Agronomía Mesoamericana
type: channel
description: Agronomía Mesoamericana journal is a continuous publication with an annual open issue that begins in January and closes in December. Edited in the Universidad de Costa Rica, its objective is to disseminate original scientific information in Spanish or English language, through the publication of articles, short communications, technical notes and literature reviews, related with food and agriculture sciences from anywhere in the world, emphasized in tropical and subtropical zones. Agronomía Mesoamericana implements interoperability protocols that allow the journal to be harvested by other content distribution systems. It supports this process through the OAI-PMH protocol (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) that allows the transfer of scientific and open access digital resources. URL OAI-PMH https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/agromeso/oai
publisher: Universidad de Costa Rica
language: en
publication name: Agronomía Mesoamericana
issn: 1021-7444
items: Agronomic characteristics of maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp.) seedlings according to sowing and harvesting density
items: Predictive value of soil exchangeable potassium in mycorrhiza-inoculated banana under organic-mineral fertilization in Cuban Cambisols
items: Allelopathy of Ageratum conyzoides L. on Bidens pilosa L., Oryza sativa L., and Cucumis sativus L.
items: Quality of Ancho maize populations from Guerrero, Mexico, for pozole-making
items: Characterization of the symptoms of Thanatephorus sp. in potato (Solanum tuberosum)
items: Effect of water depletion on the physical-hydraulic, physicochemical, and agronomic properties of hydroponic pepper and tomato
items: Degradation kinetics in corn silage under different packing densities and storage times
items: Water demand of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) determined by NDVI
items: Fungi associated with sorghum seeds and persistence of Fusarium after surface disinfestation
items: Yield and quality of five BMR sorghum varieties in the dry tropics of Costa Rica
items: Diversified cowpea cropping design in the Sudan Savannah of Ghana
items: Establishment of new drought-tolerant varieties of Cenchrus purpureus
items: Genetic diversity analysis of Indonesian soybean genotypes based on morphological characteristics and SSR markers
items: Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) albedo debittering process for use in food industry
items: Epidemiological factors linked to fruit soft rot in renovated banana plantations
items: Genetic parameters of growth in a dairy goat herd under semi-intensive management in tropical environment
items: Quantification and characterization of waste generated during milking of Jersey cattle
items: Identification of halotolerant bacteria isolated from soils of the Ciénaga de Zapata, Cuba
items: Fusarium wilt by tropical race 4: Current status and presence in the American continent
items: Purines discharge capacity of a liquid manure spreading tank
items: Owner perceptions and management of stereotypic behaviors in four horse breeds in Costa Rica
items: Detection of viruses in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) using qPCR
items: Detection of the 35S promoter by real-time PCR as a transgenicity indicator in food and Gossypium sp.
items: Productive characteristics of forage crops for supplementation in milk production systems, Nariño, Colombia
items: Production and quality of Tithonia diversifolia and Sambucus nigra high andean colombian tropic
items: Climatic conditions and jersey cattle dairy production on two altitudinal levels
items: Herd management information systems to support cattle population research: the VAMPP® case
items: Effect of doses of nitrogen in the agronomy and physiology of yellow passion fruit
items: Pea production and commercialization in the department of Nariño-Colombia
items: Increase okra production with the addition of nitrogen

Agronomic characteristics of maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp.) seedlings according to sowing and harvesting density
type: item
description: Introduction. Maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp.) stands out for its forage productivity in tropical regions; however, technical evidence regarding its management for propagule production is insufficient. The quality of asexual seed is subject to agronomic factors that determine stem robustness and physiological maturity. Objective. To evaluate the effect of planting density and the number of harvests on the yield and morphometric characteristics of maralfalfa as a seed nursery. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in Huaral, Peru (2018-2019), using a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Three planting densities (0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 m between plants; 0.80 m between rows) and two harvests (120 days post-planting and 90 days post-cut) were evaluated. Fresh biomass yield (FBY), plant height (PH), stem weight (SW), number of tillers per plant (NTP), stem diameter (SD), and number of stem nodes (NSN) were quantified. Results. No significant interaction between factors was detected (p > 0.05). FBY, SW, and NTP were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the second harvest, with increases of 45 % (1.45 vs. 1.00 kg/plant), 29 % (564.31 vs. 437.30 g), and 10 % (3.79 vs. 3.45 tillers), respectively. The largest SD was obtained with a density of 1.00 m (3.97 cm; p < 0.05), while a density of 0.50 m produced plants with higher PH (3.80 m; p < 0.05) and NSN (15 nodes; p < 0.05). Conclusions. The second harvest optimized yield and tillering due to the consolidation of the root system. For propagule production, the 1.00 m spacing favored robustness, as reflected in stem diameter, whereas the 0.50 m spacing maximized node availability per unit area, allowing differentiated management according to the objective of the seedbed.
subject: Technical Notes
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: elephant grass
  topic: keywords
subject: asexual seed
  topic: keywords
subject: cutting
  topic: keywords
subject: internode
  topic: keywords
creator: Felix Esteban Airahuacho Bautista
creator: Renzo Arturo Paredes Villarreal
creator: Yaneline Nilda Hidalgo-Vasquez
creator: Oscar Enrique Arbañil Huaman
creator: Rufino Maximo Maguiña-Maza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Felix Esteban Airahuacho Bautista, Renzo Arturo Paredes Villarreal , Yaneline Nilda Hidalgo-Vasquez , Oscar Enrique Arbañil Huaman, Rufino Maximo Maguiña-Maza (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: nkf43w60
ending page: nkf43w60
doi: 10.15517/nkf43w60

Predictive value of soil exchangeable potassium in mycorrhiza-inoculated banana under organic-mineral fertilization in Cuban Cambisols
type: item
description: Introduction. Banana is a multicycle crop, with a high potassium (K) demand, and soil K analysis guides fertilization. Mycorrhizal inoculation reduces fertilizer K needs, yet Soilbased K recommendations for inoculated systems remain undefined. Objective. To establish a soil potassium threshold for guiding fertilization in AMFinoculated banana crops under organicmineral fertilization. Materials and methods. Two experiments were conducted in Santo Domingo, Cuba, on Eutric Cambisols using the FHIA-18 cultivar. Both followed a randomized block design with four replicates. The first evaluated five organic-mineral fertilization (OMF) doses, with or without Rhizoglomus irregulare (AMF) inoculation across mother plant and first ratoon cycles, and included measurements of yield, mycorrhizal indicators, foliar NPK concentrations, and soil fertility. The second, conducted across three crop cycles, involved combinations of OMF doses, Canavalia ensiformis as green manure, AMF inoculation, and mineral fertilization. In this experiment, only information about soil fertility and relative yield was used. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, while critical thresholds were identified using Cate-Nelson successive partitioning. Results. Banana yield increased with OMF dose, and AMF inoculation reduced the OMF requirement by 25 %, associated with higher colonization and improved K uptake. Soil exchangeable K allowed the establishment of soil Kbased fertilization thresholds. Inoculation reduced the critical soil K thresholds relative to noninoculated banana, which reflects enhanced mycorrhizal K acquisition efficiency. The canavalia reduced OMF requirements in inoculated banana but did not alter the soil K index, which remained consistent across inoculated treatments regardless of fertilizer sources. The index functioned as a sufficiency index for K fertilization. Conclusions. The soil Kbased index established for AMFinoculated banana defines the soil K threshold and provides a practical …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: aplicación de fertilizantes
  topic: keywords
subject: micorrizas arbusculares
  topic: keywords
subject: Canavalia ensiformis
  topic: keywords
subject: Musa spp.
  topic: keywords
subject: valores de prueba del suelo
  topic: keywords
creator: Ramon Rivera Espinosa
creator: Jaime Enrique Simó González
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ramon Rivera, Jaime Enrique Simó González (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 6gkv5383
ending page: 6gkv5383
doi: 10.15517/6gkv5383

