Effect of Different Dentin Desensitizing Agents on Bond Strength and Dentin Morphology in Eroded Cervical Dentin
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/gjencg98Keywords:
Dentin; Dental adhesives; Tooth erosion; Varnishes; Scanning electron microscopy.Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of different dentin desensitizing agents on the bond strength of a universal adhesive system applied using the self-etch strategy to eroded cervical dentin, as well as their impact on dentin morphology. A total of 100 bovine teeth were sectioned, and standardized dentin specimens were obtained. Erosion was simulated with hydrochloric acid and a daily acid/abrasive challenge using orange juice and abrasive toothpaste for 7 days. Five groups (n=20) were formed according to the desensitizing agent applied: Clinpro White Varnish (sodium fluoride/tricalcium phosphate varnish; 3M), MI Varnish (CPP-ACP/sodium fluoride varnish; GC), Fluor Protector (fluorosilane varnish; Ivoclar), Shield Force Plus (light-cured resin-based desensitizer; Tokuyama), and Desensibilize KF 2% (potassium nitrate/sodium fluoride gel; FGM; active control). Half of the specimens were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate precipitate formation and the percentage of open dentinal tubules. The remaining samples underwent microtensile bond strength (μTBS) testing with a universal adhesive. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and respective post-hoc tests (α=5%). The active control showed the highest overall bond strength (55.85±2.85 MPa), whereas Clinpro showed the highest bond strength among the tested desensitizing agents (51.80±3.69 MPa). MI Varnish presented the lowest bond strength (36.89±2.03 MPa) (p<0.05). Fluor Protector significantly reduced the percentage of open dentinal tubules compared with MI Varnish (p<0.05). Despite the higher descriptive prevalence of surface precipitate scores observed with MI Varnish, Fluor Protector, and Shield Force Plus, no significant improvement in adhesion was observed. The findings highlight the importance of selecting dentin desensitizing agents that ensure both substrate protection and adequate bonding to eroded dentin.
Downloads
References
Carvalho T.S., Colon P., Ganss C., Huysmans M.C., Lussi A., Schlueter N., et al. Consensus report of the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry: erosive tooth wear--diagnosis and management. Clin Oral Investig [Internet]. 2015 Sep; 19 (7): 1557-61. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-015-1511-7
Lussi A., Jaeggi T. Erosion--diagnosis and risk factors. Clin Oral Investig [Internet]. 2008 Mar; 12 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): S5-13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-007-0179-z
Almeida e Silva J.S., Baratieri L.N., Araujo E., Widmer N. Dental erosion: understanding this pervasive condition. J Esthet Restor Dent [Internet]. 2011 Aug; 23 (4): 205-16. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2011.00451.x
Lussi A., Hellwig E., Ganss C., Jaeggi T. Buonocore Memorial Lecture. Dental erosion. Oper Dent [Internet]. 2009 May-Jun; 34 (3): 251-62. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/09-BL
Lochaiwatana Y., Poolthong S., Hirata I., Okazaki M., Swasdison S., Vongsavan N. The synthesis and characterization of a novel potassium chloride-fluoridated hydroxyapatite varnish for treating dentin hypersensitivity. Dent Mater J [Internet]. 2015 Jan 17; 34 (1): 31-40. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2014-102
Magalhães A.C., Dos Santos M.G., Comar L.P., Buzalaf M.A.R., Ganss C., Schlueter N. Effect of a Single Application of TiF4 Varnish versus Daily Use of a Low-Concentrated TiF4/NaF Solution on Tooth Erosion Prevention in vitro. Caries Res [Internet]. 2016 Aug 31; 50 (5): 462-70. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448146
