Effect of Experimentally Prepared Internal Bleaching Mixtures of Sodium Perborate and Sodium Percarbonate with Different Vehicles on the Mechanical Properties of Coronal Dentin
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/0cgnnn18Keywords:
Tooth bleaching; Dentin; Fracture resistance; Microhardness.Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of experimentally prepared internal bleaching mixtures containing sodium perborate (SP) or sodium percarbonate (SPC) combined with distilled water (DW) or 20% hydrogen peroxide (HP) on maximum failure load, fracture pattern, and dentin microhardness. Fifty endodontically treated bovine incisors were distributed into five experimental groups (n=10): CO-RE (control restored with composite resin), SP-DW, SP-HP, SPC-DW, and SPC-HP. After two intracoronal bleaching sessions, the specimens were immediately restored with composite resin and subjected to maximum failure load testing and fracture pattern analysis. For microhardness evaluation, fifty bovine dentin specimens were submitted to the same bleaching protocols and assessed using the Knoop microhardness test. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test at a significance level of 5%. The SP-HP and SPC-HP groups exhibited the lowest maximum failure load values and the greatest reduction in dentin microhardness, differing significantly from the remaining groups (P<0.05), while no differences were observed between them (P>0.05). In contrast, the CO-RE, SP-DW, and SPC-DW groups showed similar maximum failure load and microhardness values (P>0.05). Non-complicated fractures predominated in all groups. Internal bleaching protocols associated with hydrogen peroxide reduced maximum failure load and dentin microhardness regardless of the bleaching agent used, whereas protocols employing distilled water preserved the mechanical properties of the dental structure, with similar behavior observed for sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate.
Downloads
References
Fagogeni I, Falgowski T, Metlerska J, Lipski M, Górski M, Nowicka A. Efficiency of teeth bleaching after regenerative endodontic treatment: a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2021;10(2):1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020316
Hajeer O, Hasan A. In-office tooth bleaching protocols: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on whitening efficacy and tooth sensitivity. Saudi Dent J. 2026;38(4):1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44445-026-00159-7
Kahler B. Present status and future directions - managing discoloured teeth. Int Endod J. 2022;55(S4):922-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13711
Ahmed HMA, Abbott PV. Discolouration potential of endodontic procedures and materials: a review. Int Endod J. 2012;45(10):883-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02071.x
Amer M. Intracoronal tooth bleaching - a review and treatment guidelines. Aust Dent J. 2023;68(S1):S141-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.13000
Aragão WAB, Chemelo VS, Alencar CM, Silva CM, Pessanha S, Reis A, et al. Biological action of bleaching agents on tooth structure: a review. Histol Histopathol. 2024;39(10):1229-43.
Zoya A, Tewari RK, Mishra SK, Faisal SM, Ali S, Kumar A, et al. Sodium percarbonate as a novel intracoronal bleaching agent: assessment of the associated risk of cervical root resorption. Int Endod J. 2019;52(5):701-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13035
Srivastav P, Nainan M, Mangala T, Kamat S. The effect of intracoronal bleaching on dentin microhardness - an ex vivo study. Endodontology. 2011;23(2):19-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-7212.352032
Magro MG, Kuga MC, Victorino KR, Faria G, Keine KC. Effectiveness of several solutions to prevent the formation of precipitate due to the interaction between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine and its effect on bond strength of an epoxy-based sealer. Int Endod J. 2015;48(5):478-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12337
Leonardo RDT, Kuga MC, Guiotti FA, Andolfatto C, Faria-Júnior NB, Campos EA, et al. Fracture resistance of teeth submitted to several internal bleaching protocols. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015;15(2):186-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1512
Lima SNL, Venção AC, Kuga MC, Magro MG, Guiotti AM, Segalla JCM, et al. Effect of carbamide peroxide on the push-out bond strength of different composition glass-ionomer cement to root canal dentin when used as cervical barrier. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015;16(10):944-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1786
Zaniboni JF, Souza V, Escalante-Otárola WG, Porto TS, Godoy EF, Kuga MC. Impact of cleansing protocols to remove endodontic sealer residues on the adhesive interface: bonding with universal adhesive systems. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2022;34(7):1077-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12924
Galloza MOG, Jordão-Basso KCF, Bandeca MC, Costa SO, Borges AH, Tonetto MR, et al. Effects of the ratio between pigment and bleaching gel on the fracture resistance and dentin microhardness of endodontically treated teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2017;18(11):1051-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2174
Silva A, Zaniboni J, Alencar C, Campos E, Dantas A, Kuga M. Fracture resistance and bonding performance after antioxidants pre-treatment in non-vital and bleached teeth. Braz Dent J. 2023;34(4):62-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202305553
Almeida ENM, Victorino KR, Besegato JF, Costa JLSG, Leandrin TP, Vitória MS, et al. Fracture strength and hybrid layer formation of endodontically treated teeth after dental bleaching photoactivated with violet LED. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2023;44:103790. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103813
Oliveira DP, Teixeira ECN, Ferraz CCR, Teixeira FB. Effect of intracoronal bleaching agents on dentin microhardness. J Endod. 2007;33(4):460-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2006.08.008
Chng HK, Yap AUJ, Wattanapayungkul P, Sim CPC. Effect of traditional and alternative intracoronal bleaching agents on microhardness of human dentine. J Oral Rehabil. 2004;31(8):811-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01298.x
Almeida ENM, Costa JLSG, Silva AM, Manzoli TM, Vitória MS, Andrade MF, et al. Effect of non-vital tooth bleaching photoactivated with blue or violet LED on color and microhardness. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2023;42:103474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103561
Chng HK, Palamara JEA, Messer HH. Effect of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate on biomechanical properties of human dentin. J Endod. 2002;28(2):62-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200202000-00003
Mayer RM, Gubler A, Attin T, Zehnder M. In vitro and ex vivo comparison of reactive oxygen-releasing granules for internal tooth bleaching. Front Dent Med. 2024;5:1450416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fdmed.2024.1447459
Kuga MC, Santos Nunes Reis JM, Fabrício S, Bonetti-Filho I, Campos EA, Faria G. Fracture strength of incisor crowns after intracoronal bleaching with sodium percarbonate. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(3):238-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.2011.01077.x
Kaneko J, Inoue S, Kawakami S, Sano H. Bleaching effect of sodium percarbonate on discolored pulpless teeth in vitro. J Endod. 2000;26(1):25-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200001000-00006
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Antonia Patricia Oliveira Barros, Joatan Lucas de Sousa Gomes Costa, Vitória Lacerda Santos, Wilfredo Gustavo Escalante-Otárola, Andréa Abi Rached Dantas, Milton Carlos Kuga.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
ODOVTOS - Int. J. Dent. Sc. endorses CC BY-NC-SA
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms. CC BY-NC-SA includes the following elements:
BY: credit must be given to the creator.
NC: Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted.
SA: Adaptations must be shared under the same terms.