Allelopathy of Ageratum conyzoides L. on Bidens pilosa L., Oryza sativa L., and Cucumis sativus L.
type: item
description: Introduction. Ageratum conyzoides is considered an invasive species; nevertheless, its allelopathic potential has been identified. Allelopathic extracts offer a potential alternative to conventional weed control. Objective. To determine the allelopathic effect of extracts of Ageratum conyzoides L. on seedling emergence and initial growth of the weed Bidens pilosa L. and the crops Cucumis sativus L. and Oryza sativa L. Materials and methods. From January to October 2021, in the greenhouse of the Fraijanes Substation, Alajuela, Costa Rica, fresh and dried extracts prepared from A. conyzoides leaves were tested. Each extract was prepared at concentrations of 100 %, 50 %, and 25 % (w/v), and applied to seeds of selected weeds and crops. The number of emerged seedlings, radicle length, shoot and seedling length, as well as biomass of weeds and crops, were determined; a completely randomized design was used. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (for seedling and root length, and biomass) and logistic regression (for emerged seedlings). Results. The allelopathic extracts of A. conyzoides inhibited the emergence of B. pilosa seedlings; the 50 % dose was more inhibitory than the 100 % dose (odds ratio = 3.12) and resulted in shorter root length and lower biomass. In O. sativa, the use of both extracts showed no inhibitory effect on emergence compared with the control. However, the fresh extract resulted in shorter plant length. Neither extract affected C. sativus. Conclusions. A. conyzoides extract showed inhibitory effects on B. pilosa and O. sativa but did not affect C. sativus.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: allelopathic extracts
  topic: keywords
subject: pre-emergent weed control
  topic: keywords
subject: plant allelopathy
  topic: keywords
subject: biological control of weeds
  topic: keywords
creator: Alicia Zumbado-Rodríguez
creator: Mary Pamela Portuguez-García
creator: María Isabel González-Lutz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alicia Zumbado-Rodríguez, Mary Pamela Portuguez-García, María Isabel González-Lutz (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-01
publication date: 2026-07-01
starting page: bc16e790
ending page: bc16e790
doi: 10.15517/bc16e790

Quality of Ancho maize populations from Guerrero, Mexico, for pozole-making
type: item
description: Introduction. The Ancho maize race, native to the state of Guerrero, exhibits wide variability that has been insufficiently characterized. Objective. To determine the physical and pasting properties, the quality of flowered kernel, and the content of total soluble phenols and anthocyanins in eleven populations of Ancho maize from Guerrero. Materials and methods. Collections were carried out in five municipalities of the state of Guerrero, Mexico, during the springÐsummer 2022 production cycle. Kernel physical traits were evaluated, and nixtamalization was performed using the traditional method to assess flowered grain quality. Data were analyzed through analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test (p ² 0.05). A principal component analysis was also conducted. Results. The populations exhibited wide variability in physical traits, including hundred-kernel weight (47.8Ð99.85 g), endosperm hardness (73.5Ð99 %), color, pasting properties, and phenolic content. Regarding flowered grain quality (FG), populations A67, A65, and A02 stood out for their high yields, higher flowering volume, and short cooking times. In some cases, phenolic content in FG decreased to 79.8 %. The highest retention of total soluble phenols and anthocyanins was observed in population A10Az, characterized by blue-purple kernels. Conclusions. Populations of the Ancho landrace exhibited considerable variability across all evaluated traits. Among them, populations A65, A67, and A03 stood out for their exceptional flowered quality and enhanced phenol retention.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Food Technology
  topic: category
subject: Zea mays L.
  topic: keywords
subject: viscosity profile
  topic: keywords
subject: total soluble phenols
  topic: keywords
subject: cooking time for flowered grain
  topic: keywords
subject: flowering kernel volume
  topic: keywords
creator: Leticia García-Cruz
creator: María Gricelda Vázquez-Carrillo
creator: César del Ángel Hernández-Galeno
creator: Noel Orlando Gómez-Montiel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Leticia García-Cruz, María Gricelda Vázquez-Carrillo, César del Ángel Hernández-Galeno, Noel Orlando Gómez-Montiel (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 63emb808
ending page: 63emb808
doi: 10.15517/63emb808

Characterization of the symptoms of Thanatephorus sp. in potato (Solanum tuberosum)
type: item
description: Introduction. Thanatephorus sp. is a basidiomycete, with high genetic variability and a broad host range, capable of forming survival structures. Objective. To characterize the symptomatology caused by the phytopathogen Thanatephorus sp. in potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops. Materials and methods. The study was conducted from June to December 2023 at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica. Vegetative and reproductive plant tissues were collected from potato plants showing symptoms associated with Thanatephorus sp. The isolates were purified, and the pathogen was cultured on artificial media. The fungus was further purified and inoculated into soil, and applied via foliar spraying to potato plants in order to observe disease symptom development. Leaves, stems, and other plant parts exhibiting abnormal lesions were evaluated. Results. Thanatephorus sp. was primarily isolated from the foliage of potato plants and successfully grew in vitro on PDA (potato dextrose agar). The fungus exhibited branched morphology consistent with basidiomycetes and formed sexual reproductive structures, including basidiospores. Hyphal fusion (anastomosis) was observed, contributing to increased genetic variability of the pathogen. Symptom development began with small necrotic lesions on the leaf blade, surrounded by chlorotic halos; these lesions coalesced, leading to complete foliar tissue necrosis. Lesions were also observed on different plant organs. Survival structures (sclerotia) produced by Thanatephorus sp. were identified. Conclusions. The phytopathogen Thanatephorus sp. causes damage to leaves, stems, and tubers, and produces survival structures that facilitate its dissemination. Its symptomatology may be confused with that of other phytopathogens.
subject: Technical Notes
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: Basidiomycota
  topic: keywords
subject: Rhizoctonia solani
  topic: keywords
subject: sclerotia
  topic: keywords
subject: anastomosis
  topic: keywords
creator: María Cecilia Aguilar-Zamora
creator: Carlos Sánchez Romero
creator: Francisco Brenes Brenes
creator: Eduardo Granados Brenes
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 María Cecilia Aguilar-Zamora, Carlos Sánchez Romero, Francisco Brenes Brenes, Eduardo Granados Brenes (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: a7qk0y46
ending page: a7qk0y46
doi: 10.15517/a7qk0y46

Effect of water depletion on the physical-hydraulic, physicochemical, and agronomic properties of hydroponic pepper and tomato
type: item
description: Introduction. Physical-hydraulic characterization of substrates is critical for designing irrigation strategies aimed at enhancing water and nutrient use efficiency and improving crop performance in greenhouse systems. Objective. To evaluate the effect of three levels of water depletion on the physical-hydraulic and physicochemical properties of the substrate, as well as on growth, yield, and water use efficiency of sweet pepper and tomato crops grown in coconut fiber (coir) under greenhouse conditions. Materials and methods. The study was conducted from August 2020 to January 2021 in a multitunnel greenhouse at the Fabio Baudrit Moreno Agricultural Experiment Station, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Three substrate water depletion levels (Ag11, Ag22 and Ag32) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The response variables included volumetric water content (θ), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K(θ)), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), irrigation volume and frequency, leaf area, dry matter, marketable yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). Data were analyzed using the R statistical environment. Results. The Ag11 treatment, characterized by more frequent irrigations with lower volumes, maintained adequate moisture, stable EC, and higher K(θ), which promoted greater vegetative and reproductive growth, as well as high water use efficiency (WUE). The Ag22 treatment achieved yields and WUE values equivalent to those of Ag11, with lower irrigation frequency but higher volume irrigations, without increasing EC to critical levels. The Ag32 treatment significantly reduced growth, yield, and WUE, without raising EC to critical levels, showing a similar irrigation frequency to Ag22 but with a higher applied volume. Conclusions. The Ag11 treatment represented an equilibrium among aeration, water retention, and hydraulic and electrical conductivities, as evidenced by stable yields and efficient water use.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: coir
  topic: keywords
subject: deficit irrigation
  topic: keywords
subject: water use efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: unsaturated hydraulic conductivity
  topic: keywords
subject: electrical conductivity
  topic: keywords
creator: Alejandro Betancourt-Flores
creator: Freddy Soto-Bravo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alejandro Betancourt-Flores, Freddy Soto-Bravo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 9vvdjh52
ending page: 9vvdjh52
doi: 10.15517/9vvdjh52

