Agronomía Mesoamericana journal is a continuous publication with an annual open issue that begins in January and closes in December. Edited in the Universidad de Costa Rica, its objective is to disseminate original scientific information in Spanish or English language, through the publication of articles, short communications, technical notes and literature reviews, related with food and agriculture sciences from anywhere in the world, emphasized in tropical and subtropical zones. Agronomía Mesoamericana implements interoperability protocols that allow the journal to be harvested by other content distribution systems. It supports this process through the OAI-PMH protocol (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) that allows the transfer of scientific and open access digital resources. URL OAI-PMH https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/agromeso/oai
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Morphoagronomic variability in specimens of wild papaya (Carica cubensis Solms) in Cuba
Introduction. Papaya is the third most important tropical fruit worldwide. However, in the wild variety, endemic to Cuba, there is no evidence of studies for its conservation, cultivation or breeding programs. Objective. To evaluate wild papaya specimens from the Almendares-Vento basin, with the use of morphoagronomic descriptors, to contribute to the conservation and value its productive potential and characters of interest for the genetic improvement of C. papaya. Materials and methods. The research was developed between 2008 and 2018, in situ in the Almendares-Vento Basin, Mayambeque, and traditional growing conditions, at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agricolas, San Jose of Las Lajas, Cuba. The evaluations were carried out using sixteen morphoagronomic descriptors recommended for the species. In 2016, seeds from eleven plants were collected for individual ex situ evaluation. The qualitative descriptors were described using photographic images and for the quantitative descriptors in situ, descriptive statistics were calculated for each of the variables evaluated. For the ex situ evaluations, a principal component analysis and a biplot were performed. For each descriptor, 95 % confidence intervals were calculated. Results. In situ, the wild papaya population was made up of specimens that lived isolated and distant from each other. Under traditional cultivation conditions, they showed morphoagronomic variability in the number of fruits and their dimensions, ¡Brix and acidity. In addition to their ecological value, the aforementioned characters revealed potential qualities in the identification of promising genotypes, related to the market and use in crop improvement. Conclusion. The fruits showed physical and bromatological properties that make wild papaya a promising phytogenetic resource for use in crop improvement and as a production alternative for production under traditional growing conditions.
Copyright (c) 2022 Jesús Rodríguez-Cabello, María Esther González-Vega (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) a crop with productive potential: technological development and prospects in Colombia
Introduction. The world demand for cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nuts has increased at more than 7 % per year, while production keeps on a rate of 6 % per year. This global market status makes the cashew nuts and its derivatives, as a promising agricultural alternative in Colombia, where about 270 t of kernels are imported per year. Objective. To present the basic aspects of cashew crop, and to show the current technological development and future prospects in Colombia. Development. Approximately 60 % of the area cultivated with cashew in Colombia presents average yields lower than 100 kg ha-1 of walnut, considered low compared to 1000 kg ha-1 or even higher that can be obtained with a technician management of the crop, a situation due to the lack of knowledge and scarce application of technologies for intensive production by producers. However, there is currently a technological offer of cashew clones with outstanding productive and quality characteristics, as well as technical recommendations for agronomic management of the cultivation and post-harvest of the walnut, which can be disseminated and implemented to address the main limitations of the crop, to improve cashew production in a profitable and environmentally sustainable way. Conclusions. The sustainability of current commercial cashew plantations and the increase of planting areas in Colombia require the validation and adoption of innovative technologies in integrated crop and postharvest management that could have an impact on the cashew crop in the country, by presenting alternatives to improve its productive behavior, as well as profitability for producers.
Copyright (c) 2022 Javier Orlando Orduz-Rodríguez, Eleonora Rodríguez-Polanco (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bud rot evaluation in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) using multispectral imaging, Costa Rica
Introduction. The use of remote sensing to identify the different plant health conditions, and its relationship with crop yield, constitutes a very important tool in the implementation of Precision Agriculture. Objective. To relate the phytosanitary status, obtained by experts through visual assessment, of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plants affected by bud rot (BR), with the vegetation indices calculated with multispectral images obtained with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Materials and methods. The study was conducted in a four-hectare plantation with oil palm three-year-old, owned by CoopeCalifornia R.L., located in Parrita, Costa Rica. Four visual assessments of the BR state were conducted from December 2014 to February 2017. With these assessments, the spatial-temporal evaluation of the incidence of BR during 26 months was obtained. In the last evaluation, a flight was performed with a UAV carrying a Parrot Sequoia multispectral camera, with which vegetation indexes were calculated and then related to the BR status of the oil palm plants. Results. A high spatial and temporal variability of BR was found during all visual evaluations performed. A strong relationship was also found between data from field assessments and data generated from remote sensing. The Simple Ratio (SR) vegetation index showed significant differences between plants classified as healthy and plants classified with BR, with degrees 2 and 3 of severity. Conclusions. Field data, obtained through expert judgment, can be linked to high spatial resolution multispectral information to identify BR in commercial oil palm plantations.
Copyright (c) 2022 Bryan Alemán-Montes, Carlos Henríquez-Henríquez, Kenneth Largaespada-Zelaya, Tatiana Ramírez-Rodríguez (Autor/a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rural agro-industrial enterprises diversity: typologies of panela production in Huila, Colombia
Introduction. Typologies can be used as a mechanism to address the heterogeneity of agricultural systems. Panela, or non-centrifuged cane sugar, is a traditional sweetener of great economic and cultural importance in Colombia, it generates 236,000 direct jobs per year and is produced in 47 % of the country’s municipalities. Objective. To identify typologies of agro-industrial production units (UPA) of panela based on technical and socioeconomic characteristics in the department of Huila, Colombia. Materials and methods. The multivariate statistical technique of mixed data factor analysis (AFDM) was used with data from 94 UPAs, taken from a representative cross-sectional survey of the year 2019 carried out within the framework of this study. The survey provided information on production cycle, socioeconomic, and environmental management management of by-products. Results. Three differentiated types of UPA were identified: type 1(6 UPA- 6.38 %): composed of units oriented to productive diversification and technological transition; type 2 (63 UPA-67.02 %): composed of units with traditional management of the cultivation, processing and use of by-products; and type 3 (25 UPA-26,6 %): composed of units specialized in the production of panela, with greater technification in cultivation and processing of sugarcane. Conclusions. Different heterogeneous groups of panela agro-industrial production units were identified in the department of Huila, Colombia, where a traditional small-scale operation model is developed. The empirical exploration of this research made it possible to delineate the potential for technology adoption in the identified groups. Technology transfer programs should consider the technical and socioeconomic characteristics of the UPAs.
