Agronomía Mesoamericana journal is a continuous publication with an annual open issue that begins in January and closes in December. Edited in the Universidad de Costa Rica, its objective is to disseminate original scientific information in Spanish or English language, through the publication of articles, short communications, technical notes and literature reviews, related with food and agriculture sciences from anywhere in the world, emphasized in tropical and subtropical zones. Agronomía Mesoamericana implements interoperability protocols that allow the journal to be harvested by other content distribution systems. It supports this process through the OAI-PMH protocol (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) that allows the transfer of scientific and open access digital resources. URL OAI-PMH https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/agromeso/oai
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Effects of submerged fermentation on coffee quality in Coatepec, Veracruz, Mexico
Introduction. Fermentation is a critical stage in the wet processing of coffee, with the potential to significantly modify its sensory profile. However, its influence on physical and sensory quality varies depending on the method applied. Objective. To evaluate the influence of two fermentation methods (aerobic and anaerobic) on the physical and sensory quality of a Coffea arabica L. blend (varieties Caturra, Mundo Nuevo, Costa Rica, and Geisha) cultivated in the Coatepec region, Veracruz, Mexico, and processed using the wet method. Materials and methods. The study was conducted during the 2025 harvest season (January-March) at Finca Bímori, located in the coffee-growing region of Coatepec, Veracruz, Mexico. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used. Two fermentation methods were applied, with three replicates and mean comparisons (p < 0.05). During fermentation, the following variables were recorded: soluble solids (ºBrix), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Afterwards, moisture content, density, and final yield were evaluated in both dry parchment coffee and green coffee. Sensory quality was assessed according to the Specialty Coffee Association protocol. Results. A significant increase was observed in TDS, EC, COD, TOC, and ¡Brix, along with a decrease in pH under both methods. No significant differences were found in physical variables. The aerobic fermentation scored 80.8, with chocolate and caramel notes, while the anaerobic fermentation scored 82.7, with fruity and citrus notes. Conclusions. The aerobic and anaerobic fermentation methods applied to the coffee blend cultivated in the Coatepec region and processed through wet method did not significantly influence on the physical quality of the beans; however, the anaerobic method produced a more complex sensory flavor profile with greater aromatic diversity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Antonio Arrechea-Villacampa, Ofelia Andrea Valdés-Rodríguez, Lorena Patricia Sánchez-Morales, Lisseth Valdés-Monteagudo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Presence of Peregrinus maidis in Azuero corn production areas, Panama
Introduction. The corn delphacid, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an insect of economic importance in corn production, as it causes direct damage to the plant and acts as a vector of several corn viruses. Objective. To determine the distribution of corn delphacid in the corn production zones of the Azuero peninsula, Panama. Materials and methods. During the months of November and December 2024, fourteen locations with corn fields Los Santos province, located on the Azuero peninsula, Panama, were surveyed. The fields were in the phenological stage of maturation. At each location, twenty corn plants were randomly inspected, and the leaf located at the node where the ear develops was examined for suspected P. maidis specimens, which were captured using a brush, 70 % alcohol, and 11 mL vials. The sampled specimens were identified with taxonomic keys, and the number of nymphs and adults (males and females) was quantified. Results. The corn delphacid was present in the 14 localities. A total of 473 specimens were captured, of which 441 were adults (235 females and 206 males) and 32 immatures. Conclusions. P. maidis is widely distributed in the corn production area of the Azuero peninsula, so it is important to monitor its population behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vidal Aguilera-Cogley, Randy Atencio - Valdespino, Román Gordon-Mendoza , Yolanys Valderrama-Macías (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of adjuvants, fungicides, bactericides and insecticides on the Growth of Bacillus subtilis Bs006
Introduction. The biostimulant Natibac® based on the rhizobacteria Bacillus subtilis Bs006 and developed by Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), has demonstrated a growth-promoting effect in various vegetable and fruit production systems. To guarantee the effectiveness of this bioproduct, it is essential to ensure its establishment in the soil, where it faces conditions typical of agroecosystems and interacts with different agrochemicals that can affect the viability of the active ingredient. Objective. To determine the effect that different agrochemicals used in fruit and vegetable crops have on the growth of Bacillus subtilis Bs006, with the purpose of generating recommendations for use in integrated crop management strategies. Materials and methods. This study was carried out in 2024 at the AGROSAVIA Bioproducts Pilot Plant facilities in Mosquera, Colombia; the in vitro effect of 57 agrochemicals widely used in the country on the growth of B. subtilis Bs006 was evaluated, analyzing fungicides, bactericides, insecticides, fertilizers, and adjuvants at three different doses. The bacterial sensitivity to agrochemicals was determined by measuring the inhibition of halos according to a compatibility scale. An analysis of variance was performed to assess differences among treatments, followed by Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. Results. The fungicides fluazinam, chlorothalonil, triadimenol-tebuconazole, and cymoxanil-propineb, and the insecticide chlorpyrifos inhibited the growth of B. subtilis Bs006 by between 53 % and 88 % at their recommended doses. Fungicides, bactericides, and insecticides such as dimethomorph, carbendazim, flutriafol, kasugamycin, thiabendazole, validamycin A, chlorfenapyr, methoxyfenozide, lambda-cyhalothrin, sulfoxaflor, spiromesifen, among others, did not inhibit growth, as did all the fertilizers and adjuvants evaluated. Conclusions. The results suggest the potential integration of the bio-stimulant Natibac® with agrochemicals that did not negatively affect growth of B. subtilis Bs006, as part of integrated crop management systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sandra Milena Barrios-Candil, Yimmy Alexander Zapata-Narváez, Andrés Díaz-García (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation on sweet potato nutrition and NPK fertilization in Cuban Cambisols