Degradation kinetics in corn silage under different packing densities and storage times
type: item
description: Introduction. Forage compaction and storage time are determining factors in the fermentation and preservation of corn silage. Objective. To evaluate the effect of different compaction densities and storage times on the nutritional quality, degradation kinetics, and in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and dry matter of corn silage. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in Tepatitlán, Jalisco, Mexico, in June 2015. Corn plants were harvested 120 days post-planting to prepare minisilos, which were opened 30 days later. A completely randomized design with a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement was used, and the factors were compaction density (450, 600, 750, 900, and 1050 kg DM m-3) and storage time (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days). Results. The 600 kg DM m-3 treatment at day 90 showed the best NDF digestibility (87.9 %; p < 0.05). In the ruminal degradation kinetics, fraction a was higher (p < 0.05) in the treatment of 1050 kg DM m-3 at day 120, where the pH was lower. However, fraction b and the degradation rates of both fractions (ca and cb) did not show differences between treatments (p > 0.05). The increase in compaction density maintained optimal pH levels for longer storage times. Nevertheless, the excessive increase in compaction density (from 900 to 1050 kg DM m-3), combined with a prolonged storage time, negatively affected the in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. Conclusions. Compaction density and storage time affected the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in corn silage; however, their effect on degradation kinetics was inconsistent.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Animal Production
  topic: category
subject: gas production
  topic: keywords
subject: digestibility
  topic: keywords
subject: minisilos
  topic: keywords
subject: forage
  topic: keywords
subject: compaction density
  topic: keywords
creator: Christian Humberto Casillas-Gómez
creator: Darwin Heredia-Nava
creator: Ernesto Morales Almaraz
creator: Humberto Ramírez-Vega
creator: Víctor Manuel Gómez-Rodríguez
creator: Raquel Martínez-Loperena
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Christian Humberto Casillas-Gómez, Darwin Heredia-Nava, Ernesto Morales Almaraz, Humberto Ramírez-Vega, Víctor Manuel Gómez-Rodríguez, Raquel Martínez-Loperena (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-23
publication date: 2026-06-23
starting page: 4trkkr50
ending page: 4trkkr50
doi: 10.15517/4trkkr50

Water demand of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) determined by NDVI
type: item
description: Introduction. Water scarcity compromises agricultural productivity and requires precise management tools. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) emerges as an effective alternative for estimating crop coefficient and monitoring crop water needs. Objective. To estimate the water demand of black pepper during the flowering phase in the Northeast region of Pará, by means of satellite images to obtain the NDVI and, from it, the estimation of the crop coefficient. Materials and methods. The study was conducted from 2016 to 2018 in the Avelinos community, Santa Luzia do Pará, Brazil, in an area cultivated with black pepper that was 1, 2, and 3 years old. Coordinates were obtained by GPS and Landsat 8 images were used to calculate NDVI. The crop coefficient (Kc) was estimated using the SAFER algorithm based on NDVI, and the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was calculated by multiplying Kc by the reference evapotranspiration. Results. In areas with 1 and 2 years of cultivation, Kc ranged from 0.22 to 1.00, while in the area with 3 years of cultivation, values ranged from 0.11 to 0.33, which indicates low vegetative vigor and water stress. The estimated water demand for the flowering phase was 2.50, 2.62, and 1.30 L m² day-1 for areas with 1, 2, and 3 years of cultivation, respectively. Conclusions. NDVI-based estimates effectively captured crop water requirements and vegetative vigor across different cultivation ages, revealing that the oldest area exhibits lower water demand coupled with elevated water stress. Given the absence of stage-specific values for black pepper, these estimated parameters provide a fundamental basis for refining irrigation management in Northeastern Pará.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: Agriculture Engineering
  topic: category
subject: Remote sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: crop coefficient
  topic: keywords
subject: precision agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: irrigation
  topic: keywords
creator: Lailson da Silva Freitas
creator: Felix Lélis da Silva
creator: Raimunda Eliane Nascimento do Nascimento
creator: Élvis da Silva Alves
creator: Maryjane Diniz Araújo Gomes
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lailson da Silva Freitas, Felix Lélis da Silva, Raimunda Eliane Nascimento do Nascimento, Élvis da Silva Alves, Maryjane Diniz Araújo Gomes (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-17
publication date: 2026-06-17
starting page: zxczt264
ending page: zxczt264
doi: 10.15517/zxczt264

Fungi associated with sorghum seeds and persistence of Fusarium after surface disinfestation
type: item
description: Introduction. The distinction between superficial colonization and internal infection by Fusarium spp. in sorghum (Sorghum spp.) seeds is limited when using conventional diagnostic methods, hindering the interpretation of inoculum localization. Objective. To characterize the fungal community associated with commercial sorghum seeds and to evaluate the persistence of Fusarium spp. after surface disinfestation as an indicator of the likely localization of the inoculum. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná of the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina, between November 2024 and November 2025. Seeds from thirty commercial hybrids were evaluated using a blotter test without surface disinfestation (200 seeds per hybrid). Fungal genera were identified, and their incidence (%) was recorded. Based on Fusarium spp. incidence, twelve sentinel hybrids were selected and subjected to a blotter test with surface disinfestation (2 % NaOCl for 2 min; 100 seeds per hybrid) to assess pathogen persistence. The analysis was descriptive, based on the comparison of incidence before and after treatment. Results. Sixteen fungal genera were identified, with Alternaria, Fusarium, and Cladosporium as the most prevalent. Fusarium spp. showed variation among hybrids, with an incidence range of 0-78 % in the evaluation without disinfestation. In sentinel hybrids, surface disinfestation resulted in variable reductions, with high values in some hybrids, suggesting the removal of mainly superficial inoculum, whereas in others pathogen persistence was observed after treatment. Conclusion. The combination of blotter test and surface disinfestation allowed the characterization of fungi associated with commercial sorghum seeds and the analysis of Fusarium spp. persistence in relation to its likely localization within the seed. Differential patterns among hybrids allowed the interpretation of inoculum orig…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: Sorghum
  topic: keywords
subject: blotter test
  topic: keywords
subject: seed health
  topic: keywords
subject: plant disease diagnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: fungal community
  topic: keywords
creator: Pablo Daniel Velazquez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pablo Daniel Velazquez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 9vxd1n34
ending page: 9vxd1n34
doi: 10.15517/9vxd1n34

Yield and quality of five BMR sorghum varieties in the dry tropics of Costa Rica
type: item
description: Introduction. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a C4 grass recognized for its high productivity and tolerance to heat and drought stress, widely used in animal feeding. The incorporation of the brown midrib (BMR) gene enhances its forage value by reducing fiber content and increasing digestibility. Objective. To evaluate the productive performance and bromatological quality of five BMR sorghum varieties, in order to identify promising lines for use as a forage resource in livestock systems of the dry tropics. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Centro de Innovación Agropecuaria Enrique Jiménez Núñez (Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica) during the 2020 rainy season and the 2021 dry season (under irrigation). A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Treatments included five BMR lines (0916, 0919, 0925, 0929, and 0936), derived from crosses between BMR materials from Texas (USA) and Central American germplasm. Forage black sorghum (Sorghum almum) was used as the control. Agronomic variables and nutritional quality of fresh and ensiled forage were evaluated. Results. Although the BMR varieties showed lower biomass production and shorter crop cycles than the control, they exhibited superior nutritional quality in both seasons. Conclusions. BMR sorghum varieties showed lower biomass yield than forage black sorghum but exhibited nutritional advantages, supporting their potential as a strategic forage alternative in cattle production systems of the Costa Rican dry tropics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Animal Production
  topic: category
subject: brown midrib mutants
  topic: keywords
subject: silage
  topic: keywords
subject: feed efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: nutritive value
  topic: keywords
creator: José Roberto Camacho-Montero
creator: José Pablo Jiménez-Castro
creator: Josselyne Aguilar-López
creator: William Sánchez-Ledezma
creator: Nevio Bonilla-Morales
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 José Roberto Camacho-Montero, José Pablo Jiménez-Castro, Josselyne Aguilar-López, William Sánchez-Ledezma, Nevio Bonilla-Morales (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-11
publication date: 2026-06-11
starting page: 92vc9027
ending page: 92vc9027
doi: 10.15517/92vc9027