Copyright (c) 2022 Gonzalo Alfredo Rodríguez-Borray, Ginna Natalia Cruz-Castiblanco, José Luis Tauta-Muñoz, Bellanid Huertas-Carranza, Sonia Mercedes Polo-Murcia (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Compositional quality of the silage of three cultivars of corn (Zea mays) from the Colombian high tropics
Introduction. The elaboration of high-quality corn-silage is a strategy to improve the efficiency of ruminant feeding systems. Objective. To evaluate the effect of cob proportion and sealing time on the compositional quality of silage of three maize cultivars in the Colombian high tropic, harvested in the reproductive phase of milky-pasty grain. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted in 2017 in Mosquera, Colombia, with the cultivars Simijaca, Medellín, and Pionner. Experiment 1, four different proportions of cob were generated in the silage. Experiment 2, the biomass was ensiled at 0, 8 or 16 hours of wilted. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), starch, and neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent (ADF) fibers were determined. The dynamic of pH decrease was evaluated. The effect of cob proportion and wilting time on the DM, OM, and NDF digestibility was determined only in the Simijaca cultivar. Compositional quality and pH dynamics were analyzed using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement, while digestibility was analyzed using a completely randomized design. Results. The Medellín cultivar showed lower cob proportion and starch concentration (11.9 %) (p<0.05) and a higher NDF content (51.7 %) (p<0.05). Greater cob content increased starch concentration, energy, and digestibility (p<0.05), and reduced (p<0.05) the final pH value (3.69). Wilted time increased DM, NDF (p<0.05) and final pH value and rate of pH decline, but did not change DM, OM, and NDF digestibility. Conclusion. Using corn silage with more than 66% of cob and rapidly sealing the biomass of the Simijaca and Pioneer cultivars improved the fermentation conditions and compositional quality.
Copyright (c) 2022 Edgar A. Mancipe-Muñoz, Javier Castillo-Sierra, Juan de J. Vargas-Martínez, Yesid Avellaneda-Avellaneda (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pesticide residues in blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.) in the Valle del Cauca, Colombia
Introduction. The blackberry (Rubus glaucus) is a fruit very susceptible to contamination by pesticide residues during its production stage. For this reason, the analysis of pesticide residues in this fruit is important to promote processes that contribute to ensure its quality and safety. Objective. To analyze the pesticide residues in blackberry (Rubus glaucus) fruits obtained from production areas and wholesale markets in Valle del Cauca. Materials and methods. During the second semester of 2020 and the first semester of 2021, fifteen samples from two wholesale markets and fifteen samples of three production areas of Valle del Cauca were analyzed through a multi-residue analysis of pesticides by gas chromatography coupled with a mass selective detector (GC - MSD) and liquid chromatography with mass-to-mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS). For this, the QuEChERS method was used and, in addition, an analysis of total dithiocarbamates by carbon disulfide (CS2) generation was performed. Results. Eight active ingredients were found in the production areas, of which four of them exceeded the maximum residue limits: chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, mandipropamid, and difenoconazole. In the market places, fourteen active ingredients were determined, which five exceeded the maximum residue limits: carbendazim, iprodione, tebuconazole, dimethomorph, and difenoconazole. Conclusion. These findings reflect the high residual pesticide residues in ready-to-eat blackberries and suggest the need for follow-up processes to help ensure the safety of the fruit throughout the production chain.
Copyright (c) 2022 Yorley Beatriz Lagos-Alvarez, Lizette Maritza Díaz-Ramírez, Jenny Marcela Melo-Velasco, Jhon Jairo Hurtado-Bermudez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of whole, skimmed and lactose-free goat and bovine milks
Introduction. The characterization and diversification of goat dairy products is very important to strengthen this incipient productive sector. Objective. To compare the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of whole, skimmed and lactose-free cow and goat milks, as well as their combinations. Materials and methods. In San Jose, Costa Rica, between January and December of 2015, the contents of fat (F), non-fatty solids (NFS), acidity, protein, density, pH, viscosity, and color of the types of milk mentioned were evaluated. Also, a generic descriptive sensory analysis and a general liking test were carried out. Results. Whole goat milk presented higher values of NFS, density and acidity, and lower pH, being whiter than bovine milk, with a similar viscosity. The removal of lactose did not affect viscosity; this factor interacted with the type of milk, but did not affect the fat and protein contents. There was an interaction between the type of milk and the modifications made for the color parameters. The panelists detected significant differences for all the attributes in the products except for the acid aroma. The presence of three clusters was established for the liking test, composed by 37.4 %, 28.8 %, and 34.5 % of the judges. The first and second showed a preference for whole and whole lactose-free cow’s milk and the third for whole and whole-lactose-free cow’s and goat’s milk. The lowest overall liking was for both skimmed and lactose-free bovine and goat samples. Conclusions. The skimming and lactose removal process modified the milk at the physicochemical level, the goat milks with the highest liking were whole and whole lactose-free; the lowest overall liking was for those skimmed-lactose-free in both species.
Copyright (c) 2022 María Laura Álvarez-Figueroa, María Lourdes Pineda-Castro, Alejandro Chacón-Villalobos, Elba Cubero-Castillo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Mineral profile of imported pet food in Costa Rica
Introduction. The mineral content in pet food is not always displayed on the label. It is important to know this information in order to assess the nutritional contribution of the food. Objective. To determine the content of Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, S, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, and Zn in 34 imported foods for dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, ornamental fish, and turtles, and to compare the results with the recommendations found in the literature. Materials and methods. During the months of August and December of 2018, ten samples were collected of dog and cat food, five for ornamental fishes, four for turtles, three for hamsters, and two for rabbits. These were acquired directly at different points of sale in the Greater Metropolitan Area, San Jose, Costa Rica. The samples were analyzed at the Animal Nutrition Research Center of the Universidad de Costa Rica. The minerals Ca, P, K, Mg, S, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, and Zn were quantified based on the methodology recommended by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The average content per feed group according to the animal species, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values were calculated compared with the nutritional recommendations for minerals found in the literature. Results. The foods studied met, on average, the mineral requirements for pets. Imbalances in Ca, P, and Mg content in the turtle foods, high iodine contents in dog foods, and unbalanced mineral relations were observed. Conclusions. A database was generated with average values and their dispersion in eleven minerals in 34 samples of commercial foods for seven companion animals in Costa Rica. Little information was available regarding the recommended upper limits and requirements in species such as hamsters, ornamental fish or turtles.