Introduction. Sweet potato has high nutritional requirements. It is a mycotrophic crop, and in Cuba, its production is limited by the low availability of fertilizers. Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation on the nutrition and specific supply of primary macronutrients in two sweet potato cultivars over two planting seasons. Materials and methods. Six fertilization response curve experiments were conducted on Eutric Cambisol soils in Santo Domingo, Villa Clara, Cuba, from 2014 to 2016, with two experiments for each macronutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), one during the rainy period and one during the low-rainfall period. Each experiment evaluated five doses of the target macronutrient, with and without inoculation of Rhizoglomus irregulare / INCAM-11, under a fixed background supply of the other two macronutrients. Trials were conducted on the cultivars INIVIT B-2-2005 and CEMSA 78-354 using a split-plot design with four replicates, repeated twice. Yields, macronutrient concentrations, colonization frequency, spores, and fertilizer agronomic efficiency were evaluated. Results. Positive and direct effects of inoculation on the yields and nutrition of each macronutrient were found. Inoculation required lower doses of fertilizers to guarantee yields and macronutrient concentrations equal to or higher than those obtained with mineral fertilizers alone, with higher fertilizer agronomic efficiency. Mycorrhizal performance depended on the doses of macronutrients applied. A high and direct relationship was established between the colonization frequency and the yield of the inoculated cultivars, with higher values of both variables in the rainy period. The cultivars always behaved similarly to each other. Conclusions. INCAM-11 inoculation of sweet potato cultivars acted directly and positively on the nutrition and fertilization efficiency of each NPK macroelement. The fertilizer doses for these inoculated cultivars growing on Eutric Cambisols were 60, 50, and 75 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5, and K2O for both planting seasons.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ramón Rivera Espinosa, Alberto Espinosa-Cuéllar (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cocoa black pod rot incidence across four ecotopes in Baracoa
Introduction. Black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora spp. reduces global cocoa production. In Baracoa, Cuba’s main cocoa-growing region, climatic conditions favor the development of this disease. Objective. To determine the incidence and the frequency of occurrence of cocoa black pod rot at different height ranges on Theobroma cacao trees across four ecotopes in cultivated areas of Baracoa, Cuba. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in May 2023. A total of 385 plants across ecotopes with different topography, drainage, humidity, and cocoa varieties were evaluated. Incidence was calculated as (infected trees/observed trees) × 100%, while the frequency of occurrence measured the distribution of infection across height ranges (0-1.5 m, 1.5-3 m, >3 m). The analysis included Pearson’s chi-square test, the Phi coefficient, and Z-tests with Bonferroni correction. Results. The overall incidence was 76.26%, with a significant difference between ecotopes (E1 = 83.33% and E4 = 65%; p = 0.036), showing a weak association (Phi = 0.087). Infection was concentrated at 1.5-3 m in height (60.31%), exceeding the 0-1.5 m (30.29%) and >3 m (27.15%) strata. Conclusions. The incidence of black pod rot in the cacao ecotopes of Baracoa was high. The highest incidence was recorded on west-facing slopes, indicating that topographic characteristics influence disease spread. The vertical distribution of the disease suggests that management practices modify the microclimate and favor pathogen development. Overall, topographic, environmental, and management-related factors contribute to disease dynamics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Addael Cuscó Casenave-Cambet, Yurelkys Fernández Maura, Igor Bidot Martínez, Cony Decock, Pierre Bertin (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Conservation of Deglet Nour variety dates in syrup form and study of their quality
Introduction. Deglet Nour date syrup is gaining popularity due to its unique flavor and potential health benefits. Assessing its quality is crucial for both consumers and producers, as it directly influences its market value and health reputation. Objective. To evaluate the nutritional value, sensory quality, and antioxidant potential of Deglet Nour dates in syrup form. Materials and methods. The biological material was collected in Biskra, Algeria, in December 2019, during the maturation period of the plant material. To determine the various components of biological substances, quantitative analysis through color reactions was employed to measure total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, proteins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. The amounts of lipids and ash were recorded, and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer was applied to assess the variety of minerals. Testing for antioxidant activity was conducted through antiradical experiments. Furthermore, sensory evaluation included 45 individuals who assessed this syrup against others, concentrating on clarity, sweetness, and general bi. Results. The chemical composition analysis revealed an average total sugar content (52 %), a moderate amount of protein (1.6 %), and low-fat content (0.09 %). The energy content was 215.6 kcal/100 g. The mineral analysis showed that the syrup is rich in essential minerals, particularly calcium, sodium, and magnesium. Flavonoids were identified as the predominant antioxidants, with anti-free radical activity estimated at 27.62 %. The sensory evaluation compared Deglet Nour syrup to Ghers and Degla-Beida varieties. The classification test showed that Deglet Nour syrup was perceived as the clearest. While it did not differ significantly in sweetness from Degla-Beida, it was preferred by tasters for its more pleasant taste. Conclusions. Deglet Nour dates, which are highly sensitive to deterioration, yield, after processing, a natural syrup with the desired nutritional, therapeutic, and sensory properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samira Lagha-Benamrouche, Djamila Hezil (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Typological characterization and temporality of the stubble agroecosystem in Chiapas, Mexico
Introduction. Maize stubble plays a fundamental role in the productive dynamics of the Frailesca region, Chiapas, Mexico, by linking agricultural and livestock agroecosystems and ensuring the subsistence of producers during drought periods. Objective. To characterize and typify the stubble-based agroecosystem of the Frailesca region, based on the seasonality of the dry period, the maize production cycle, and the different uses of stubble. Materials and methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and production records were collected from sixty producers between January and December 2023 in the municipalities of Villa Corzo, Villaflores, and La Concordia in the Frailesca region, Chiapas, Mexico, using snowball sampling. For the characterization, variables related to context, area, land tenure, and the stubble, maize, and livestock agroecosystems were included. Typological variants of seasonality and systemic management were determined. Groups were defined through factorial and cluster analyses, and the association between typologies was assessed through correspondence factorial analysis. Results. The seasonality typology grouped producers into three categories: (1) those who perceive the maize cycle as late and short; (2) those who perceive it as early and long; and (3) those who perceive the dry period as late and short. In all groups, stubble perception was similar. Regarding management practices, three groups were identified: (1) livestock farmers with access to technology; (2) livestock farmers with limited resources; and (3) maize farmers who commercialize stubble. Conclusions. The stubble-based agroecosystem is organized into three temporal dimensions that influence management strategies. Differentiated management forms were identified, which present distinct adaptations according to access to resources and demonstrate the relevance of seasonality for sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ernesto Javier Gómez-Padilla, Francisco Guevara-Hernández, Manuel Alejandro La O-Arias, Ingrid Abril Valdivieso-Pérez, René Pinto-Ruiz, Juan Manuel Villareal-Fuentes (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Influence of nitrogen on yield, forage quality, and corn silage