Martines de Souza B., Vertuan M., Buzalaf M.A.R., Magalhães A.C. The Impact of the Demineralized Organic Matrix on the Effect of TiF4 Varnish on the Progression of Dentin Erosive Loss. Caries Res [Internet]. 2017 May 19; 51 (3): 264-70. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000475534
Comar L.P., Cardoso C. de A.B., Charone S., Grizzo L.T., Buzalaf M.A.R., Magalhães A.C. TiF4 and NaF varnishes as anti-erosive agents on enamel and dentin erosion progression in vitro. J Appl Oral Sci [Internet]. 2015 Jan-Feb; 23 (1): 14-8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720140124
Danelon M., Pessan J.P., Prado K.M., Ramos J.P., Emerenciano N.G., Moretto M.J., et al. Protective Effect of Fluoride Varnish Containing Trimetaphosphate against Dentin Erosion and Erosion/Abrasion: An in vitro Study. Caries Res [Internet]. 2020 Jan 22; 54 (3): 292-6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505179
Mashhour A., Allam G., Wassel M. Comparative evaluation of prevention of demineralization of artificial enamel caries treated with two fluoride varnishes and 38% SDF in primary teeth: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health [Internet]. 2023 Feb 17; 23 (1):110. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02799-1
Manchanda S., Liu P., Sardana D., Peng S., Lo E.C., Yiu C.K. Randomized clinical trial to compare three fluoride varnishes in preventing early childhood caries. J Dent [Internet]. 2024 Aug; 147:105141. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105141
Bruun C., Givskov H., Stoltze K. In vivo uptake and retention of fluoride in human surface enamel after application of a fluoride-containing lacquer (fluor protector). Caries Res [Internet]. 1980; 14 (2): 103-9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000260443
Paramesh Y., Durgabhavani G., Suneelkumar C., Gonapa P., Rathod R.T. Comparative clinical evaluation of two different formulated in-office newer desensitizing agents (Clinpro XT and Tokuyama Shield Force Plus) in reducing dentin hypersensitivity - A randomized clinical trial. J Conserv Dent Endod [Internet]. 2023 Nov 22; 26 (6): 682-7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/JCDE.JCDE_73_23
Escalante-Otárola W.G., Castro-Núñez G.M., Leandrim T.P., Alencar C.M., de Albuquerque Jassé F.F., Kuga M.C. Effects of Remineralizing Agents Based on Calcium Phosphate, Sodium Phosphate, or Sodium Fluoride on Eroded Cervical Dentin. Oper Dent [Internet]. 2021 Nov 1; 46 (6): E296-306. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/20-209-L
Castro-Núñez G.M., Alzamora-Perez A.L,. Gavidia-Herrera M.A., Machaca-Apaza A.L., Vargas-Cotacallapa D.S., Besegato J.F., et al. Effect of deproteinization with calcium hypochlorite on bond strength and hybrid layer formation of universal adhesives systems to eroded dentin. Int J Adhes Adhes [Internet]. 2025 Jan; 136 (103892): 103892. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0143749624002744
Escalante-Otárola W.G., Castro-Núñez G.M., Jordão-Basso K.C.F., Guimarães B.M., Palma-Dibb R.G., Kuga M.C. Evaluation of dentin desensitization protocols on the dentinal surface and their effects on the dentin bond interface. J Dent [Internet]. 2018 Aug; 75: 98-104. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2018.06.002
Arends J., Duschner H., Ruben J.L. Penetration of varnishes into demineralized root dentine in vitro. Caries Res [Internet]. 1997; 31 (3): 201-5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000262399
Eyüboğlu G.B., Yeşilyurt C., Ertürk M. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Dentin Desensitizing Products. Oper Dent [Internet]. 2015 Jan 9; 40 (5): 503-14. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/13-334-L
Chan K.C., Svare C.W., Horton D.J. The effect of varnish on dentinal bonding strength of five dental cements. J Prosthet Dent [Internet]. 1976 Apr; 35 (4): 403-6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(76)90007-x
Rechmann P., Bekmezian S., Rechmann B.M.T., Chaffee B.W., Featherstone J.D.B. MI Varnish and MI Paste Plus in a caries prevention and remineralization study: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig [Internet]. 2018 Jul;22 (6): 2229-39. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2314-9