Copyright (c) 2022 André Cedeño-López, Rodolfo WingChing-Jones (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Control of Sclerotium cepivorum and growth promotion in garlic (Allium sativum) whit antagonist microorganisms
Introduction. White rot produced by Sclerotium cepivorum causes losses greater than 50 % in garlic crops, the main control alternative is the application of chemical fungicides with limited efficacy, it is necessary to integrate alternatives that contribute to the development of disease management strategies. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of antagonistic microorganisms applied individually and as a mixture against S. cepivorum in garlic. Materials and methods. This research was carried out under controlled conditions at the Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), during 2019. The soil was artificially infested with sclerotia (10 sclerotia/g soil). The efficacy of the individual use and in mixtures under different drench applications frequencies of three antagonists Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma asperellum, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strains Th003, Th034, and Bs006, respectively, in the control of S. cepivorum in garlic and in the promotion of plant growth expressed as root, bulb, and foliar dry weight was evaluated. Results. The highest efficacy, with 65 % in disease control was obtained when applying Th003 at sowing and 15 das and with 56 % when applying the mixtures of Th003 + Th034 at sowing, Th003 + Th034 at sowing, 15, 30, and 45 das, and Th003 + Bs006 at sowing, 15 and 30 das, while Tebuconazole presented an efficacy of 35 %. Conclusion. The application of antagonists individually or in mixtures at different frequencies reduced mortality due to white rot in garlic. A positive effect on garlic plants growth was observed with the application of Th003 + Bs006 strains at sowing, 15 and 30 das, Th003 at sowing, Th003 at sowing and 15 dad, and Th034 + Bs006 at sowing, with higher values of dry weight with respect to the control.
Copyright (c) 2022 Yimmy Alexander Zapata-Narváez, Magda Rocío Gómez-Marroquín (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Morphometric subpopulations study of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus peruvianus) epididymal spermatozoa
Introduction. The study of the sperm morphometry of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus peruvianus) allows to characterize the sperm cells of this species for conservation purposes. Objective. To determine the sperm subpopulations according to the morphometry of the epididymal spermatozoa of the white-tailed deer, using a CASA-Morph system. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in the second semester 2016, at the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Peru. In semen samples obtained from the caudal end of the epididymis of two deer (two and four teeth), it was determined based on the CASA-Morph system, Integrated Semen Analysis System (ISAS¨v1): the length, width, area, perimeter, ellipticity, elongation, regularity, and roughness of the sperm head were determined, also, the width, area, distance, and midpiece insertion angle of the sperm. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed and the non-hierarchical k-means model was applied to determine the optimal number of clusters. Results. The morphometric variables were distributed in five PCAs: ellipticity, size, circularity, midpiece insertion angle, which explained 81.24 % of the total variance. The Cluster analysis determined four subpopulations (SP), SP1 grouped large, elongated cells with high elongation and ellipticity (21.76 %), SP2 composed of small and thin spermatozoa both in the head and in the midpiece (37.7 %). The SP3 was related to the presence of elongated cells with high values of midpiece width, ellipticity, and elongation (17.7 %), and SP4 grouped spermatozoa with intermediate size of the head and the midpiece (22.84 %). Conclusion. The determination of four sperm subpopulations in white-tailed deer semen can be the basis of assisted reproduction programs for this species.
Copyright (c) 2022 Hernán Cucho, Gregorio Nina, Aydee Meza, Ruth Ccalta, César Ordóñez, Anthony Valverde (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Fertilizer for Wellness Program and the Bean Market in Mexico
Introduction. The Fertilizer for Wellness Program was implemented in Mexico since 2019 and seeks to increase the productivity of staple crops, including beans. Objective. To measure the effects of the Fertilizer for Welfare Program on the bean market in Mexico, the economic benefit that it will generate in society and its contribution to the food self-sufficiency of the grain. Materials and methods. A spatial equilibrium model that considered the bean producing and consuming regions in Mexico was formulated and validated, information in the average year 2017-2019 was used. Results. The results indicated that the national bean production and consumption would increase by 228 and 79 thousand tons if the Fertilizer for Wellness Program benefited all bean producers; the above would mean a 22.1 % increase in production that would allow lowering imports to zero. The Fertilizer for Wellness Program has promoted greater bean production and has contributed to food self-sufficiency by eliminating imports, in addition to generate economic benefits for society, as producer and consumer surpluses would increase by USD$ 429 million and USD$ 226 million. Conclusion. The Fertilizer for Wellness Program favored production growth and encouraged bean consumption in Mexico and discouraged bean imports; this action increased bean productivity and contributed to food self-sufficiency.
Copyright (c) 2022 Mercedes Borja-Bravo, José Alberto García-Salazar (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Importance of genetic resources of pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. var. comosus) in Colombia
Introduction. Pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. Var. comosus) represents one of the productive systems with the highest participation in the fruit and horticultural sector in Colombia. Plant genetic resources are the biological basis of world food security and are also the essential raw material for the genetic improvement of crops. In Colombia, the planting of an improved pineapple variety is a great problem, because it displaces the use of native cultivars, which are culturally rooted in terms of production and consumption in each location. This problem could be solved through the knowledge, characterization, conservation, and sustainable use of genetic resources, which are a source of genes of interest and that could be used to start a breeding program for this species. Objective. To recognize the importance of genetic resources as a strategy to implement a breeding program for pineapple in Colombia. Development. Plant genetic resources constitute the basis of food security; hence their knowledge, conservation, and sustainable use are necessary to guarantee agricultural production and meet the growing environmental challenges and climate change. Pineapple genetic resources in Colombia could be exploited, since there are different local varieties of pineapple, which constitute a gene pool with genes and characteristics of interest that could be used in breeding programs to obtain new cultivars to meet current demands and supply national and export markets. Conclusions. Knowing the genetic variability in pineapple genetic resources would allow planning conservation strategies, their sustainable use in agricultural systems and in crop breeding programs. It is necessary to incorporate molecular biology techniques to accelerate genetic improvement of pineapple.