Introduction. Maize forage production for silage is essential in livestock feeding, and its yield and quality largely depend on nitrogen fertilization. Objective. To evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the agronomic performance and nutritional quality of maize forage and silage. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the La María Campus of the Technical State University of Quevedo, Ecuador, during the rainy season from December to April 2024, under a completely randomized design with four nitrogen rates (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-¹) and four replications, totaling sixteen experimental units. Agronomic variables (plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight), silage physicochemical characteristics (moisture, pH and temperature), and nutritional parameters (crude protein, energy, neutral detergent fiber [NDF], acid detergent fiber [ADF] and ash) were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at a 5% probability level. Results. Treatment T3 showed the highest stem diameter (1.32, 2.33 and 2.37 cm at 20, 40 and 60 days, respectively) and plant height (184.90 and 241.59 cm at 40 and 60 days, respectively). It also reached the highest values for fresh weight (95.5 t ha-¹), dry weight (29.5 t ha-¹), leaf protein (14.5 %) and stem protein (5.68 %). No significant differences were observed among treatments for moisture, energy, NDF, ADF and pH. Conclusions. The application of 200 kg ha-¹ of nitrogen improved both nutritional quality and forage production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora, John Jairo Pinargote Alava, Madelyn María Choez Zambrano, Jair Stalin Rendón Flores (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of yield and water productivity in soybean (Glycine max) with AquaCrop
Introduction. Simulation models are a tool to study crop behavior under different climatic and water conditions and agronomic management practices. Objective. To evaluate the AquaCrop model for estimating yield and water productivity in soybean var. CIGRAS-06. Materials and methods. The study was carried out at the Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno of the University of Costa Rica, in Alajuela, Costa Rica, from June 6 to October 23, 2018. The AquaCrop v. 7.1 model was used to simulate soybean crop development and yield. Simulated data on canopy cover, biomass production, and yield were compared with experimental data from a plot planted with soybean variety CIGRAS-06. Soil parameters measured in the field and generated with pedotransfer equations were used. Results. Predictions of yield, total biomass, and canopy cover were good (similarity values: d ≥ 0.97), but predictions of leaf coverage during the early crop cycle were susceptible to improvement. Differences between the two types of soil parameters used did not significantly affect the final simulation. Conclusions. AquaCrop successfully simulated soybean yield, biomass, and leaf coverage. Water productivity simulation was higher than values reported in the literature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dania Zúñiga-Herrera, Néstor Felipe Chaves-Barrantes, Marco Vinicio Gutiérrez-Soto, Mayela Monge-Muñoz, Cristina Chinchilla-Soto (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Water quality on coffee farms in the Coatepec region, Veracruz, Mexico
Introduction. Water used in the food industry must be potable; therefore, its analysis is a vital process to ensure compliance with safety standards. Objective. To evaluate the quality of water used in coffee processing on coffee farms in Coatepec, Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 14 coffee farms in Coatepec, Veracruz, Mexico, selected based on availability to participate, during October, November, and December 2024. At each site, three samples of the water used for coffee processing were collected, for a total of 42 samples. A multitest kit and reactive strips were used to quantify total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total alkalinity, hydrocyanic acid (HCN), nitrates, nitrites, and copper. Coliform determinations were also performed. SPSS version 25 was used to perform descriptive statistics and comparisons among farms (p < 0.05). Results. The waters showed an average pH of 6.8 and low levels of TDS (44.2 mg/L), nitrates (4.3 mg/L), EC (87.3 µS/cm), total alkalinity (15.4 mg/L), copper (0.14 mg/L), and HCN (0.004 mg/L). The concentrations of TOC and COD were 2.67 and 3.59 mg/L, respectively. In 57 % of the study sites, nitrite values exceeded those established in current legislation; additionally, coliforms were detected in 29 % of the samples. Conclusions. A substantial proportion of the water used in coffee processing did not meet the quality criteria required for human consumption, highlighting the need to establish controls in this process to avoid compromising the final product.
Copyright (c) 2025 Antonio Arrechea-Villacampa, Ofelia Andrea Valdés-Rodríguez, Lorena Patricia Sánchez-Morales, Lisseth Valdés-Monteagudo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Photosynthetic rates of Leonia glycycarpa and Compsoneura trianae in Arosemena Tola, Amazon region, Ecuador
Introduction. Photosynthesis in wild species has been scarcely evaluated; therefore, determining its rates is important for production management and potential exploitation. Objective. To determine the photosynthetic rates of Leonia glycycarpa and Compsoneura trianae Warb. in Arosemena Tola, Napo, Ecuador. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Amazon Experimental Research and Production Center in Arosemena Tola, Napo, Ecuador, in April 2023. Random sampling was performed and, using a portable environmental photosynthesis system, the following variables were recorded: photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, substomatal CO2, leaf temperature, and molar air flow. Data were processed using Table Curve 2D software. Results. Between 13:00 and 15:00 h, L. glycycarpa reached photosynthesis values of 3.5 μmol m-2 s-1, whereas C. trianae reached 1.4 μmol m-2 s-1. Between 07:00 and 08:00 h, the highest values were recorded for transpiration rate (1.4 and 1.5 mmol m-2 s-1 for L. glycycarpa and C. trianae, respectively), stomatal water conductance (0.7 and 0.5 mol m-2 s-1 for L. glycycarpa and C. trianae, respectively) and substomatal CO2 (460 ppm for L. glycycarpa and 500 ppm for C. trianae). The highest leaf temperature in C. trianae occurred at 08:00 h, while in L. glycycarpa it occurred at 11:00 h. The mass flow between 10:00 and 13:00 h reached its minimum in C. trianae and its maximum in L. glycycarpa. Conclusions. The photosynthetic rates of L. glycycarpa and C. trianae were lower than those reported for other species in the literature, due to cloudy conditions and tree cover. Transpiration, stomatal water conductance, and substomatal CO2 were higher during the early hours of the day under higher humidity conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ricardo Abril Saltos, Keyla Dayana Zambrano Chongo, Lisbeth Stefania Urquizo Moreta, Edith Liliana Shiguango Alvarado, Vivian Nicole Urrutia Ilicachi (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of honey spraying on the growth of habanero pepper seedlings