Diversified cowpea cropping design in the Sudan Savannah of Ghana
type: item
description: Introduction. Climate change and low-intensity cropping technologies limit cowpea yield in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective: To implement and optimize high-intensity climate-smart cropping for cowpea. Materials and methods: Cowpea was planted four seeds per hill, spaced at 75 × 20 cm in a randomized complete block design with four replicates, and later thinned to the required stand at the Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Manga. Ghana, in 2021 and 2022. Four planting designs were used: A single row of two plants per hill at the center of the ridge (66 667 plants/ha); a single row of one plant per hill at the center of the ridge (33 333 plants/ha); a double row of two plants per hill at the sides of the ridge (133 333 plants/ha); and a double row of one plant per hill at the sides of the ridge (66 667 plants/ha). Days to 50 % and 90 % flowering, pod load and pod length, seed number and 100-seed weight, and grain and biomass yields were recorded. Results. Planting designs and plant densities had no effect on days to flowering. A single row of two plants per hill or double row of one plant per hill increased pod load. A single row of two plants per hill or a single row of one plant per hill improved seed per pod. Planting single row of two plants per hill and double row of two plants per hill optimized grain and biomass yields. Conclusions: Different planting designs and plant densities can enhance pod load, improve seeds per pod, and optimize grain and biomass yields of cowpea.
subject: Technical Notes
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: legume
  topic: keywords
subject: cropping technology
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable cropping
  topic: keywords
subject: spacing
  topic: keywords
subject: smallholder farmers
  topic: keywords
creator: Emmanuel Asibi Aziiba
creator: Richard Dormatey
creator: Peter Quandahor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Emmanuel Asibi Aziiba, Richard Dormatey, Peter Quandahor (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-12
publication date: 2026-06-12
starting page: s94azk14
ending page: s94azk14
doi: 10.15517/s94azk14

Establishment of new drought-tolerant varieties of Cenchrus purpureus
type: item
description: Introduction. Drought can reduce grain production by up to 50 % and significantly reduce the biomass of pastures and forages intended for animal feed. Objective. To evaluate the establishment of ten new varieties of Cenchrus purpureus tolerant to drought under conditions of intense seasonal drought in the Cauto Valley, Cuba. Materials and methods. A randomized block design with four replicates was used to evaluate ten new varieties of Cenchrus purpureus (CT-600, CT-601, CT-602, CT-603, CT-604, CT-605, CT-606, CT-607, CT-608 and CT-609) on Fluvisol soil in an area of intense seasonal drought in Cuba, from November 2019 to May 2020. The CT-115 variety was used as a control. During the sprouting phase, soil moisture, plant height, leaf area, biomass yield, and leaf-to-stem ratio were monitored and calculated. Results. During the first 12 days after planting, varieties CT-608, CT-607, CT-609, CT-600, CT-603 and CT-115 showed higher sprouting percentages (p ² 0.05), this trend was maintained until day 19. CT-603 and CT-608 reached the highest sprouting capacity, exceeding 60 % at 29 days, followed by CT-600 and CT-609 with more than 50 %, and then CT-607 with 44 % (p ≤ 0.05). The remaining varieties, including the control, exhibited slower sprouting, with values ranging from 20 to 40 % during that period. Conclusions. At the establishment cut, no significant differences were found between varieties in terms of height, growth, leaf area, and dry matter (DM) yield; however, biomass structure indicators varied, with only CT-604 surpassing the control in leaf-to-stem ratio (2.1 vs. 1.5) and leaf percentage (67.4 vs. 57.8 %). The new varieties demonstrated the capacity to successfully establish under the conditions evaluated.
subject: Technical Notes
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: Pennisetum purpureum
  topic: keywords
subject: drought
  topic: keywords
subject: grasses
  topic: keywords
subject: forage production
  topic: keywords
creator: Jorge Valentín Wright-Ramírez
creator: José Leonardo Ledea Rodríguez
creator: Dalibia Díaz-Fonseca
creator: Rafael Herrera-García
creator: Ramón Crucito Arias-Pérez
creator: José Alfredo Guevara-Franco
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge Valentín Wright-Ramírez, José Leonardo Ledea Rodríguez, Dalibia Díaz-Fonseca, Rafael Herrera-García, Ramón Crucito Arias-Pérez, José Alfredo Guevara-Franco (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-10
publication date: 2026-06-10
starting page: nc8qa216
ending page: nc8qa216
doi: 10.15517/nc8qa216

Genetic diversity analysis of Indonesian soybean genotypes based on morphological characteristics and SSR markers
type: item
description: Introduction. Soybean is an important crop due to its high protein and oil content. Yellow-seeded varieties are preferred for the production of food products. Genetic diversity analysis is an important step in the selection of parental lines for breeding programs. Objective. To analyze genetic diversity of Indonesian soybean genotypes based on morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Materials and methods. Field evaluation was conducted at Bogor, Indonesia, March-June 2023. Morphological data were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The genotypes were then analyzed using 14 SSR markers. Results. PCA revealed that PC1-PC4 explained 72.63 % of total genetic variation. SSR marker analysis showed excellent characteristics such as high allele number and PIC values. Genotypes grouped into two clusters with clear diversity distinction. Four genotype pairs showed high genetic diversity with favorable morphological traits related to yield and yield components. The genotype-pairs are potential as parental candidates for use in breeding programs. Conclusion. Morphological and SSR marker characterizations clearly differentiate Indonesian soybean genotypes and can identify genotype-pairs with high genetic diversity which are useful as parent candidates in breeding purposes. Both data analyses complemented each other well for better diversity findings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: genetic background
  topic: keywords
subject: genetic distance
  topic: keywords
subject: genetic markers
  topic: keywords
subject: morphological characters
  topic: keywords
creator: I Made Tasma
creator: Rosliana Purwaning Dyah
creator: Kunto Wibisono
creator: Habib Rijzaani
creator: Muhammad Ace Suhendar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 I Made Tasma, Rosliana Purwaning Dyah, Kunto Wibisono, Habib Rijzaani, Muhamad Ace Suhendar (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 6xn1r608
ending page: 6xn1r608
doi: 10.15517/6xn1r608

Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) albedo debittering process for use in food industry
type: item
description: Introduction. Grapefruit albedo is a citrus industry byproduct containing bioactive compounds that can be used in food development; however, it requires procedures to reduce bitterness. Objective. To select a physicochemical method for debittering grapefruit albedo by evaluating its effect on physicochemical properties (moisture content, soluble solids content, ash content, pH, and titratable acidity) and sensory properties (bitterness). Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil, Ecuador, between August 2022 and July 2023. Grapefruits (Citrus × paradisi L., white variety) from the local market were processed to obtain the albedos. Eleven debittering treatments were performed, combining immersion in water or saline solution (1.5 % NaCl), temperatures (65, 95, 100, or 121 ¡C), and times (10 or 20 min), with or without prior pH adjustment to 7 by adding NaOH. Debittering efficiency was evaluated through sensory analysis (using the mean and percentage of satisfactory responses) and physicochemical analysis (moisture content, ash content, pH, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity). Results. Three treatments were identified that met the established sensory parameters (mean lower than 4 and percentage of satisfactory responses greater than 60 %), and it was found that the result depended on the combination of temperature and time. The pH adjustment pretreatment did not positively influence the sensory results. Conclusions. The treatment at 121 ¡C for 10 min, followed by washing with water at room temperature, proved to be the most effective method for achieving grapefruit albedo debittering.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Food Technology
  topic: category
subject: sensory evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: thermal process
  topic: keywords
subject: postharvest treatment
  topic: keywords
subject: waste valorization
  topic: keywords
creator: Jorge Velásquez-Rivera
creator: Raúl Díaz-Torres
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge Velásquez-Rivera, Raúl Díaz-Torres (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
starting page: 04xy7g86
ending page: 04xy7g86
doi: 10.15517/04xy7g86