Copyright (c) 2022 Germán Andrés Aguilera-Arango, Carol Liliana Puentes-Díaz, Yacenia Morillo-Coronado (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Antioxidant capacity and proximal analysis of Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal and Chenopodium quinoa Willdenow nectar-based
Introduction. Several studies have shown that the fruit of cocona and quinoa seeds have good levels of nutritional and functional compounds, as well as great versatility for food preparation. Objective. To determine the taste attribute preference, the physicochemical profile and the antioxidant capacity of the nutraceutical drink nectar based on S. sessiliflorum Dunal (cocona) enriched with Chenopodium quinoa Willdenow (quinoa). Materials and methods. A nectar was prepared with cocona pulp and quinoa seeds variety INIA 415 Pansakalla, under the Peruvian Technical Standard (NTP 203.110 2009) with fruits collected between February and March 2019, in the town center of Santa Rosa, Inambari district, Tambopata province, department of Madre de Dios, Peru. A sensory panel of forty people evaluated the flavor attribute, the proximal composition was determined by standardized methods and antioxidant capacity by ABTS methodology. Results. The most preferred nectar contained 73 % cocona pulp and 7 % cooked quinoa, the addition of quinoa increased the macronutrient content by 42 %, as well as the antioxidant capacity by 20 %. The cooked quinoa grains presented double the antioxidant capacity compared to cocona fruit. A low-calorie beverage was obtained (49.3 kcal/100 g) and enriched with bioactive compounds of high antioxidant capacity. Conclusions. The formulation with the highest acceptance according to the flavor attribute, physicochemical profile, and antioxidant capacity of the beverage was the one containing a proportion of 73 % cocona pulp and 7 % cooked quinoa grains, a beverage that met the regulatory requirements and could contribute to maintain and improve health.
Copyright (c) 2022 Rosel Quispe-Herrera, Yolanda Paredes Valverde, Jhon Rony Roque Huamani (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Nutritional composition, content of bioactive compounds, and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity of selected Costa Rican fruit
Introduction. The consumption of fruits and vegetables inversely correlates with the incidence of degenerative diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, certain types of cancer, and cataracts associated with aging, due to the action of bioactive compounds including vitamin C, polyphenols, and carotenoids. Objective. To evaluate the nutritional profile of eleven fruits grown in Costa Rica. Materials and methods. This study was carried out at the National Center for Food Science and Technology of the Universidad de Costa Rica, in 2010. The content of total dietary fiber, total polyphenols, reported as gallic acid equivalents (GAE), total carotenoids expressed as µg β-carotene, and the hydrophilic capacity for oxygen radical absorbance (H-ORACFL) of eleven traditional or underutilized fruits were determined: banana (Musa AAA subgroup Cavendish cv. ‘Grand Naine’), high altitude tropical blackberry (Rubus adenotrichos cv. ‘wine with red thorns’), melon (Cucumis melo cv. ‘Veracruz’), fig (Ficus carica cv. ‘Brown-Turkey’), mango (Mangifera indica cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’), papaya (Carica papaya hybrid ‘Pococí’), pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes HBK), pineapple (Ananas comosus cv hybrid MD-2 ‘Gold’), quince (Cydonia oblonga), jocote (Spondias purpurea cv. Tronador), and red tree tomato (Solanum betaceum). The fruits were collected in different locations in San Jose, Cartago, Alajuela, Guanacaste and Limon. Results. Six of the fruits studied presented dietary fiber contents between 4.2 and 6.6 g 100 g-1. The highland tropical blackberry presented the highest content of total phenolic compounds (538 ± 97 mg GAE 100 g-1) and the highest antioxidant activity (62.1 ± 4.0 μmol Trolox equivalents g-1) and the cooked pejibaye presented the highest content of carotenoids (72 ± 4 µg β-caroteno g-¹). Conclusion. The values of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds in the eleven fruits grown in Costa Rica represent valuable nutritional characteristics given the associated health benefits supported by clinical and epidemiological studies.
Copyright (c) 2022 María Laura Montero, Carolina Rojas-Garbanzo, Jessie Usaga, Ana M. Pérez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Biomass and bromatology of African Stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) with five regrowth stages
Introduction. Establishing the optimal harvest stage of African Stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) is essential to obtain high nutritional quality biomass and maximum productivity. Objective. To evaluate the nutrient production of African Stargrass with five regrowth periods by integrating biomass and nutritional data to establish harvest periods in cut-and-carry systems. Materials and methods. The study was carried out from August through December 2018 at the Dairy Cattle Experimental Station Alfredo Volio Mata (EEAVM), Ochomogo, Cartago. The effect of five regrowth periods (treatments = 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days) on the green and dry biomass production, nutritional quality, and effective nutrients production per hectare of African Stargrass was evaluated. The total biomass was measured for each plot, and the nutritional quality was obtained through the contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The analysis of total effective nutrients production per hectare was performed by integrating nutritional components and biomass production. Results. Fresh and dry biomass increased with increasing regrowth stage. The fresh biomass showed differences greater than 4000.00 kg fresh matter.ha-1 per cycle between the highest and lowest treatments. Dry matter yield at 35 days’ regrowth turned out 10 times higher than 7 days’. The crude protein content was greater in treatments with less days of regrowth. No significant differences were found in dry matter, fiber, and digestibility among treatments. Conclusion. The greatest supply of effective nutrients from African Stargrass harvested at 35 days evidenced the importance of integrating biomass and nutritional quality for pasture management under cut-and-carry systems.