Introduction. Foliar spraying with honey represents a sustainable alternative for seedling production. Objective. To evaluate the effect of foliar spraying with multifloral honey (Apis mellifera) at concentrations of 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % v/v on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations in habanero pepper seedlings (Capsicum chinense L. Jacq.) under protected conditions. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in a sawtooth-type greenhouse at the Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní, Campeche, Mexico, from August to December 2023. Seeds of the ‘Jaguar’ variety were sown in eight trays containing commercial substrate. A randomized complete block design with four treatments and two replications was used, and weekly foliar spraying with honey was applied. Seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations were evaluated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple range tests using Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) method (p < 0.05) were performed for each growth variable. Results. The 15 % honey treatment promoted greater seedling height; the control without honey showed the lowest growth and the highest variability during the evaluation weeks. Regarding stem diameter, T4 and T3 showed greater growth and consistency across the three weeks compared to the control. T2 initially favored the number of leaves; however, in later weeks, T4 reached the highest mean values. Conclusions. Foliar application of multifloral honey significantly improved the height, stem diameter, and number of leaves in habanero pepper seedlings, which showed greater growth and uniformity compared to the control, with the 15 % v/v treatment being the most effective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Felipe de Jesús González-Rodríguez, Mario Ben-Hur Chuc Armendáriz, Gonzalo Miguel Quetz-Aguirre, Marlene Méndez-Moreno, Ángel Francisco Can-Cabrera (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Thermodynamic evaluation of a greenhouse using computational fluid dynamics
Introduction. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a technique for simulating the behavior of thermodynamic parameters. Objective. To evaluate the thermodynamics of a greenhouse using CFD in order to propose improvements in lettuce production. Materials and methods. The research was conducted between October 2022 and February 2023 at Los Diamantes Agricultural and Livestock Innovation Center, Limón, Costa Rica. The yield of three lettuce cycles was collected. A 3D mechanical model of the greenhouse was developed. A mesh of 482,664 elements was generated with refinement in the interior. The analysis was performed under steady-state flow, using the Navier-Stokes equation with the k-ε turbulence model and species transport with thermal interactions using the energy equation. Fluid materials (air and air-vapor mixture), solids (soil and polyethylene), and the crop as a porous medium were modeled. Evapotranspiration was estimated using meteorological data and crop coefficients. Boundary conditions included variable velocity input, constant temperature walls, and porous surfaces calibrated with bibliographic data. The model was validated using MAE and RMSE, with errors below 10 %, and passive and structural improvements were proposed to optimize the internal microclimate of the greenhouse. Results. During the day, the average temperature and relative humidity in the greenhouse exceeded 30 ºC and 65 %, respectively, while during the night they decreased to 18 ºC and close to 90 %. Temperature showed significant variations in the vertical axis, but remained more homogeneous longitudinally, while relative humidity exhibited greater variability in both directions. Conclusions. The modeling allowed visualization of the greenhouse behavior; it was proposed to increase the dimensions of the zenith window from 11 m² to 20 m², install two air recirculators, and incorporate a mobile shade with 50 % light transmissibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bernal Steven Valverde Delgado, Stephanie Quirós Campos (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Antioxidant enzyme activity of ripe and unripe pulp of Vasconcellea candicans (A. Gray) A. DC. 1864 (Caricaceae)
Introduction. The determination of antioxidant substances in native fruits is important for their incorporation into the diet, as well as for their better use and conservation. Objective. To evaluate the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione sulfhydryl transferase in aqueous extracts of ripe and unripe pulp of the fruit of Vasconcellea candicans (A. Gray) A. DC. and relate it to their concentration of total polyphenols. Materials and methods. The pulp of four ripe fruits and four unripe fruits of mito from Santo Domingo de Los Olleros, Huarochirí, Lima, Peru, was extracted and processed during March to December 2023. Samples were obtained by aqueous extraction of 20 g of pulp in a 20:80 ratio in water at 8 °C for 15 days (cold maceration technique), and the supernatant was used after centrifugation. Total polyphenols determination was performed by spectrophotometry using gallic acid as a standard, and the specific activity of the enzymes was determined by spectrophotometry using the respective standards. Non-parametric statistics were applied using the statistical software R. Results. The fruits of V. candicans show marked differences between ripening stages, particularly in protein content and in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione sulfhydryl transferase. Biochemical correlations are more pronounced in ripe fruits, indicating a functional reorganization of antioxidant components during ripening. Conclusions. The results suggest that catalase activity, together with polyphenol levels, could be a biochemical indicator of fruit ripeness, and could be used to optimize postharvest shelf life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Gutiérrez-Román, Carlos Santa Cruz-Carpio, Mónica Velarde-Vilchez, Oscar Nolasco-Cárdenas (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Repellent effect of essential oils on the mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Introduction. Various plant extracts are used in agriculture to reduce the impact of arthropod pests. However, few studies describe the toxic or repellent action of cinnamon, citronella, and ginger essential oils on populations of phytophagous mites such as Tetranychus urticae. Objective. To evaluate the repellent effect of commercial grade essential oils of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus), and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on a population of the mite Tetranychus urticae on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants under in vitro conditions. Materials and methods. The research was conducted between October and November 2023 at the Acarology Laboratory of the Crop Protection Research Center (CIPROC) of the School of Agronomy, University of Costa Rica, located in San José, Costa Rica. Four concentrations (1 %, 2 %, 3 %, and 4 %) of each essential oil (cinnamon, citronella, and ginger) were tested at a volume of 333 µL per leaf. To quantify their repellent effect, a choice test using paper bridges was employed. Evaluations were performed 24 and 48 hours after application. A randomized complete block design was used, and data were analyzed with a generalized linear model. Results. The three oils and their concentrations showed repellent activity above 60 %, except for citronella oil at 2 %. Higher concentrations did not always result in greater mite repellency, although this pattern varied among oils. Conclusions. Cinnamon, citronella, and ginger essential oils have repellent properties against Tetranychus urticae, demonstrating their potential as an alternative for the management of this pest.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manuel Quirós-Monge, Iván León-González, Pamela Murillo-Rojas (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sorghum plant height and yield prediction using multispectral data and sUAS