Epidemiological factors linked to fruit soft rot in renovated banana plantations
type: item
description: Introduction. Fruit soft rot (FSR) constitutes a relevant phytosanitary problem in banana production, particularly in renewed plantations. The limited updated information on climatic variables and associated epidemiological factors constrains the design of effective management strategies. Objective. To evaluate the contribution of climatic variables, insect vectors, cultural practices, and soil splash to the dissemination of FSR in renewed banana plantations. Materials and methods. The frequency of FSR, climatic variables, and bagging per hectare were analyzed at three stages of fruit development between 2013 and 2016 in three renewed plantations of the Huetar Caribe Region of Costa Rica (Río Frío, Valle de la Estrella, and Guápiles). Predictive models were developed from variables with the highest explanatory capacity regarding the epidemiological behavior of the disease, and the most robust model was selected for validation. Additionally, the potential effect of de-flowering, vector activity (Drosophila spp.), and soil splash was evaluated in Río Frío. Results. Accumulated precipitation and relative humidity showed the greatest explanatory capacity for FSR incidence during inflorescence emergence and fruit bagging. Among seven developed models, model 2 was the most appropriate for estimating the disease according to accumulated precipitation and precipitation hours. De-flowering, fly activity, and soil splash, in the presence of Dickeya chrysanthemi, increased disease frequency in healthy bunches. Conclusions. Climatic conditions favor FSR during inflorescence emergence and bagging. De-flowering generates wounds that facilitate the entry of Dickeya chrysanthemi, Drosophila spp. contributes to its dispersal, and soil splash transports inoculum to the inflorescence. Model 2 predicted FSR trends and constitutes a tool for integrated management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: banana bacterial diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: biological vectors
  topic: keywords
subject: soil splash
  topic: keywords
subject: predisposing conditions
  topic: keywords
creator: José Pablo Vargas-Fernández
creator: Amy Wang-Wong
creator: Miguel Muñoz-Fonseca
creator: Edgar Valverde-Araya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jose Pablo Vargas-Fernández, Amy Wang-Wong, Miguel Muñoz-Fonseca, Edgar Valverde-Araya (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
starting page: ssjgt920
ending page: ssjgt920
doi: 10.15517/ssjgt920

Genetic parameters of growth in a dairy goat herd under semi-intensive management in tropical environment
type: item
description: Introduction. The estimation of genetic parameters for growth in goats makes it possible to identify the contribution of additive direct and maternal effects at different stages of development, which is essential for designing more efficient selection strategies. Objective. To estimate growth genetic parameters in a dairy goat herd using random regression models. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the experimental herd of the Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. A total of 6127 body weight records from birth to 30 months of age were analyzed, collected between 2008 and 2024, from 388 females and 108 males of Saanen and Saanen × Toggenburg breeds. A mixed random regression model was fitted, including fixed effects: contemporary group, breed type, sex, parity, type of birth, and age; and random effects: direct additive genetic (h²d), maternal genetic (h²m), and permanent environmental (ap) effects, modeled using Legendre polynomials. Results. The value of h²d ranged from 0.01 (month 2, SE 0.01) to 0.17 (month 11, SE 0.08), the h²m ranged from 0.02 (month 2, SE 0.01) to 0.25 (month 1, SE 0.07), and the ap value increased progressively from 0.03 (month 1, SE 0.20) to 0.67 (month 30, SE 0.08). Genetic correlations (direct and maternal) and permanent environmental correlations were mostly positive and of moderate magnitude (>0.60), with higher values (>0.80) between adjacent ages. Direct breeding values for body weight ranged from −2.33 to 1.80 kg (month 6) and from −3.90 to 3.20 kg (month 12). Conclusions. The use of random regression models allowed the estimation of genetic parameters for growth while accounting for both animal and maternal effects at different stages. This approach facilitates more accurate selection of replacements and guides breeding strategies to obtain more productive and efficient animals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Animal Production
  topic: category
subject: body weight
  topic: keywords
subject: heritability
  topic: keywords
subject: random regression
  topic: keywords
subject: breeding value
  topic: keywords
creator: Jorge A. Campos-Alfaro
creator: Bernardo Vargas-Leitón
creator: Andrés H. Alpízar-Naranjo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge A. Campos-Alfaro, Bernardo Vargas-Leitón, Andrés H. Alpízar-Naranjo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: c9pcb718
ending page: c9pcb718
doi: 10.15517/c9pcb718

Quantification and characterization of waste generated during milking of Jersey cattle
type: item
description: Introduction. Inadequate management and improper disposal of residues generated in dairy farming can cause environmental and sanitary problems. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain information on the quantity and composition of the solid and liquid residues produced during milking. Objective. To determine the quantity and characteristics of residues generated by Jersey cattle during milking activities. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the dairy unit of the Atlantic Campus of the University of Costa Rica, with a stocking rate of 6 AU/ha and Jersey cows with an average live weight of 396.6 kg per animal. Between May 2022 and May 2023, 39 samplings were carried out to quantify manure generation and the volume of wash water produced in the waiting area after each milking. Moisture, pH, and electrical conductivity were analyzed in manure, while chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and fecal coliforms (FC) were determined in wash water. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis. Results. Average manure production was 2.7 kg per animal, and water consumption reached 686.5 L per operating day. The effluent showed a high pollutant load, with COD (1931.7 mg/L) and TSS (6951.6 mg/L) levels exceeding the maximum permissible discharge limits by more than fourfold and thirtyfold, respectively. The microbiological load (1.7 × 108 CFU/100 mL) indicated a critical sanitary risk. Conclusions. Milking activities generated residues with high pollutant potential, which limits the direct reuse of wash water and highlights the need to implement management and treatment strategies, such as solid-liquid separation and biological processes, to reduce environmental risk and promote residue valorization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: cattle manure
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural effluents
  topic: keywords
subject: waste management
  topic: keywords
subject: dairy wash water
  topic: keywords
creator: Carlos A. Sánchez-Romero
creator: Saúl Brenes-Gamboa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Carlos A. Sánchez-Romero, Saúl Brenes-Gamboa (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 6135ky76
ending page: 6135ky76
doi: 10.15517/6135ky76

Identification of halotolerant bacteria isolated from soils of the Ciénaga de Zapata, Cuba
type: item
description: Introduction. Halotolerant bacteria improve plant adaptability to high salt concentrations in soils, making it essential to study isolates inhabiting vulnerable agroecosystems. Objective. To identify halotolerant bacteria isolated from soils of the Ciénaga de Zapata, Cuba, and to characterize them as plant growthÐpromoting bacteria in plants tolerant to high salinity levels. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the laboratories of the Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical Alejandro de Humboldt, Cuba, and the Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, Mexico. Five isolates capable of tolerating 200 mM NaCl were selected and phylogenetically identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Laboratory experiments were performed under a completely randomized design, with the five isolates as treatments. Nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and the production of ammonium, siderophores, indolic compounds, and lytic enzymes were evaluated as response variables. Plant assays were conducted between June and November 2023 under a randomized block design with six treatments (five bacterial strains and an uninoculated control), with three replicates, assessing plant growth and salinity tolerance indicators. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s test at 5 % significance. Results. The isolates belonged to the genera Bacillus and Cupriavidus. All fixed atmospheric nitrogen and solubilized calcium phosphate; four produced siderophores; two generated ammonium; two solubilized potassium; two synthesized indolic compounds and lytic enzymes; and one solubilized aluminum. In plant assays, strains CZ1 and CZ6 stood out, showing significant differences compared to the other strains and the control. Conclusions. The isolated halotolerant bacteria possess traits that support their use as microbial inoculants in saline environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agronomy
  topic: category
subject: bacterial inoculants
  topic: keywords
subject: functional characterization
  topic: keywords
subject: microbial antagonism
  topic: keywords
subject: plant-halobacterial interactions
  topic: keywords
subject: microbial enzymes
  topic: keywords
creator: Marisel Ortega-García
creator: Yoania Ríos-Rocafull
creator: Alfredo Socorro-García
creator: Lily Xochil Zelaya-Molina
creator: Ismael Fernando Chávez-Díaz
creator: Maria Caridad Napoles Garcia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Marisel Ortega-García, Yoania Ríos-Rocafull, Alfredo Socorro-García, Lily Xochil Zelaya-Molina, Ismael Fernando Chávez-Díaz, Maria Caridad Napoles Garcia (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-26
publication date: 2026-05-26
starting page: 7c4st966
ending page: 7c4st966
doi: 10.15517/7c4st966