Copyright (c) 2022 Adriel Jacoc Ferrufino-Suárez, David Mora-Valverde, Luis A. Villalobos-Villalobos (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Egg parasitism of Lepidoptera pests (Insecta: Lepidoptera) by Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Introduction. The tomato fruit borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and the leafminers Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) and Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), affect tomato production in different areas in Venezuela. The parasitism of their eggs by Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is a valuable low-cost and sustainable control alternative that combined with other forms of control would be an excellent component of Integrated Pest Management. Objective. To evaluate the parasitism exerted by T. pretiosum on the lepidopteran pest populations in tomato. Materials and methods. The evaluation was carried out in all sowings between June and August 2017, from the third week after the transplant until two weeks after the last flowering, in the localities of El Pueblito, Los Ejidos del Hato, and El Vigiadero, Jiménez municipality, Lara state, Venezuela. Parasitoid adults were released and subsequently leaflets were collected to evaluate the parasitism of the eggs of the leafminer species. At the onset of fruiting, small and medium-sized fruits including the calyx were collected and carefully cut from the floral peduncle. In both cases, eggs were counted. Results. In all evaluations, a parasitism varied between 43 and 53 % for N. elegantalis, and between 16 and 48 % for leafminer species was recorded. In the laboratory, the parasitism for P. operculella and T. absoluta ranged between 88 and 84 %, when eggs were separated, when eggs were together, a higher parasitism of P. operculella eggs (76 %) versus T. absoluta (44 %) was observed. Conclusions. T. pretiosum exerted a significant parasitism on the eggs of the three-lepidopteran species in tomato crops in Venezuela.
Copyright (c) 2022 Jorge Salas, Francisco Ferrer-Wurst (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Technical efficiency of cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in the Caribbean Region of Colombia
Introduction. Within the production systems of the peasant economy in the Caribbean Region, the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is important given its nutritional quality. There are few studies that inquire about the allocation of production factors by the producer. Objective. To analyze and determine the efficiency of cowpea production in the Caribbean producing regions of Colombia. Materials and methods. Between 2018 and 2020, the study was conducted using the information applied to 31 productive units in the producing regions of the departments of Cordoba, La Guajira, and Cesar in a randomly selected sample using the simple random sampling method. A structured survey was applied to the sample on data on inputs used in production such as labor, seed, fertilizer. Descriptive statistics, dispersion measures, correlation, and regression analysis were calculated, and for the purpose of evaluating the efficiency and contribution of each factor to production, a Cobb-Douglas econometric model was formulated. Results. Information was generated on the contribution of each factor makes to production, where seed and fertilizer stand out as those with the greatest contribution. Conclusions. The farmer was efficient because there was a direct relationship between the increase in inputs and the quantities produced, in addition, the technology gap is narrow of the order of 8 %, with yields on an increasing scale due to the direct relationship between the increase in inputs and the increase in product.
Copyright (c) 2022 Antonio María Martínez-Reina, Carina Cecilia Cordero-Cordero, Adriana Patricia Tofiño-Rivera (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of induction moment on Bradyrhizobium-soybean (Glycine max) interaction
Introduction. Legume nodulation is regulated by the exchange of molecular signals between the plant and rhizobia. The bacterial nodulation genes are activated by flavonoids present in root exudates. As a result of this activation, the Nod factors are synthesized, which in turn participate in the morphogenesis and function of the nodules. It is then possible to regulate the induction of Nod factors and other signals related to the nodulation process, during the inoculants production. Objective. To determine if the moment to induce the nodulation genes in Bradyrhizobium inoculants affects the synthesis of compounds related to the nodulation process and its interaction with soybean plants. Materials and methods. The research was developed in Rizobacter S.A., Argentina and Fyteko S.A. laboratories, Belgium, and in a plant growth chamber of the first one, during May-June of 2017. Two Bradyrhizobium strains were induced with daidzein in three moments. The signals produced by the strains and the biological effect in soybean plants were studied. Results. Differences were detected in the molecules produced by the bacteria, but it did not affect the growing and plants nodulation related to the different moments of induction. Conclusion. The metabolites excreted by Bradyrhizobium changed with strain and induction moment, although the latter did not affect nodulation or soybean plants growth.
Copyright (c) 2022 María Caridad Nápoles-García, Daimy Costales-Menéndez, Ionel Hernández-Forte, Reneé Pérez-Pérez, Guilleaume Wegria, Juan Carlos Cabrera-Pino (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Benefits of the inoculated canavalia intercropped with mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium in Coffea canephora
Introduction. Coffee growing requires technologies that increase yields, fertilizer use efficiency , promote the use of local sources of nutrients and take advantage of the benefits of microorganisms. Objetive. To establish the feasibility of the intercropping canavalia inoculated with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on coffee trees and their relationship with nitrogen fertilization. Materials and methods. The study was carried out between 2008 and 2012 at the Instituto de Investigaciones Agro-Forestales , in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. A randomized block design with factorial arrangement was applied. Five nitrogen fertilization systems were studied, with and without inoculated canavalia in a pruned coffee plantation cultivated in Cambisol. The canavalia plants were maintained in the coffee tree lanes during the rainy season, in growth cycles of 90 at 120 days, cutting, mulching and subsequent sowing. The canavalia seeds were coated with mycorrhizae and Rhizobium inoculants and sown at 25 cm x 25 cm in the rows of the coffee trees. The biomass, legume growth, coffee yield and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilization were evaluated. Results. With the canavalia inoculated with Rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi, 205.9 kg of N ha-1 were incorporated in three years and coffee yield increased by 17 % and 16 % in the first and second year, respectively. With the N4 + canavalia fertilization system, an average annual yield of 1.69 t ha-1 of gold coffee was obtained. Conclusions. The intercropping of canavalia with the coffee tree increased the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization. The intercropping of canavalia inoculated with Rhizobium and mycorrhizae in the management of C. canephora during the first two years from the low pruning of the coffee tree.