Introduction. The projected growth of the global population poses a significant challenge in ensuring sufficient food production. Crop genetic breeding, essential to meet this demand, relies on advanced technologies to accelerate field phenotyping processes. Objective. To predict plant height and biomass yield in sorghum using photogrammetry and multispectral data acquired through small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) flights. Materials and methods. Six sorghum genotypes were evaluated in Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, using a completely randomized design with eight replications per genotype. Multispectral sensor flights were conducted at selected phenological stages to generate vegetation indices, DTMs (digital terrain models), and DSMs (digital surface models). Manual plant height measurements were used for correlation and simple linear regression analysis, while biomass was predicted using random forest regression. Results. DTMs and DSMs enabled reliable estimation of plant height during early growth stage (R² = 0.53) and achieved higher accuracy at later stages (R²= 0.76; RMSE= 0.13 m). Biomass prediction was most accurate at the booting stage (r= 0.72; RMSE= 1.40 t·ha-¹), with NDRE (Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index) and IKAW (Kawashima Index) identified as the most relevant spectral indices. Conclusions. DTMs and DSMs derived from multispectral imagery predicted plant height accurately in later growth stages but were less accurate in early stages. Incorporating plant height alongside spectral indices into models enhanced biomass prediction. The findings showed that sUAS-mounted sensors and multispectral indices are promising tools for phenotyping in sorghum breeding programs in Costa Rica.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kevin Carrillo Montoya, Jorge Claudio Vargas Rojas, Melvin Lizano Araya, Nevio Bonilla Morales, Josselyne Aguilar López, José Roberto Camacho Montero (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Resistance genes to Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora in Glycine max: qualitative and quantitative approaches
Introduction. Understanding the inheritance pattern of the response to soybean stem canker (SSC), caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora (Dpc), is essential for the incorporation of genetic resistance into soybean breeding programs. Objective. To apply classical qualitative and quantitative genetic approaches to identify the presence of the Rdc1 gene conferring resistance to soybean stem canker caused by Dpc. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Universidad Nacional del Rosario, Argentina, between 2012 and 2020. Segregating populations PS-258, PS-157, and PS-172 were evaluated after inoculation with the Dpc16 strain in early (F2:3 families) and advanced generations (F3:5 and F4 families). A completely randomized experimental design was used. Results. The qualitative approach unequivocally identified a single Mendelian locus only in population PS-258. Using the quantitative approach, heritability estimates for PS-258 were 0.68 (F2:3 incidence), 0.17 (F3:5 incidence), 0.55 (F2:3 severity), and 0.18 (F3:5 severity). The estimated number of genes was 0.78 (rounded to one, for severity only). In PS-157, heritability values were 0.76 (F2:3 incidence), 0.48 (F4 incidence), 0.60 (F2:3 severity), and 0.21 (F4 severity), with an estimated gene number of 4.1 for incidence and 0.18 for severity, indicating that both parents contribute resistance alleles at different loci. For PS-172, heritability estimates were 0.89 (F2:3 incidence), 0.92 (F4 incidence), 0.04 (F2:3 severity), and 0.13 (F4 severity), and the estimated number of genes was 0.2 for incidence and 0.24 for severity, consistent with the absence of known Rdc genes in the parental lines. In all populations, phenotypic correlations between incidence and severity were high. Conclusion. The combined use of qualitative and quantitative genetic approaches confirmed the presence of the Mendelian resistance gene Rdc1 in the PS-258 cross, whereas in PS-157 and PS-172, the quantitative approach revealed the involvement of more than one major gene and polygenic effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mario Manuel Cuba Amarilla, Alejandra María Peruzzo, Rosanna Nora Pioli, Facundo Ezequiel Hernández, David Mario Balaban, Guillermo Raúl Pratta (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) a crop with productive potential: technological development and prospects in Colombia
Introduction. The world demand for cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nuts has increased at more than 7 % per year, while production keeps on a rate of 6 % per year. This global market status makes the cashew nuts and its derivatives, as a promising agricultural alternative in Colombia, where about 270 t of kernels are imported per year. Objective. To present the basic aspects of cashew crop, and to show the current technological development and future prospects in Colombia. Development. Approximately 60 % of the area cultivated with cashew in Colombia presents average yields lower than 100 kg ha-1 of walnut, considered low compared to 1000 kg ha-1 or even higher that can be obtained with a technician management of the crop, a situation due to the lack of knowledge and scarce application of technologies for intensive production by producers. However, there is currently a technological offer of cashew clones with outstanding productive and quality characteristics, as well as technical recommendations for agronomic management of the cultivation and post-harvest of the walnut, which can be disseminated and implemented to address the main limitations of the crop, to improve cashew production in a profitable and environmentally sustainable way. Conclusions. The sustainability of current commercial cashew plantations and the increase of planting areas in Colombia require the validation and adoption of innovative technologies in integrated crop and postharvest management that could have an impact on the cashew crop in the country, by presenting alternatives to improve its productive behavior, as well as profitability for producers.
Copyright (c) 2022 Javier Orlando Orduz-Rodríguez, Eleonora Rodríguez-Polanco (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Importance of genetic resources of pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. var. comosus) in Colombia
Introduction. Pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. Var. comosus) represents one of the productive systems with the highest participation in the fruit and horticultural sector in Colombia. Plant genetic resources are the biological basis of world food security and are also the essential raw material for the genetic improvement of crops. In Colombia, the planting of an improved pineapple variety is a great problem, because it displaces the use of native cultivars, which are culturally rooted in terms of production and consumption in each location. This problem could be solved through the knowledge, characterization, conservation, and sustainable use of genetic resources, which are a source of genes of interest and that could be used to start a breeding program for this species. Objective. To recognize the importance of genetic resources as a strategy to implement a breeding program for pineapple in Colombia. Development. Plant genetic resources constitute the basis of food security; hence their knowledge, conservation, and sustainable use are necessary to guarantee agricultural production and meet the growing environmental challenges and climate change. Pineapple genetic resources in Colombia could be exploited, since there are different local varieties of pineapple, which constitute a gene pool with genes and characteristics of interest that could be used in breeding programs to obtain new cultivars to meet current demands and supply national and export markets. Conclusions. Knowing the genetic variability in pineapple genetic resources would allow planning conservation strategies, their sustainable use in agricultural systems and in crop breeding programs. It is necessary to incorporate molecular biology techniques to accelerate genetic improvement of pineapple.
