the scale from the Item Response Theory (IRT) improved the format of presentation, defined limits of interpretation of the scores, and analyzed the difference in psychological impact caused by each event according to sex. Results. The results show that the scale has an adequate level of validity and reliability, that the change of format facilitates its correct fulfillment, and that the need to study differences between the sexes must be assessed further.
The Role of Parental Attachment and Emotional Regulation on Schematic Investment in Appearance in Young Adults
The affective bonds that are established in childhood can have effects on the emotional development of young people. The secure attachment can potentiate the ability of emotional regulation, provide a more positive image of yourself and, therefore, adjusted investment behaviors in appearance. This study aims to analyze the role of parental attachment and the emotional regulation in the schematic investment in appearance. Self-report instruments were used on a sample that consisted of 948 young adults (18 and 30 years) of both genders. The study highlighted the significant role that the quality of parental attachment and emotional regulation take in developing an investment adjusted in appearance. The results showed the positive mediator effect of difficulties in emotional regulation between the inhibition of exploration and individuality mother and the self-evaluative salience.
Predictors of Acute Posttraumatic Symptoms and Post-Stress Growth After a Recent Work Accident
The aim of this study is to evaluate a predictive model of acute posttraumatic symptomatology (PTS) and post-stress growth (PSG) in workers who suffered a recent work accident. To this end, 246 workers (23.2% women) were surveyed, aged between 18 and 73 years. The main predictors of PTS were subjective severity of event, negative religious coping, positive reinterpretation, and intrusive, brooding and deliberate rumination. At the same time, the main predictors of PSG were deliberate rumination and positive religious coping. A path analysis was performed to evaluate a model in which intrusive and deliberate rumination fulfill a mediating function, obtaining adequate goodness-of-fix indices. The need to have a method of early evaluation of psychological responses after an accident is proposed.
Consumo de Canábis: craving e a relação com ansiedade, stresse e depressão
Cannabis is the most used illicit substance in Portugal and is the one, which presents, on average, an earlier onset of consumption. Craving is considered one of the fundamental factors linked to the cannabis use, associating anxiety, stress and depression. The sample consisted of 143 individuals from the northern area of the country and the data was gathered through two online questionnaires (DASS-21 and the MCQ-SF). The obtained results allow us to conclude that emotionality, purposefulness and compulsivity are positively associated with the level of craving and, combined, as well to stress and depression. The number of years of consumption presents a significant effect in anxiety, with a medium effect size.
Anti-obesity Public Service Announcements: An Exploratory Study on Perceived Realism and Identification with Advertisement Characters
Mass media outreach represents an important vehicle to address widespread obesity; however, literature evaluating the effectiveness of the anti-obesity message is scarce, and the concept of identification has not been reviewed in that context. Identification with message characters and perception of realism facilitate engagement and foster message effectiveness. Fifteen women were presented with four portrayals of the overweight, in one-onone interviews: (1) a sedentary, overeating obese individual; (2) an overweight person struggling with daily activities; (3) another overweight person in a low-income socio-economic context, and (4) an overweight woman exercising and limiting her in portions. This exploratory study indicates that associating an obese person with some negatively perceived activities limits identification, regardless of activities being perceived as realistic.
Resilience Processes, Engagement and Emotional Competencies, in Professionals Attending Elder People in Violence Situations in Saltillo, Coahuila and Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have investigated resilience, which is considered a phylogenetic process developed to increase survival (Stein, 2009; Aparecida dos Santos & Nunes Moreira, 2014). Resilience is a construct that has been the topic of many studies. The objective of this investigation is to identify the relationship between the five dimensions of resilience in professionals who tend to elderly people, labor engagement and the emotional competencies. Several linear regression models were used to investigate the levels of prediction between the independent and dependent variables. The main results show relationships among resilience and its different dimensions, engagement (β = .207; p = .005) and emotional competencies (β =.710; p =.001) including four of its five dimensions on the analysis (R2= .724, F = 108.63, gl = 2, p= .001).