Copyright (c) 2022 Carlos Alberto Bustamante-González, Yusdel Ferrás-Negrín, Ionel Hernández-Forte, Ramón Rivera-Espinosa (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Estimation of soil moisture through multiple linear regressions in Llano Brenes, Costa Rica
Introduction. Soil moisture is a very important variable in the water supply for agriculture and it is its main resource. However, its field measurement usually has limitations, so its prediction is necessary for various agricultural planning and research activities. Objective. To predict daily soil moisture at the crop scale from meteorological information through multiple linear regression models. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in Llano Brenes, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors were installed and soil moisture information was recorded every twenty minutes from November 2018 to December 2019. The soil was classified at the taxonomic level as Lithic Ustorthents, in a farm with coffee cultivation in production. Undisturbed soil samples were taken for TDR calibration and a temporal stability analysis was performed. The first model (RLM1) was a multiple linear regression with meteorological variables, in the second model (RLM2) in addition to the meteorological variables, the precipitation was separated into sub-periods which were introduced as dummy variables, while the third model (PCA) consisted of a main component analysis and a linear regression model. Results. The RLM2 (R2 = 0.838) and PCA (R2 = 0.823) models performed better than the RLM1 model (R2 = 0.540). However, the RLM2 model was considered more useful due to its simplicity and the fact that it presented the best goodness-of-fit indicators. Conclusion. The linear regression models with meteorological variables allowed estimating soil moisture, because it tends to follow seasonal patterns and variations in precipitation, as observed in the RLM2 with the separation of sub-periods.
Copyright (c) 2022 Teresa Palominos-Rizzo, Mario Villatoro-Sánchez, Alfredo Alvarado-Hernández, Víctor Cortés-Granados, Darwin Paguada-Pérez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Efficacy of pre-emergent herbicides on the control of Oryza latifolia Desv. (broadleaf rice)
Introduction. Oryza latifolia is a wild species in commercial rice plantations, its control is difficult given the limited availability of effective and selective herbicides for commercial rice. Objective. To identify pre-emergent herbicides to control O. latifolia and to estimate the waiting time before planting commercial rice. Materials and methods. Two experiments were conducted from April to October 2019 at the Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Plastic pots of 3 L capacity, filled with clay soil, were used. In each pot, 30 seeds of O. latifolia were sown. In the first experiment, oxyfluorfen (480, 720, and 960 g a.i. ha-1), oxadiargil (300, 400, and 500 g a.i. ha-1), pretilachlor (1000, 1500, and 2000 g a.i. ha-1), atrazine (1500, 2000, and 2500 g a.i. ha-1), acetochlor (1500, 2000, and 2500 g a.i. ha-1), and a control without herbicide were evaluated. In the second experiment, oxyfluorfen (480 g a.i. ha-1) and atrazine (2000 g a.i. ha-1) applied at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks before sowing the Palmar 18 rice variety were evaluated. An unrestricted randomized design with five replications was used in both experiments. The control and dry aerial biomass of O. latifolia and Palmar 18 variety were evaluated. Results. Oxyfluorfen in the doses evaluated showed the highest efficacy with 100 % control of O. latifolia, followed by atrazine at 2000 g a.i. ha-1 with 80 %; however, both herbicides caused mild to moderate damage to the rice variety when applied between 0 and 4 weeks before planting. Conclusion. Oxyfluorfen was the most effective pre-emergent herbicide for the control of O. latifolia, but the waiting time to sow the Palmar 18 variety was not accurately determined.
Copyright (c) 2022 Grettel Picado-Arroyo, Franklin Herrera-Murillo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Molecular identification of microorganisms in agricultural, ornamental and forest crops in Costa Rica, 2009-2018. Part 1
Introduction. The Laboratory of Molecular Techniques applied to Phytoprotection (LTM), Crop Protection Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica; receives agricultural, ornamental, and forest crops for the identification of microorganisms using molecular techniques. Objective. To identify pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and protozoa in agricultural, ornamental, and forest crops in Costa Rica by molecular methods. Materials and methods. Between 2009 and 2018, plant parts (root, stem, leaves, fruits) and other materials such as water, substrate, and soil were received. A total of 805 isolates were obtained for identification of microorganisms by DNA extraction techniques, end-time and real-time PCR and sequencing using molecular markers. Results. The sequencing allowed the identification of a total of 154 species of fungi, 6 oomycetes, and 1 protozoa. Among the fungi identified, genera such as Fusarium predominated with fourteen different species, followed by Colletotrichum and Aspergillus with eleven species identified for each one. In the oomycetes, species of the genus Phytophthora prevailed, and within the protozoa the genus Plasmodiophora. In addition, the scientific references supporting the presence of the microorganisms identified in each particular crop have been included in the information. Conclusion. It was possible to identify by molecular techniques pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, oomycetes and protozoa species isolated from different agricultural, ornamental and forest crops in Costa Rica.
Copyright (c) 2022 Mónica Blanco-Meneses (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climatic and microclimatic conditions of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) production systems in Mexico
Introduction. Vanilla is grown in agroecosystems under varying management intensities, with particular environmental characteristics that could be unfavorable for the orchid. Atmospheric conditions are important due to climate change. Objective. To characterize the climatic and microclimatic conditions of three vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) production systems. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in three vanilla production systems located in Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico. Three management intensities were used: a) acahual, under the shade of various tree species; (b) monoculture, interspersed with an arboreal species; and (c) shade mesh (with artificial shade). One year of monitoring was carried out (December-2020 to November-2021), which included four climatic seasons, two cold and two warm. Climatic variables (region) and microclimatic (plot) variables were measured: temperature (T), relative humidity (HR), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, only in the microclimate), with automated stations; in addition, the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was calculated. Results. On a daily scale, climatic conditions as microclimatic in the acahual were more favorable for vanilla cultivation in the four seasons evaluated; the monoculture and the shade mesh experienced humidity and temperature conditions outside the agroclimatic requirements of vanilla, mainly in March-May (MAM), with Tmax >32 ¡C and RH <80 %. On an hourly scale, the warmest and driest conditions were in monoculture and shade mesh in December-February (DEF) and MAM; while in June-August (JJA) and September-November (SON) in acahual and shade mesh; VPD (>2 kPa) indicated longer periods of water stress in these systems. Conclusions. The monoculture and the shade mesh presented unfavorable humidity and temperature conditions for vanilla, with more periods of water stress. The acahual presented the most convenient climatic and microclimatic conditions for the cultivation of vanilla.
