![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Diálogos Revista Electrónica de Historia, 23(1): 1-12. Enero-junio, 2022. ISSN: 1409-469X · San José, Costa Rica10
NOTAS
1. Los datos de ICFTU para 1959, por ejemplo, indicant un número de 12,000 sindicalistas
(o 6.6% of los asalariados) en Costa Rica, una categoría de bajo nivel de sindicalismo como
en El Salvador (también de 6.6%) y solamente superado por Panama (1.6%) y la Guateamala
posterior al golpe de Estado (0.3%), entre 20 países del hemisferio que fueron examinados. De
hecho, para 1971, como lo indica James Backer, había solo 23 convenciones colectivas en todo
el país. Rodriguez Garcia, 2010: 143; Cerdas Cruz, 1992: 298-299; Viales-Hurtado y Díaz-
Arias, 2017; Aguilar, 1989: 79-90.
2. Serano Romualdi Papers, 1936-1968. Romualdi a Jay Lovestone, “Report on Costa Rica,”
August 30, 1954, Box 3, Folder 5. Figueres presionó por un 50 por ciento de impuestos sobre
las ganancias de la compañía bananera (logró un 30 por ciento) y en 1954 ayudó en la negocia-
ción de una nueva convención colectiva que incluyó un salario mínimo que incorporaba ajustes
en el costo de vida.
3. Serano Romualdi a Alex Cohen, Dec. 10, 1951. No está claro si o cómo Cohen respondió
a la solicitud indicada arriba, pero para 1954, en un informe a su jefe de la AFL, Jay Loves-
tone, Romualdi se rerió a Cohen como “un poco idiota” y que le había parecido antipático a
Figueres y alguien de quien la AFL debería retirar todo tipo de cooperación. Romualdi a Jay
Lovestone, “Report on Costa Rica” 30 de Agosto de 1954, Box 3, Folder 5, Romualdi Papers.
4. Ibid. Romualdi a Lovestone. De acuerdo con Romualdi, dentro de la Rerum Novarum solo el
sindicato de músicos “cargaba con su propio peso económico”.
5. Adolf A. Berle Papers. Diary, 11 de marzo de 1953.
6. Adolf A. Berle Papers. Diary, 11 de marzo de 1953.
7. “Nicaragua: The Chummy Ambassador”, Time, 16 de mayo de 1960, p. 37; “Romualdi CR
55,” Robert J. Alexander, “Entrevista 25 de enero de 1955 con Serano Romualdi”, Robert J.
Alexander Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries,
Box 6, Folder 61 (cortesía de Jeff Schuhrke).
8. Adolf A. Berle Papers. Diary, March 31, 1953. Herbert H. Lehman (1878-1963) gozó de
una larga carrera como colaborador en la rma bancaria de su familia y luego como líder politi-
copolítico demócrata en Nueva York, incluyendo cuatro periodos como gobernador. Electo dos
veces Senador, en su última campaña en 1950, en la que participó como candidato demócrata y
del Partido Liberal, venció no solo a un oponente republicano sino también del Labor Party.
9. Adolf A. Berle Papers. Letter to Jose Figueres, Jan. 6, 1956.
10. Adolf A. Berle Papers. Letter to Peter Adolf Berle, Feb. 27, 1956; Berle, 1983: 197-198.
Beatrice, quien aparentemente habría aceptado solo después de la insistencia de Adolf a su
hijo, escribió que Peter regresó de su estadía “pálido, aco, cansado” y enfermo de disentería
amébica. “Un precio muy pesado de pagar por un curso de sociología práctica, fue mi único
comentario”. (198).
11. Adolf A. Berle Papers. Letter to Figueres, AB Papers, 21 de febrero de 1966.