Copyright (c) 2022 Germán Andrés Aguilera-Arango, Carol Liliana Puentes-Díaz, Yacenia Morillo-Coronado (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Biomass and bromatology of African Stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) with five regrowth stages
Introduction. Establishing the optimal harvest stage of African Stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) is essential to obtain high nutritional quality biomass and maximum productivity. Objective. To evaluate the nutrient production of African Stargrass with five regrowth periods by integrating biomass and nutritional data to establish harvest periods in cut-and-carry systems. Materials and methods. The study was carried out from August through December 2018 at the Dairy Cattle Experimental Station Alfredo Volio Mata (EEAVM), Ochomogo, Cartago. The effect of five regrowth periods (treatments = 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days) on the green and dry biomass production, nutritional quality, and effective nutrients production per hectare of African Stargrass was evaluated. The total biomass was measured for each plot, and the nutritional quality was obtained through the contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The analysis of total effective nutrients production per hectare was performed by integrating nutritional components and biomass production. Results. Fresh and dry biomass increased with increasing regrowth stage. The fresh biomass showed differences greater than 4000.00 kg fresh matter.ha-1 per cycle between the highest and lowest treatments. Dry matter yield at 35 days’ regrowth turned out 10 times higher than 7 days’. The crude protein content was greater in treatments with less days of regrowth. No significant differences were found in dry matter, fiber, and digestibility among treatments. Conclusion. The greatest supply of effective nutrients from African Stargrass harvested at 35 days evidenced the importance of integrating biomass and nutritional quality for pasture management under cut-and-carry systems.
Copyright (c) 2022 Adriel Jacoc Ferrufino-Suárez, David Mora-Valverde, Luis A. Villalobos-Villalobos (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Control of Sclerotium cepivorum and growth promotion in garlic (Allium sativum) whit antagonist microorganisms
Introduction. White rot produced by Sclerotium cepivorum causes losses greater than 50 % in garlic crops, the main control alternative is the application of chemical fungicides with limited efficacy, it is necessary to integrate alternatives that contribute to the development of disease management strategies. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of antagonistic microorganisms applied individually and as a mixture against S. cepivorum in garlic. Materials and methods. This research was carried out under controlled conditions at the Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), during 2019. The soil was artificially infested with sclerotia (10 sclerotia/g soil). The efficacy of the individual use and in mixtures under different drench applications frequencies of three antagonists Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma asperellum, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strains Th003, Th034, and Bs006, respectively, in the control of S. cepivorum in garlic and in the promotion of plant growth expressed as root, bulb, and foliar dry weight was evaluated. Results. The highest efficacy, with 65 % in disease control was obtained when applying Th003 at sowing and 15 das and with 56 % when applying the mixtures of Th003 + Th034 at sowing, Th003 + Th034 at sowing, 15, 30, and 45 das, and Th003 + Bs006 at sowing, 15 and 30 das, while Tebuconazole presented an efficacy of 35 %. Conclusion. The application of antagonists individually or in mixtures at different frequencies reduced mortality due to white rot in garlic. A positive effect on garlic plants growth was observed with the application of Th003 + Bs006 strains at sowing, 15 and 30 das, Th003 at sowing, Th003 at sowing and 15 dad, and Th034 + Bs006 at sowing, with higher values of dry weight with respect to the control.
Copyright (c) 2022 Yimmy Alexander Zapata-Narváez, Magda Rocío Gómez-Marroquín (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Mineral profile of imported pet food in Costa Rica
Introduction. The mineral content in pet food is not always displayed on the label. It is important to know this information in order to assess the nutritional contribution of the food. Objective. To determine the content of Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, S, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, and Zn in 34 imported foods for dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, ornamental fish, and turtles, and to compare the results with the recommendations found in the literature. Materials and methods. During the months of August and December of 2018, ten samples were collected of dog and cat food, five for ornamental fishes, four for turtles, three for hamsters, and two for rabbits. These were acquired directly at different points of sale in the Greater Metropolitan Area, San Jose, Costa Rica. The samples were analyzed at the Animal Nutrition Research Center of the Universidad de Costa Rica. The minerals Ca, P, K, Mg, S, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, and Zn were quantified based on the methodology recommended by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The average content per feed group according to the animal species, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values were calculated compared with the nutritional recommendations for minerals found in the literature. Results. The foods studied met, on average, the mineral requirements for pets. Imbalances in Ca, P, and Mg content in the turtle foods, high iodine contents in dog foods, and unbalanced mineral relations were observed. Conclusions. A database was generated with average values and their dispersion in eleven minerals in 34 samples of commercial foods for seven companion animals in Costa Rica. Little information was available regarding the recommended upper limits and requirements in species such as hamsters, ornamental fish or turtles.
Copyright (c) 2022 André Cedeño-López, Rodolfo WingChing-Jones (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Morphometric subpopulations study of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus peruvianus) epididymal spermatozoa
Introduction. The study of the sperm morphometry of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus peruvianus) allows to characterize the sperm cells of this species for conservation purposes. Objective. To determine the sperm subpopulations according to the morphometry of the epididymal spermatozoa of the white-tailed deer, using a CASA-Morph system. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in the second semester 2016, at the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Peru. In semen samples obtained from the caudal end of the epididymis of two deer (two and four teeth), it was determined based on the CASA-Morph system, Integrated Semen Analysis System (ISAS¨v1): the length, width, area, perimeter, ellipticity, elongation, regularity, and roughness of the sperm head were determined, also, the width, area, distance, and midpiece insertion angle of the sperm. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed and the non-hierarchical k-means model was applied to determine the optimal number of clusters. Results. The morphometric variables were distributed in five PCAs: ellipticity, size, circularity, midpiece insertion angle, which explained 81.24 % of the total variance. The Cluster analysis determined four subpopulations (SP), SP1 grouped large, elongated cells with high elongation and ellipticity (21.76 %), SP2 composed of small and thin spermatozoa both in the head and in the midpiece (37.7 %). The SP3 was related to the presence of elongated cells with high values of midpiece width, ellipticity, and elongation (17.7 %), and SP4 grouped spermatozoa with intermediate size of the head and the midpiece (22.84 %). Conclusion. The determination of four sperm subpopulations in white-tailed deer semen can be the basis of assisted reproduction programs for this species.