Copyright (c) 2022 Paulo César Parada-Molina, Araceli Pérez-Silva, Carlos Roberto Cerdán-Cabrera, Antony Soto-Enrique (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
New bacteria genera associated with rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Cuba promote the crop growth
Introduction. The rice cultivar INCA LP-7 is one of the eleven principal cultivars in Cuba due to their high yield potential, salinity tolerance, and pathogens resistance. However, there are not reports about the isolation, identification, and characterization of bacteria associated to this cultivar that promote its growth. Objective. To select promising bacteria from the rhizosphere of the INCA LP-7 rice cultivar to promote the crop growth. Materials and methods. The investigation was carried out in 2015 and 2016 at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Cuba and Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay. The 16SrNA gene of bacteria associated with the INCA LP-7 rice cultivar was isolated and identified by sequencing. Characterization was performed as plant growth promoting bacteria and the effect of bacterial inoculation on rice growth was studied. Results. Eleven rizopheric bacteria were isolated from rice plants of the INCA LP-7cultivar. A phylogenetic analysis showed that for the first time in Cuba Pantoea, Acinetobacter, and Mitsuaria genera were reported associated with rice. Rhizobium and Enterobacter genera were also informed as rhizospheric bacteria of INCA LP-7 rice cultivar. Some isolates solubilize inorganic phosphates and potassium, produce siderophores and indolic compound, had exo-celulase and protease activity and formed biofilm. The inoculation of isolates belonging to Pantoea genus produced an increase in height, root length, and biomass of rice plants under greenhouse conditions. Conclusions. Pantoea sp. GG1 and Pantoea sp. GG2 were the most promising strains for the inoculation of the INCA LP-7 rice cultivar. This is the first report in Cuba that focuses on the characterization of the bacterial microbiota part associated to Cuban rice cultivar INCA LP-7 and reports bacteria of the Pantoea genus as crop growth promoters.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ionel Hernández-Forte, Reneé Pérez-Pérez, Cecilia Beatriz Taulé-Gregorio, Elena Fabiano-González, Federico Battistoni-Urrutia, María Caridad Nápoles-García (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Isolation and molecular identification of fungi in bananas with and without leaf spots
Introduction. The foliar structure of banana plants is a determining factor in the yield and development of the crop. The microbial composition in foliar spots is relevant for understanding the emergence and spread of diseases. Objective. To perform the isolation and molecular identification of fungi in banana plants with and without leaf spots. Materials and Methods. In 2019, a non-experimental research study was conducted with a quantitative approach and descriptive level, using banana leaves from Musa acuminate (cv.IC2) with spots (HCM) and without spots (HSM), collected from a conventionally managed agricultural plot in northern Peru. Leaf fragments of 5 x 5 mm were cultivated on microbiological media, and fungal strains were isolated based on their macrostructures. DNA was extracted from the strains, and conventional PCR was performed targeting the ITS region of fungi (700 bp). The PCR products were then sequenced using the Sanger method in double strands. Taxonomic assignments at the species level were made using the BLAST tool, based on homology comparison with sequences from GenBank. Results. A total of eleven fungal species were identified in HCM and eight in HSM, including both phytopathogenic and non-phytopathogenic species. The predominant species in HCM were Fusarium spp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Additionally, it was observed that HCM shared three genera with HSM: Nigrospora, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. Conclusion. Fungal isolation and molecular identification were performed on bananas with and without leaf spots, and phytopathogenic and beneficial species were found.
Copyright (c) 2026 César Augusto Mogollón-Farias, José Stalyn Córdova Campos, Segundo Melecio García-García, Archi Alejandro Archi Alejandro, Eric Mialhe (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of seed moisture, temperature, and packaging on soybean seed longevity and quality
Introducción. La calidad de las semillas es clave para un óptimo rendimiento del cultivo de la soya, y puede ser afectada por el contenido de humedad, la temperatura de almacenamiento y el proceso de empaque. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de los factores temperatura, contenido de humedad, empaque, sobre la longevidad y calidad fisiológica de las semillas de soya variedad CIGRAS-06. Materiales y métodos. Este trabajo fue realizado en el Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas de la Universidad de Costa Rica durante el 2022 y 2023. Se utilizó semilla de la variedad CIGRAS-06. Las semillas se acondicionaron y se secaron al 6 % y 12 % de contenido de humedad y se almacenaron (por 12 meses) a temperatura fría (6 °C) y ambiente (23 °C), en tres tipos de empaque (bolsa de polietileno, saco de polipropileno y bolsa al vacío), y se procedió con pruebas de germinación y de vigor de las semillas. Se trabajó con dos lotes de semillas provenientes de Guanacaste y de Pérez Zeledón. Resultados. Se presentó una interacción entre los factores estudiados, donde la temperatura de almacenamiento y el sitio de origen fueron significativos. Las semillas almacenadas a 23 °C y de Pérez Zeledón mostraron mayor deterioro, mientras que el almacenamiento en frío (6 °C) y con menor humedad (6 %) redujo la pérdida germinativa, especialmente en el lote de Guanacaste. Las condiciones ambientales de 23 °C aceleraron el deterioro, y disminuyeron el vigor cuantificado por medio de conductividad eléctrica. Conclusiones. Las mejores condiciones de almacenamiento para la variedad de soya CIGRAS-06 se lograron a 6 °C y con un 6 % de humedad en la semilla. El origen de la semilla tiene que ser considerado ya que también influye en la respuesta observada en los distintos tratamientos.
