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InterSedes, N°43. Vol XXI (2020). ISSN 2215-2458
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A partir de los noventa, la disminución de la ayuda a países de renta media abrió espacio a
nuevos esquemas de cooperación al desarrollo. Esto ha permitido a Costa Rica realizar
cooperación Sur-Sur y cooperación triangular, a pesar de no contar con fondos específicos para
este fin. Ejemplo: los programas Sur-Sur con México, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, Colombia y
Perú y de triangulación con países de Centroamérica, el Caribe Alemania y España (MIDEPLAN,
2014a). Aunque los montos contabilizados son bajos, son valiosas en términos de intercambio de
experiencias y asistencia técnica entre países.
Las convenciones internacionales han aportado impulso a cambios positivos en la
cooperación, como por ejemplo la Declaración de París sobre la Eficacia de la Ayuda al
Desarrollo (2005) y el Plan de Acción de Accra (2008)
6
. Esto favoreció la política exterior y la
cooperación internacional costarricense (MIDEPLAN, 2014a) pues estimulan a los países
receptores para que ejerzan una mayor autonomía y autoridad en sus políticas y estrategias de
desarrollo a la hora de perseguir las metas globales para la reducción de la pobreza y la
desigualdad.
En Costa Rica, entre 1990 y 2013 la AOD se ha reducido en un 78%, pasando de 287.6
millones de dólares a apenas 63.3 millones de dólares. Según MIDEPLAN (2014b), entre 2010 y
2013 la cooperación no reembolsable se redujo en más de la mitad, con US$144,2 millones en
2010 y US$63,3 millones en 2013. Asimismo, si se considera la cifra total de cooperación al
desarrollo durante el periodo 2010 y 2013, únicamente el 7,1% de los US$4.940,2 millones
recibidos corresponde a flujos no reembolsables; el restante 92,2% corresponde a la cooperación
financiera reembolsable (MIDEPLAN, 2014a).
Si bien es una realidad que Costa Rica presenta mejoras importantes en los indicadores
sociales y económicos, esta condición positiva no excluye la existencia de fragilidad ambiental,
desigualdad y pobreza en zonas rurales, especialmente en las áreas fronterizas donde se asientan
grupos altamente vulnerables. Por lo que se necesitan programas y proyectos públicos y apoyo
6
La Declaración de París establece como principios fundamentales la armonización, apropiación, alineación, con la
mutua responsabilidad oferente-beneficiario y gestión por resultados. Y con el interés de acelerar la aplicación de
esa declaración se firma la siguiente declaración en Accra, Ghana, el 4 de septiembre de 2008
(https://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/34580968.pdf, consultado el 15/03/2017).