Fusarium wilt by tropical race 4: Current status and presence in the American continent
type: item
description: Introduction. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, tropical race 4, is considered the most lethal disease of the musaceae because it can survive on the ground for more than twenty years, without effective control. Objective. Review the current status and significant features of this disease and indicate the potential impact risk in Latin America and the Caribbean countries in the face of its recent report in Colombia. Developing. It has several races: race 1 attacks clones of the Silk (Musa AAB) and Gros Michel (Musa AAA) subgroups and was responsible for the loss of the world banana market in 1958, dominated by the latter, being replaced by Cavendish clones (Musa AAA). Race 2 attacks clones of the Bluggoe subgroup (Musa ABB); and race 4, through its tropical and subtropical variants, attacks all Cavendish clones, and those susceptible to race 1 and race 2. There are no natural clones that can replace the current ones. Tropical race 4 (R4T), has spread in different continents, causing multimillion dollar losses, with extreme limitations for its eradication, and recently is a cause for concern in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries, due to its recent report in the Colombian Guajira. Conclusion. The deficient control, and ignorance of thr traits of the pathogen and the disease, make necessary the development of research for its early diagnosis, management strategies, education measures, and / or promotion of contingency plans. Recently it was detected in Colombia, which implies high risk for the rest of the countries of the LAC region (with emphasis on Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela), due to the constant flow of people (including tourists) and commercial transactions, being necessary in a way it is imperative to review the risk analysis in this new scenario.
subject: Literature Reviews
  topic: section
subject: banana
  topic: keywords
subject: disease
  topic: keywords
subject: plantains
  topic: keywords
subject: production
  topic: keywords
subject: Musa AAB
  topic: keywords
subject: Musa AAA
  topic: keywords
creator: Gustavo E. Martínez-Solórzano
creator: Juan C. Rey-Brina
creator: Rafael E. Pargas-Pichardo
creator: Edwuar Enrique-Manzanilla
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Gustavo E. Martínez-Solórzano, Juan C. Rey-Brina, Rafael E. Pargas-Pichardo, Edwuar Enrique-Manzanilla (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2019-12-11
publication date: 2019-12-11
starting page: 259
ending page: 276
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.37925

Purines discharge capacity of a liquid manure spreading tank
type: item
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subject: Technical Notes
  topic: section
subject: organic waste
  topic: keywords
subject: fertigation
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural equipment
  topic: keywords
creator: Carlos Boschini-Figueroa
creator: Claudio Fabián Vargas-Rodríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Carlos Boschini-Figueroa, Claudio Fabián Vargas-Rodríguez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2020-01-01
publication date: 2020-01-01
starting page: 251
ending page: 258
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.33544

Owner perceptions and management of stereotypic behaviors in four horse breeds in Costa Rica
type: item
description: Introduction. There is little information about stereotypic behaviors in stock-type sport horses and paso horses in Costa Rica. The lack of knowledge regarding stereotypic behaviors, such as cribbing, weaving, and stall walking in horses, affects their welfare. Objective. The objective of this study was to monitor the status of stereotypic behaviors and the management reported by owners of horses registered in ACRICAMDE and ASCACOPA in Costa Rica.Materials and methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June through September 2018 in Costa Rica to gather information on horse behavior and current management practices of 552 horses of the breeds Quarter Mille, Appaloosa, American Paint Horses and Costa Rica Paso. The database collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results. Almost half of the horse owners (48.4 %) reported stereotypic behaviors, being cribbing the most observed (86.2 %), followed by stall walking (24.1 %) and weaving (13.8 %). Most owners and managers (89.7 %) have tried to stop horses from performing stereotypic behaviors with anti-cribbing collars and by increasing social contact with other horses as the most common approaches. Fewer hours of grazing were reported (2 or less, or none) while there were horses without access to pasture (35.7 %). Conclusion. Horse owners of the breeds included in this study lacked knowledge of stereotypic behaviors. In order to improve management of these behaviors, more training is required to avoid further complexities under the current conditions.
subject: Technical Notes
  topic: section
subject: animal welfare
  topic: keywords
subject: cribbing
  topic: keywords
subject: weaving
  topic: keywords
subject: stall walking
  topic: keywords
subject: abnormal behaviors
  topic: keywords
creator: Ana Margarita Arias-Esquivel
creator: Carissa L. Wickens
creator: Luis A. Villalobos-Villalobos
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Ana Margarita Arias-Esquivel, Carissa L. Wickens, Luis A. Villalobos-Villalobos (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2020-01-01
publication date: 2020-01-01
starting page: 237
ending page: 249
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.37852

Detection of viruses in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) using qPCR
type: item
description: Introduction. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a root crop very susceptible to viral diseases, which have been associated with crop yield reductions of over 50 %. In the Costa Rican sweet potato plantations the presence of feathery mottle virus (SPFMV), chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV), and leaf curl virus (SPLCV) have been reported, for the development of adequate control programs, early detection and identification is necessary through the use of sensitive and efficient techniques. Objective. The objective of this research was to estimate the incidence of SPFMV, SPCSV, and SPLCV in sweet potato plantations using qPCR. Materials and methods. In 2018 foliar tissue samples were collected from eighty plants showing viral symptoms from twenty-five sweet potato plantations distributed in four provinces in Costa Rica. The detection of the three viruses was performed by qPCR with the use of primers and specific hydrolysis probes. Results. In 92 % of the plantations studied, the presence of virosis was found. The Sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) defined as the combined infection of SPFMV and SPCSV, was the most common viral disease found in all plantations. The plantations located in Sabanilla, El Cacao, and La Guacima were the only ones to present the three viruses studied. The SPLCV virus was only detected in the Limón and Alajuela provinces. Conclusion. It is possible to make an early detection of three of the most frequent sweet potato viruses with the use of qPCR which would contribute to certified seed production programs.
subject: Technical Notes
  topic: section
subject: viruses
  topic: keywords
subject: Multiple PCR
  topic: keywords
subject: sweet potato
  topic: keywords
subject: Costa Rica
  topic: keywords
subject: root vegetable
  topic: keywords
creator: Ingrid Varela-Benavides
creator: Carla Trejos-Araya
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Ingrid Varela-Benavides, Carla Trejos-Araya (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2020-01-01
publication date: 2020-01-01
starting page: 223
ending page: 235
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.37668

