Archivos suplementarios
Palabras clave
pollo de engorde
granjas comerciales
primera semana de vida
comportamiento
Animal welfare
broiler
commercial farms
the first week of life
behavior
Resumen
Los aspectos que constituyen el bienestar animal son complejos y multidimensionales. La primera semana de vida es crítica en el desarrollo de los pollos, y los problemas de bienestar son el resultado de una acumulación de factores que comprometen al animal individual y la parvada. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar indicadores ambientales, de alojamiento, de salud y de comportamiento, para conocer su relación con el bienestar de pollos en granjas comerciales en la primera semana de vida. Se estudió el efecto de múltiples indicadores sobre las variables de bienestar: mortalidad, selección, temperatura corporal, cojeras, rasguños, pododermatitis y rendimientos productivos. Para reducir la complejidad de los factores estudiados se realizó un análisis de componentes principales (CP). Para comprender las relaciones entre los CP y las variables de bienestar animal, se realizaron análisis de correlación y de regresión con los CP como variables regresoras. Se evaluaron 15 granjas comerciales ubicadas en la zona norte y central de Costa Rica durante los meses de enero a julio del 2019. El análisis redujo la complejidad de los indicadores a siete variables: productivas: enfermedad, integridad de piel y patas, densidad, recursos, ambiente y comportamiento. Los CP que mejor describieron la variabilidad en el bienestar fueron: comportamiento, integridad de piel y patas, densidad, enfermedad y recursos. Los modelos que mejor explicaron la relación fueron los que incluyeron el CP de producción y salud; alojamiento y comportamiento; salud y alojamiento; densidad y comportamiento; y enfermedad y alojamiento. La cama húmeda mostró diferencias significativas (p<0.05) en las variables de bienestar, no obstante, la mayoría de las granjas evaluadas tuvieron buena calificación en la integridad de piel y patas. El abordaje de componentes principales permitió la identificación de los principales factores que afectaron el bienestar de los pollos durante la primera semana de edad: calefacción, calidad de cama, enfermedad, disponibilidad de recursos, ambiente y comportamientos de motivación. Además, permitió realizar una clasificación de las granjas de acuerdo con su grado de asociación con las variables de salud.
Citas
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