Copyright (c) 2026 José Israel López-Rodríguez, Andrés Antonio Monge-Vargas, Andrés Hernández-Pridybailo, Luis Orlando Barboza Barquero (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Environmental aptitude area of four C4 grasses of Western Mexico
Introduction. Grasslands are habitats for numerous species, provide various ecosystem services, and can contribute to carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Objective. To analyze the future environmental aptitude area for four C4 forage grasses in the dry tropics of Western Mexico under different scenarios. Materials and methods. Study sites include the dry tropics of the states of Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit, located in Western Mexico. Fifteen bioclimatic variables were used and processed with the Idrisi Selva software. Reference climate data corresponding to the period 1970-2000 and future climate scenarios with the representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the 2041-2060 and 2061-2080 periods were employed. The MaxEnt model was used to analyze the environmental aptitude area (EAA) of Bouteloua curtipendula, Brachiaria fasciculata, Sorghastrum nutans, and Tripsacum dactyloides. Results. MaxEnt model showed that in future scenarios precipitation will have an increase in Sierra Madre Occidental, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and the Pacific Ocean watershed, while Jalisco State will suffer a reduction; the average annual temperature in the study region will increase between 1,7 °C and 2,6 °C in the future scenarios compared to the current climate. In addition, climate zones such as sub-humid tropic, and semi-arid tropic will increase their area, meanwhile, sub-tropic semi-arid will have a reduction. The models for the years 2060 and 2080 suggest that the environmental aptitude area for B. curtipendula, B. fasciculata, S. nutans, and T. dactyloides will decrease in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5; however, only B. curtipendula will increase in the period 2041-2060 (RCP4.5). Conclusions. Temperature and precipitation alterations throughout the region will modify the length and shifts of seasonal heat and modify climatic zones, which will cause a decrease in the environmental aptitude area of grasses analyzed from Western Mexico.
Copyright (c) 2026 José Ángel Martínez-Sifuentes, Humberto Ramírez-Vega, Darwin Heredia-Nava, José Germán Flores-Garnica, Luis Alonso Villalobos-Villalobos, Víctor Manuel Gómez-Rodríguez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Carbon stocks in coffee (C. arabica L.) agroforestry systems in the face of climate change: México case
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Climate change can alter carbon (C) stocks stored in coffee agroforestry systems. Objective. To simulate C stocks in the aboveground biomass (ABOS) and soil (COS) at a fifty-years projection under the baseline and climate change scenarios in agroforestry systems with coffee, using the CO2Fix model. Materials and methods. In 2020, the baseline total C (ABOC + COS) was established in twenty-five organic coffee plots of the Catuai Amarillo S. de SS Society, Chcaman, Veracruz, Mexico. The plots were classified into three agroforestry designs: D1 (shade trees -coffee on slopes), D2 (shade trees -coffee-banana on slopes), and D3 (shade trees -coffee-banana in the valley). The CO2Fix model was used to simulate the total C stocks at a fifty-years projection under the baseline and climate change scenarios in the three agroforestry designs with coffee. Results. The total C in the baseline was 124.59, 107.43, and 102.320 t ha-1 for D1, D2, and D3, respectively. There were decreases between 0,77 and 8,75 t ha-1 in the low total C stocks under climate change scenarios in the three agroforestry designs evaluated. There were no statistically significant differences between agroforestry designs in the baseline and under climate change scenarios. Although variations were found, total C stocks were maintained over time. The tree cohort was the main storage source of total C storage. Conclusion. It was possible to simulate, in a fifty-year projection, the carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and soil in the baseline, under different climate change scenarios, using the CO2Fix model, in agroforestry systems with coffee from the Catuai Amarillo S. de S.S. Society.
Copyright (c) 2022 Patricia Ruiz-García, Alejandro Ismael Monterroso-Rivas, Eduardo Valdés-Velarde, Esteban Escamilla-Prado, Jesús David Gómez-Díaz (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of fertilization on rhizome and starch yield of achira (Canna edulis, Ker) in Nariño, Colombia
Introduction. In Colombia, achira (Canna edulis, Ker) starch production is important in the Andean zone, in the departments of Nariño, Huila, and Cundinamarca. Objective. To evaluate the effect of planting density and fertilization on achira starch and rhizome yield, and the relationship between them, in the department of Nariño, Colombia. Materials and methods. Between September 2016 and October 2017 trials were installed in two locations in the municipality of La Cruz Nariño, Colombia. With BCA design distributed in sub-sub-divided plots with the following treatments: the blocks were composed of two main plots corresponding to two regional cultivars of achira, the sub-plots corresponded to two planting densities 10,000 and 12,500 plants/ha and the sub-sub-plots corresponded to three levels of N, P2O5, and K2O with chemical source and organic fertilizer. Results. The rhizome yield was higher than the national average with all treatments; the best yield was obtained at the highest level of chemical fertilization. There was a better response of the purple cultivar with 6.15 t ha-1 of starch, 15 % more than the green cultivar and a 21 % higher starch/rhizome yield. With the highest planting density, 15 % more starch was obtained, and with organic fertilizer the starch yield was higher than the regional average, but 50 % lower than with chemical fertilization, with which an average of 6.23 t ha-1 was obtained. Conclusion. There was a response of the achira to the N-P-K application and the planting density on achira starch and rhizome yield, and the relationship between both, in addition a different agronomic response of the cultivars under the study conditions was found.
Copyright (c) 2022 Belisario Volveras-Mambuscay, Juan Fernando López-Rendón, Gonzalo Rodríguez-Borray (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Energy analysis in dairies of the Argentina Pampa´s region. Part 1. Energy flows
Introduction. The heterogeneity of agricultural systems makes it difficult to assess their sustainability, since there are no tools that can be applied to most cases, with indicators that are easily understood by the stakeholders in the field. One possible tool for use is energy analysis. Objectives. To contextualize the heterogeneity of primary milk production models, based on energy flowcharts. Materials and methods. A retrospective data from nine commercial milk production establishments in the Argentine Pampas Region, during the period from July 2014 to June 2015 were worked with. These were differentiated according to variables such as animal stocking rate and level of feed supplementation. The case study methodology was used, with energy analysis for each case, configuring flowcharts for each one, and quantifying inputs, outputs, and energy use efficiency. Results. The existence of three systems was determined: mixed dairy-agricultural with fattening, mixed dairy-agricultural, and pure dairy with fattening. The mixed systems are important, due to the energy flow provided by agriculture to compensate for the significant energy loss of the milk and meat subsystems; however, the purely livestock systems turned out to be more efficient in energy use, due to lower energy consumption and forage production. Conclusions. The energy analysis was useful to characterize the heterogeneity between systems through the construction of flow charts. It also allowed evaluating social and environmental aspects, which in traditional analyzes are excluded; but which, given the volume of energy flow they provide, motivate the need to include them in accounting due to their importance for the dairy process and due to the close link between nature and society, associated with the man-ecosystem complex.
Copyright (c) 2022 Gustavo Daniel Gimenez, Bruno Idelfonso Novaira, Pablo Roberto Marini (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0