Sleibi A., Tappuni A., Mills D., Davis G.R., Baysan A. Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Fluoride Varnishes on Dentin Remineralization During a Critical pH Exposure Using Quantitative X-Ray Microtomography. Oper Dent [Internet]. 2018 Nov/Dec; 43 (6): E308-16. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/18-014-L
da Silva M.H.P.M., Laurindo V.S., Soares L.E.S. Influence of fluoride characteristics on tooth surface protection in an erosive condition: A multifaceted characterization approach. J Esthet Restor Dent [Internet]. 2024 Jul; 36 (7): 1056-67. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jerd.13233
Li H., Watson T.F., Sherriff M., Curtis R., Bartlett D.W. The influence of fluoride varnish on the attrition of dentine. Caries Res [Internet]. 2007; 41 (3): 219-22. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000099322
Eyüboğlu G.B., Naiboğlu P. Clinical Efficacy of Different Dentin Desensitizers. Oper Dent [Internet]. 2020 Nov 1; 45 (6): E317-33. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/19-258-C
Cai J., Moradian-Oldak J. Triple Function of Amelogenin Peptide-Chitosan Hydrogel for Dentin Repair. J Dent Res [Internet]. 2023 Dec; 102 (13): 1434-43. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345231198228
Hu D., Tian T., Ren Q., Han S., Li Z., Deng Y., et al. Novel biomimetic peptide-loaded chitosan nanoparticles improve dentin bonding via promoting dentin remineralization and inhibiting endogenous matrix metalloproteinases. Dent Mater [Internet]. 2024 Feb; 40 (2): 160-72. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2023.11.003
Cruz J., Silva A., Eira R., Sousa B., Lopes M., Cavalheiro A. Dentin Permeability and Nanoleakage of Universal Adhesives in Etch-and-rinse vs Self-etch Modes. Oper Dent [Internet]. 2021 May 1; 46 (3): 293-305. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/19-276-L
Suyama Y., Lührs A.K., De Munck J., Mine A., Poitevin A., Yamada T., et al. Potential smear layer interference with bonding of self-etching adhesives to dentin. J Adhes Dent [Internet]. 2013 Aug; 15 (4): 317-24. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a29554
Santander-Rengifo F., Carreras-Presas C.M., Aroste-Andía R., Hernández-Huamaní E., Gavilán-Chávez P., Cervantes-Ganoza L., et al. Microtensile Bond Strength and Failure Mode of Different Universal Adhesives on Human Dentin. Int Dent J [Internet]. 2024 Dec; 74 (6): 1239-47. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2024.04.009
Chen K.K., Shono Y., Ogawa T., Kozono Y., Terashita M. Fracture aspects of resin-dentin bonding in non-trimming microtensile test. Dent Mater J [Internet]. 2001 Dec; 20 (4): 315-24. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4012/dmj.20.315
Mokeem L.S., Garcia I.M., Melo M.A. Degradation and Failure Phenomena at the Dentin Bonding Interface. Biomedicines [Internet]. 2023 Apr 23; 11 (5). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051256
Bortolotto T., Bahillo J., Richoz O., Hafezi F., Krejci I. Failure analysis of adhesive restorations with SEM and OCT: from marginal gaps to restoration loss. Clin Oral Investig [Internet]. 2015 Nov; 19 (8): 1881-90. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-015-1402-y
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jaime Barcena-Taco, César A. Lea-Condori, Diana D. Pumahualcca-Coila, Jorge A. Borda Bizaga, Gabriela M. Castro-Núñez, Wilfredo G. Escalante-Otárola.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
ODOVTOS - Int. J. Dent. Sc. endorses CC BY-NC-SA
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms. CC BY-NC-SA includes the following elements:
BY: credit must be given to the creator.
NC: Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted.
SA: Adaptations must be shared under the same terms.
Funding data
-
Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann
Grant numbers 8719-2021