Detection of the 35S promoter by real-time PCR as a transgenicity indicator in food and Gossypium sp.
type: item
description: Introduction. Genetically modified crops (GMC) are of particular interest due to their impact on the global economy. Therefore, as a general concern, many countries have established some regulations in regards to genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In Costa Rica, the cultivation of GMOs has been practiced since 1991; however, there´s a lack of studies that monitor the execution and compliance with the biosafety regulations. Objective. The objective of the present study was to identify the presence or absence of transgenicity in processed foods for human and animal consumption, as well as in cotton seeds. Material and methods. The real-time PCR technique was used to target the 35S promoter sequence, derived from the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), as a marker to detect the presence of transgenes in processed foods for human and animal consumption as well as in wild or cultivated cotton seeds collected nearby a GM cotton farm in May 2017. Results. In the analyzed samples there was a high incidence of an 82 bp fragment, corresponding to the 35S promoter sequence, being absent only in organic corn crops and their derivatives (tortillas, corn powder). Results suggest the presence of GMO traces in the Costa Rican food market, additionally it reveals the urgency of implementing adequate labeling for food traceability. Furthermore, the presence of transgenic cotton in the vicinity of a GM cotton farm was identified, suggesting the relevance of surveillance in aspects of biosafety and genetic manipulation of crops. Conclusion. The presence of traces for GMOs in Costa Rican processed food, demonstrates the importance of continuing this monitoring to provide enough elements for a critic discussion about food traceability and potential transgene flow into wild plant material.
subject: Technical Notes
  topic: section
subject: genetically modified organisms
  topic: keywords
subject: SYBR green
  topic: keywords
subject: transgenic food
  topic: keywords
subject: Gossypium
  topic: keywords
subject: Costa Rica
  topic: keywords
creator: Karen Oviedo-Bolaños
creator: Jaime García-González
creator: Stefany Solano-González
creator: Claudio Martínez-Debat
creator: Carolina Sancho-Blanco
creator: Rodolfo Umaña-Castro
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Karen Oviedo-Bolaños, Jaime García-González, Stefany Solano-González, Claudio Martínez-Debat, Carolina Sancho-Blanco, Rodolfo Umaña-Castro (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2020-01-01
publication date: 2020-01-01
starting page: 209
ending page: 221
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.37151

Productive characteristics of forage crops for supplementation in milk production systems, Nariño, Colombia
type: item
description: Introduction. Grass is the main source of feed for ruminants, however, it is not able to provide the nutrients required for its maintenance and productivity, added to this, in the high tropics is very noticeable the seasonality of fodder production, so it is very important to know other feeding alternatives. Objective. Characterize and evaluate ten forage crops as alternative sources of supplementation in milk production systems in the high tropic of Nariño. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in three localities (L1, L2 and L3) representative of the milk basin of the department of Nariño between november 2016 and september 2017. A Random Complete Blocks (BCA) design was used with ten treatments Vicia faba (espadrille), Vicia faba (red), Vicia faba (common), Zea mayz var. ICA V-305, Raphanus sativus L., Beta vulgaris, Avena sativa var. Cayuse, Phalaris sp., Medicago sativa L. var. moapa, Medicago sativa L. var. 10 10, three repetitions and comparison of averages to 0.05. A the time of harvest it was estimated: green forage yield and dry matter, crude protein (PC), neutral detergent fibre (FDN)), acid detergent fibre (FDA), lignin, hemicellulose, dry matter digestibility, and net lactation energy (ENL). Results. The outstanding species were the bean (the three varieties) and fodder beet for its yield and nutritional quality, which presented values between 7.48 and 20.24 % for PC and 1.14 and 1.49 Mcal kg-1 for ENL. Differences between treatments were presented for each locality, both in productive and nutritional variables. Conclusion. The forage species with the highest productive yield and nutritional quality were the three bean varieties (red, common, and espadrille) and beet.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: green forage
  topic: keywords
subject: dry matter
  topic: keywords
subject: infrared spectroscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: nutritional quality
  topic: keywords
creator: David Felipe Nieto-Sierra
creator: Diego Hernán Meneses-Buitrago
creator: Sonia Patricia Morales-Montero
creator: Filadelfo Hernández-Oviedo
creator: Edwin Castro-Rincón
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 David Felipe Nieto-Sierra, Diego Hernán Meneses-Buitrago, Sonia Patricia Morales-Montero, Filadelfo Hernández-Oviedo, Edwin Castro-Rincón (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2020-01-01
publication date: 2020-01-01
starting page: 177
ending page: 192
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.36596

Production and quality of Tithonia diversifolia and Sambucus nigra high andean colombian tropic
type: item
description: Introduction. Among the limitations of the livestock systems of the Colombian high tropic is fodder seasonality. The use of silvopastoral systems could be a strategy to maximize food production and guarantee a supply of nutrients throughout the year. Objective. To evaluate in Tithonia diversifolia and Sambucus nigra established in a silvopastoral system, the effect of two ages and cutting heights on morphometric, production, and nutritional quality variables. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Obonuco Research Center of the Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA) (Pasto, Colombia) between January and November 2018. A random block design was established in factorial arrangement with four treatments (two ages and two cutting heights) for each species (T1:60 days*20 cm, T2:60 days*50 cm, T3:80 days*20 cm, T4:80 days*50 cm for T. diversifolia and T1:60 days*30 cm, T2:60 days*50 cm, T3:90 days*30cm, T4:90 days*50 cm for S. nigra). Results. The productive variables showed significance in T. diversifolia with higher dry matter (DM kg/bush) at 80 days (30.6 ton ha-1 year-1) and S. nigra at 90 days (14.4 ton ha-1 year-1); the number of branches and shoots showed higher values in T4 for T. diversifolia (127.10 branches/bush and 819.65 shoots/bush). The nutritional quality of T. diversifolia and S. nigra was significantly higher at 60 days; with 26.73 % and 26.25% crude protein, digestibility of 75.45 %, and 76.28 %, and net lactation energy of 1.58 and 1.60 Mcal kg-1 DM, respectively. Conclusion. Biomass production (DM) and resurgence capacity increased when harvested at 80 days in T. diversifolia and 90 days in S. nigra; however, a better nutritional quality was presented at cutting ages of 60 days in the high tropic of Nariño, which evidenced its productive potential for cattle feeding.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: silvopastoral systems
  topic: keywords
subject: forages
  topic: keywords
subject: food
  topic: keywords
subject: age
  topic: keywords
subject: height
  topic: keywords
creator: Carolina Guatusmal-Gelpud
creator: Laura Dayana Escobar-Pachajoa
creator: Diego Hernán Meneses-Buitrago
creator: Juan Leonardo Cardona-Iglesias
creator: Edwin Castro-Rincón
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Carolina Guatusmal-Gelpud, Laura Dayana Escobar-Pachajoa, Diego Hernán Meneses-Buitrago, Juan Leonardo Cardona-Iglesias, Edwin Castro-Rincón (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2020-01-01
publication date: 2020-01-01
starting page: 193
ending page: 208
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.36677

Climatic conditions and jersey cattle dairy production on two altitudinal levels
type: item
description: Introduction. Precipitation, temperature, radiation, and relative humidity vary according to height, this causes the presence of microclimates that affect the productivity of the animals. Objective. Associate the climatic conditions present in the productive systems with dairy production of a pure Jersey herd in two altitudinal floors of the province of Cartago, Costa Rica. Materials and methods. In retrospect, during the year 2016, the productive information of two dairy farms, located at 660 and 1800 m.a.s.l. was evaluated. From the first farm, the records of 61 animals in a twelve-year period (12,083 data) were analyzed; while in the second, the lactations of 387 animals in a five-year period (13,820 records) were analyzed. Observations included: identification of the cow, day of generation of the record, month, year, daily milk production, lactation days, calving number, animal age, temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and average relative humidity. Results. The lactation days, the lactation number (3-5), the age of the animal (3.7 to 5.8 years), and the calving number affected the daily milk production on both farms (p<0.001). At 1800 m, when the precipitation was greater than 5 but less than or equal to 10 mm day-1 and the relative humidity greater than 80 but less than 90 % day-1 (p<0.001), milk production decreased. On the other hand, at 660 m the effect came from relative humidity less than or equal to 70 %. The environmental temperature had a significant effect in both altitudes. Conclusion. The conditions of temperature, humidity, precipitation, and radiation in each ecosystem, generated differences in the productivity of the animals, related to the type of forages and the thermal sensation to which the cattle was exposed, which caused heat or cold stress.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bos taurus
  topic: keywords
subject: microclimate
  topic: keywords
subject: heat stress
  topic: keywords
subject: humidity and temperature index
  topic: keywords
subject: lactation curve
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Federico Conejo-Morales
creator: Rodolfo WingChing-Jones
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Juan Federico Conejo-Morales, Rodolfo WingChing-Jones (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2019-12-05
publication date: 2019-12-05
starting page: 157
ending page: 176
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.34739