Copyright (c) 2022 Hernán Cucho, Gregorio Nina, Aydee Meza, Ruth Ccalta, César Ordóñez, Anthony Valverde (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Compositional quality of the silage of three cultivars of corn (Zea mays) from the Colombian high tropics
Introduction. The elaboration of high-quality corn-silage is a strategy to improve the efficiency of ruminant feeding systems. Objective. To evaluate the effect of cob proportion and sealing time on the compositional quality of silage of three maize cultivars in the Colombian high tropic, harvested in the reproductive phase of milky-pasty grain. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted in 2017 in Mosquera, Colombia, with the cultivars Simijaca, Medellín, and Pionner. Experiment 1, four different proportions of cob were generated in the silage. Experiment 2, the biomass was ensiled at 0, 8 or 16 hours of wilted. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), starch, and neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent (ADF) fibers were determined. The dynamic of pH decrease was evaluated. The effect of cob proportion and wilting time on the DM, OM, and NDF digestibility was determined only in the Simijaca cultivar. Compositional quality and pH dynamics were analyzed using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement, while digestibility was analyzed using a completely randomized design. Results. The Medellín cultivar showed lower cob proportion and starch concentration (11.9 %) (p<0.05) and a higher NDF content (51.7 %) (p<0.05). Greater cob content increased starch concentration, energy, and digestibility (p<0.05), and reduced (p<0.05) the final pH value (3.69). Wilted time increased DM, NDF (p<0.05) and final pH value and rate of pH decline, but did not change DM, OM, and NDF digestibility. Conclusion. Using corn silage with more than 66% of cob and rapidly sealing the biomass of the Simijaca and Pioneer cultivars improved the fermentation conditions and compositional quality.
Copyright (c) 2022 Edgar A. Mancipe-Muñoz, Javier Castillo-Sierra, Juan de J. Vargas-Martínez, Yesid Avellaneda-Avellaneda (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Antioxidant capacity and proximal analysis of Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal and Chenopodium quinoa Willdenow nectar-based
Introduction. Several studies have shown that the fruit of cocona and quinoa seeds have good levels of nutritional and functional compounds, as well as great versatility for food preparation. Objective. To determine the taste attribute preference, the physicochemical profile and the antioxidant capacity of the nutraceutical drink nectar based on S. sessiliflorum Dunal (cocona) enriched with Chenopodium quinoa Willdenow (quinoa). Materials and methods. A nectar was prepared with cocona pulp and quinoa seeds variety INIA 415 Pansakalla, under the Peruvian Technical Standard (NTP 203.110 2009) with fruits collected between February and March 2019, in the town center of Santa Rosa, Inambari district, Tambopata province, department of Madre de Dios, Peru. A sensory panel of forty people evaluated the flavor attribute, the proximal composition was determined by standardized methods and antioxidant capacity by ABTS methodology. Results. The most preferred nectar contained 73 % cocona pulp and 7 % cooked quinoa, the addition of quinoa increased the macronutrient content by 42 %, as well as the antioxidant capacity by 20 %. The cooked quinoa grains presented double the antioxidant capacity compared to cocona fruit. A low-calorie beverage was obtained (49.3 kcal/100 g) and enriched with bioactive compounds of high antioxidant capacity. Conclusions. The formulation with the highest acceptance according to the flavor attribute, physicochemical profile, and antioxidant capacity of the beverage was the one containing a proportion of 73 % cocona pulp and 7 % cooked quinoa grains, a beverage that met the regulatory requirements and could contribute to maintain and improve health.
Copyright (c) 2022 Rosel Quispe-Herrera, Yolanda Paredes Valverde, Jhon Rony Roque Huamani (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of whole, skimmed and lactose-free goat and bovine milks
Introduction. The characterization and diversification of goat dairy products is very important to strengthen this incipient productive sector. Objective. To compare the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of whole, skimmed and lactose-free cow and goat milks, as well as their combinations. Materials and methods. In San Jose, Costa Rica, between January and December of 2015, the contents of fat (F), non-fatty solids (NFS), acidity, protein, density, pH, viscosity, and color of the types of milk mentioned were evaluated. Also, a generic descriptive sensory analysis and a general liking test were carried out. Results. Whole goat milk presented higher values of NFS, density and acidity, and lower pH, being whiter than bovine milk, with a similar viscosity. The removal of lactose did not affect viscosity; this factor interacted with the type of milk, but did not affect the fat and protein contents. There was an interaction between the type of milk and the modifications made for the color parameters. The panelists detected significant differences for all the attributes in the products except for the acid aroma. The presence of three clusters was established for the liking test, composed by 37.4 %, 28.8 %, and 34.5 % of the judges. The first and second showed a preference for whole and whole lactose-free cow’s milk and the third for whole and whole-lactose-free cow’s and goat’s milk. The lowest overall liking was for both skimmed and lactose-free bovine and goat samples. Conclusions. The skimming and lactose removal process modified the milk at the physicochemical level, the goat milks with the highest liking were whole and whole lactose-free; the lowest overall liking was for those skimmed-lactose-free in both species.
Copyright (c) 2022 María Laura Álvarez-Figueroa, María Lourdes Pineda-Castro, Alejandro Chacón-Villalobos, Elba Cubero-Castillo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
High-resolution melting curve analysis to identify sex in papaya (Carica papaya L.)