A influência da anomia e do comprometimento organizacional sobre a intenção de rotatividade em organizações
The current context of organizations is of great competition in a market increasingly marked by change. For companies to remain competitive in such a scenario, they must invest in recruitment, selection, and training; as well as create strategies to retain their talents. The present study attempts to test an explanatory model of turnover intention with organizational anomia and organizational commitment as predictors. A total of 325 workers from different organizations participated in the study. Participants responded to validated instruments to measure study variables. The answers were subjected to Structural Equation Modeling. The results showed that anomie exerts a negative influence on commitment and a positive one on intention to leave the company.
Construct validity and reliability of the Satisfaction with Life Scale, in schoolchildren from rural and urban areas of Cundinamarca
The aim of the present instrumental study was to determine the validity of the construct and reliability of the Satisfaction with Life Scale, in schoolchildren from rural and urban areas of Cundinamarca. The study involved the application of the scale on 258 schoolchildren from the city of Bogotá and the municipalities of Subachoque and Cogua, Cundinamarca, aged between 12 and 18 years of age (M = 15.03, SD = 1.219), carrying out exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as an analysis of reliability and internal consistency. The results show a unifactorial scale, which explains the 57.669% of the total variance, with said unifactorial model confirmed, a Cronbach’s alpha of .814, positive correlations among all the reagents and between the items with the total of the scale, which allows us to conclude/state that the Satisfaction with Life Scale has adequate validity and reliability indexes to be used as a measure in schoolchildren in rural and urban areas of Cundinamarca.
Battlefield: Social Representations of Commercial Sex Work on Transvestite and Transsexual Females in Brazil
Objective. To analyze commercial sex work’s social representations among Brazilian women who identify as transvestite or transsexual. Methods: A qualitative study with a descriptive and analytical approach based on the Theoretical Paradigm of Social Representation with a structural approach. The sample group was formed by 100 women who defined themselves as transvestite and transsexual in Santa Catarina, Brazil. The data was gathered from September to December 2016 via a questionnaire using the technique of free association of words, as well as semi-directed interviews. Results: Through both prototypical and content analysis, it was confirmed that the most likely elements that formed the core of the social representation were: violence, drugs, risk, work, sadness, prejudice, and danger. In the objectification/objectivation process of commercial sex work, the image shows a mix between daily activities in the streets – which they consider to be their battlefield – and their own feelings and experiences of vulnerability in other areas of society, starting with families, churches, schools and the like. Conclusions: By experiencing commercial sex work, female transvestite and transsexual individuals reveal how the elements that form the social representation are of paramount importance in the legitimation, legalization, and simplification of their identities.
School Motivation, Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance in Students of Secondary Education
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between school motivation, emotional intelligence and academic performance in a sample of 3512 adolescent students belonging to 18 educational centers. The instruments used were the spanish versions of the Educational Motivation Scale (EME-S), the Traid Meta-Mood Scale-24 (TMMS-24) and the academic performance was quantified through the average grade of the students. The results showed stronger relationships between intrinsic school motivations and emotional intelligence than extrinsic motivations and amotivation. Likewise, emotional regulation, intrinsic motivation and demotivation predicted students’ school performance. The influence of school motivation, emotional intelligence and academic performance in the personal and academic development of the students.
Argumentative Strategies During Interaction in Natural Settings in Preschool Classrooms
The goal of this study was to analyze the argumentative strategies used by preschool children in natural situations of interaction in the classroom. Participants 60 children between 3 and 5 years old from a Day Care Center in Mexico City. The research was qualitative and a non-participant systematic observation process was conducted at three moments of the day: the assembly, the pedagogical activity and the free play with toys. The results showed that during conversation with their teachers and among peers, children generated 10 argumentative strategies: reference of authority, description, comparison, analogy, generalization, narration, anticipation, causality, opposition and alternative proposal. These results provide empirical evidence about argumentation in early childhood.