Herd management information systems to support cattle population research: the VAMPP® case
type: item
description: Introduction. Livestock information systems, besides being indispensable for the daily management of the herd, can serve as a basis for research at the population level. Objective. The objective of the study was to analyze the role of the VAMPP® system as a source of information for cattle population research over 32 years of evolution in Costa Rica. Materials and methods. A statistical analysis of the system database (VAMPP®) covering the period between 1987 and 2018 was carried out. Trends in the dissemination and adoption of the system were evaluated according to period, area, production system, and herd size. The use of information for the exploration of trends by breed and area was exemplified. The contribution of the system at the academy level and production of scientific literature was quantified. Results. 2285 herds (88.8 % specialized dairy and 11.2 % dual purpose) were counted with an average of 9.4±7.9 years of follow-up in the VAMPP® system. The areas with greater diffusion were the very humid premontane forest (29 %) and very humid tropical forest (25 %). The average size of the herd was 124±255 adult cows. The system contains records on 404 316 cows, mostly of Holstein (36.3 %), Jersey (24.6 %), and Holstein×Jersey (20.9 %) breeds. The database includes information on 1,249,557 calvings, 16,223,260 records of daily milk production, and 443,108 health events, predominantly related to mastitis (35.6 %) and laminitis (14.1 %). The system has been used for the elaboration of at least 74 investigations leading to academic degrees and the production of 71 scientific articles, mainly related to health and genetic issues. Conclusion. The information obtained from the VAMPP® system has allowed a detailed characterization of the productive performance of local dairy cattle.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: information technology
  topic: keywords
subject: dairy cattle
  topic: keywords
subject: tropical zones
  topic: keywords
creator: Z. Sánchez-Hernández
creator: C.S. Galina-Hidalgo
creator: B. Vargas-Leitón
creator: J. Rojas-Campos
creator: S. Estrada-König
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Z. Sánchez-Hernández, C.S. Galina-Hidalgo, B. Vargas-Leitón, J. Rojas-Campos, S. Estrada-König (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2020-01-01
publication date: 2020-01-01
starting page: 141
ending page: 156
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.37062

Effect of doses of nitrogen in the agronomy and physiology of yellow passion fruit
type: item
description: Introduction. The passion fruit plant is important as fresh fruit and in the agroindustry, since its rich in minerals and vitamins and also has potential for domestic consumption and exportation. It has been shown that nitrogen (N) has an influence on fruit yield but there is no information on the optimal N range for maximum production. Objective. Determine the agronomic, physiological, and phenological response, yield and quality of fruit in the cultivation of parchita passion fruit against different doses of nitrogen. Materials and methods. At the Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela from April 2014 to march 2015, passion fruit plants were planted in a completely randomized design, six replicates, and six plants per experimental unit, a control (8 g N plant-1 (T1)) was evaluated and three doses of N (100 (T2), 200 (T3) and 300 (T4) g plant-1), an a dose of 50 and 300 g plant-1 of P2O5 and K2O, respectively were evaluated. The evaluated variables were: plant height, number of leaves, photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration (E), stomach conductance (Gs), chlorophyll index (CI), total leaf N content in doses at flowering and fruiting, yield, and fruit quality. Results. Higher doses of N obtained higher values in height, number of leaves, plant precocity, chlorophyll index, net photosynthesis, and foliar N content and lower values in T1. The variables Gs, A and E, did not show significant differences between the treatments. A 55 % yield reduction was obtained in the control treatment compared to the 200 g N plant-1 treatment which obtained the highest yield. The average fruit weight was significantly higher in T3. Conclusion. The best nitrogen dose in passion fruit plants was 200 g N plant-1.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: maximum monetary utility
  topic: keywords
subject: resource productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: bioeconomy
  topic: keywords
subject: econometrics
  topic: keywords
creator: Gustavo Adolfo Rodríguez-Yzquierdo
creator: Carmen Amalia Basso-de-Figuera
creator: Marta Barrios-García
creator: Rommel Igor León-Pacheco
creator: Mercedes Pérez-Macias
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Gustavo Adolfo Rodríguez-Yzquierdo, Carmen Amalia Basso-de-Figuera, Marta Barrios-García, Rommel Igor León-Pacheco, Mercedes Pérez-Macias (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2020-01-01
publication date: 2020-01-01
starting page: 117
ending page: 128
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.36815

Pea production and commercialization in the department of Nariño-Colombia
type: item
description: Introduction. Traditional agricultural production systems prevail in the southern region of Nariño, however, the area harvested from transitory potato, corn and beans crops has been decreased. To address this problem, pea planting has been strengthened, which is marketed in local and regional markets. The department of Nariño is the first pea producer in Colombia, and in 2018, 9425 ha were reported, with an average yield of 1.19 t ha-1. The farmers in the study area are traditional and show technical limitations of production and commercialization. Objective. The objective of the investigation was to analyze the production and commercialization of peas in the department of Nariño. Materials and methods. The research was descriptive and allowed to establish costs, production volumes, planting times, product characteristics, prices, and marketing during 2012. The target population included producers, municipal intermediaries, wholesalers and retailers, and association leaders located in the pea-producing municipalities. Results. The Andean variety was the most sown, the post-harvest losses were 52 %, the prices vary due to the seasonality of production, and the greater volume of production was channeled through intermediaries. Conclusions. The production and commercialization of peas in Nariño presents difficulties that requiere sowing planning to balance production volumes, access development credit, train and organize farmers, and foster strategic alliances to guarantee conditions in the value chain.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: production costs
  topic: keywords
subject: wholesale intermediaries
  topic: keywords
subject: price variation
  topic: keywords
creator: Francisco Javier Torres-Martínez
creator: Carlos Nelson Rivadeneira-Miranda
creator: Álvaro José Castillo-Marín
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Francisco Javier Torres-Martínez, Carlos Nelson Rivadeneira-Miranda, Álvaro José Castillo-Marín (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2020-01-01
publication date: 2020-01-01
starting page: 129
ending page: 140
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.36776

Increase okra production with the addition of nitrogen
type: item
description: Introduction. The growth, production, and quality of the okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) are related to the application of fertilizers with nitrogen (N) being the most prominent, due to the direct relationship with photosynthesis and vegetative growth of the plant. Objective. The objective was to evaluate the agronomic and productivity characteristics of the okra based on the dose of N. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in the experimental area Campus Gurupi, of the Universidad Federal de Tocantins (UFT), in two planting periods (autumn/winter and spring/summer). The experimental design used was randomized blocks (DBC) with six treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N ha-1) and four repetitions. Urea was used as a source of N. The characteristics evaluated were: productivity, average fruit mass, height and chlorophyll index of the plant. Results. The productivity and height of the plant were higher in the autumn/winter crop. The average mass and chlorophyll index were not influenced by the sowing period. For productivity a linear response was obtained, increasing the dose up to the limit of the dose of N used (250 kg ha-1), with an average value higher than 14 t of fruit. The mean mass and plant height responded linearly to the increase in the dose of N. Nitrogen affected the chlorophyll index, with maximum values of 45.96 and 47.19, observed in the two evaluation periods. Conclusion. The sowing season and the N content in the soil interacted with the height of the plant, being favorable in the period when there was no precipitation. N influenced all characteristics, demonstrating the importance of nitrogen fertilization development okra plants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Abelmoschus esculentus
  topic: keywords
subject: sowing
  topic: keywords
subject: nitrogenous fertilizing
  topic: keywords
subject: linear response
  topic: keywords
creator: Valdilene Coutinho-Miranda
creator: Irais Dolores Pascual-Reyes
creator: Aline Torquato-Tavares
creator: João Victor Gonçalves-Carline
creator: Kássio Abel Silva-Sousa
creator: Ildon Rodrigues-do-Nascimento
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Valdilene Coutinho-Miranda, Irais Dolores Pascual-Reyes, Aline Torquato-Tavares, João Victor Gonçalves-Carline, Kássio Abel Silva-Sousa, Ildon Rodrigues-do-Nascimento (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2019-12-02
publication date: 2019-12-02
starting page: 105
ending page: 115
doi: 10.15517/am.v31i1.36866