Introduction. The sexing of papaya plants (Carica papaya L.) in commercial plantations is usually done visually once the plant emits the flower. There are also biotechnological procedures such as the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), used to detect the sex of papaya at early ages, however, both methods mentioned above present a series of drawbacks, among them false positives. Objective. To identify sex in papaya seedlings using SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers with a high precision. Materials and Methods. The research was carried out at the Fabio Baudrit Moreno Agricultural Experiment Station of the Universidad de Costa Rica, during the months of February to October, 2020. Eight SNP markers were evaluated in papaya plants of known sex using the HRMA (acronym in English: High Resolution Melting Analysis) technique, the best one was chosen and reevaluated in two populations of the genetic improvement program of this crop, then the sexed plants were sown in the field to compare the molecular sexing with the current field sexing. Results. Several of the SNP markers evaluated were polymorphic and could be used to identify sex in papaya, however, the marker CpSERK_HRM_34704 was the one that most closely matched the selection criteria. Conclusion. In the case of the papaya hybrid Pococi and related breeding populations, the marker CpSERK_HRM_34704 showed 100 % precision between the molecular sexing of the seedlings in the nursery using the HRM technique and the current sex of the same plants planted in the field.
Copyright (c) 2022 Walter Barrantes-Santamaría, Elodia M. Sánchez-Barrante (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pesticide residues in blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.) in the Valle del Cauca, Colombia
Introduction. The blackberry (Rubus glaucus) is a fruit very susceptible to contamination by pesticide residues during its production stage. For this reason, the analysis of pesticide residues in this fruit is important to promote processes that contribute to ensure its quality and safety. Objective. To analyze the pesticide residues in blackberry (Rubus glaucus) fruits obtained from production areas and wholesale markets in Valle del Cauca. Materials and methods. During the second semester of 2020 and the first semester of 2021, fifteen samples from two wholesale markets and fifteen samples of three production areas of Valle del Cauca were analyzed through a multi-residue analysis of pesticides by gas chromatography coupled with a mass selective detector (GC - MSD) and liquid chromatography with mass-to-mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS). For this, the QuEChERS method was used and, in addition, an analysis of total dithiocarbamates by carbon disulfide (CS2) generation was performed. Results. Eight active ingredients were found in the production areas, of which four of them exceeded the maximum residue limits: chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, mandipropamid, and difenoconazole. In the market places, fourteen active ingredients were determined, which five exceeded the maximum residue limits: carbendazim, iprodione, tebuconazole, dimethomorph, and difenoconazole. Conclusion. These findings reflect the high residual pesticide residues in ready-to-eat blackberries and suggest the need for follow-up processes to help ensure the safety of the fruit throughout the production chain.
Copyright (c) 2022 Yorley Beatriz Lagos-Alvarez, Lizette Maritza Díaz-Ramírez, Jenny Marcela Melo-Velasco, Jhon Jairo Hurtado-Bermudez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Nutritional composition, content of bioactive compounds, and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity of selected Costa Rican fruit
Introduction. The consumption of fruits and vegetables inversely correlates with the incidence of degenerative diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, certain types of cancer, and cataracts associated with aging, due to the action of bioactive compounds including vitamin C, polyphenols, and carotenoids. Objective. To evaluate the nutritional profile of eleven fruits grown in Costa Rica. Materials and methods. This study was carried out at the National Center for Food Science and Technology of the Universidad de Costa Rica, in 2010. The content of total dietary fiber, total polyphenols, reported as gallic acid equivalents (GAE), total carotenoids expressed as µg β-carotene, and the hydrophilic capacity for oxygen radical absorbance (H-ORACFL) of eleven traditional or underutilized fruits were determined: banana (Musa AAA subgroup Cavendish cv. ‘Grand Naine’), high altitude tropical blackberry (Rubus adenotrichos cv. ‘wine with red thorns’), melon (Cucumis melo cv. ‘Veracruz’), fig (Ficus carica cv. ‘Brown-Turkey’), mango (Mangifera indica cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’), papaya (Carica papaya hybrid ‘Pococí’), pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes HBK), pineapple (Ananas comosus cv hybrid MD-2 ‘Gold’), quince (Cydonia oblonga), jocote (Spondias purpurea cv. Tronador), and red tree tomato (Solanum betaceum). The fruits were collected in different locations in San Jose, Cartago, Alajuela, Guanacaste and Limon. Results. Six of the fruits studied presented dietary fiber contents between 4.2 and 6.6 g 100 g-1. The highland tropical blackberry presented the highest content of total phenolic compounds (538 ± 97 mg GAE 100 g-1) and the highest antioxidant activity (62.1 ± 4.0 μmol Trolox equivalents g-1) and the cooked pejibaye presented the highest content of carotenoids (72 ± 4 µg β-caroteno g-¹). Conclusion. The values of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds in the eleven fruits grown in Costa Rica represent valuable nutritional characteristics given the associated health benefits supported by clinical and epidemiological studies.
Copyright (c) 2022 María Laura Montero, Carolina Rojas-Garbanzo, Jessie Usaga, Ana M. Pérez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Leaf Blight and Purple Seed Stain caused by Cercospora kikuchii in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)
Introduction. Cercospora Leaf blight and Purple Seed Stain are diseases caused by Cercospora kikuchii that affect soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) worldwide and whose etiological agents are fungi classified in different species certain proximity. Objective. To provide an overview of the pathosystem of Cercospora Leaf blight and Purple Seed Stain caused by Cercospora kikuchii affecting soybean. Development. The degree of severity and/or incidence of both diseases varies in Argentina as well as in the rest of the world. Recent studies showed that there is great variability both morphologically and molecularly among C. kikuchii isolates obtained from petiole and seed in the northern, northern pampas, and southern pampas regions collected in the years 2015 and 2016. The chromosome-level genome of C. kikuchii is available. The genome assembly of 9 contigs is 34.44 Mb and the N50 is 4.19 Mb. Based on ab initio gene prediction, several pathogenicity-related candidate genes were identified, including 242 genes for putative effectors, 55 secondary metabolite gene clusters, and 399 carbohydrate-active enzyme genes. Conclusion. Cercospora Leaf Blight and Purple Seed Stain are endemic diseases in Argentina. The causal pathogen of both diseases shows great genetic and molecular variability in Argentina.
Copyright (c) 2022 M. Lavilla, A. Ivancovich, A. Díaz-Paleo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0