12-MATTOS-Larval structure of Passalus gravelyi

Larvae of the family Passalidae occur with relative abundance in tropical forest and they are associated with adults in fallen trunks. Only a few studies on the larvae of Neotropical Passalidae have been published (Costa & Fonseca, 1986; Costa, Vanin, & Casari-Chen, 1988; Schuster & Reyes-Castillo, 1981, 1990; Schuster, 1992), and up to date, the most important work on Brazilian species (Costa & Fonseca, 1986) has described the larvae of 21 species.

All known Passalidae are subsocial, with parental adults, immature adults and larvae, all living in a family group in a gallery system constructed by the adults, almost exclusively within or beneath decaying wood (trunks, limbs, roots, and wood particles). This is associated with interesting behaviors including cooperation, parental care, defense, hierarchic systems and communication, including a complex acoustical repertoire (Reyes-Castillo, 1970; Schuster, 1983; Reyes-Castillo & Halffter, 1984).

The subgenus Pertinax in Passalus comprises 40 species, of which 23 have been recorded in Brazil (Hincks & Dibb, 1935; Fonseca & Reyes-Castillo, 2004). Passalus (Pertinax) gravelyi Moreira, 1922 is an endemic species from the Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica) and known only from the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, and from elevations above 1 000 m.

Our current research includes a systematic study of the larvae of Neotropical Passalidae. While preparing the description of the 3rd instar larva of Passalus (Pertinax) gravelyi Moreira, 1922, we noted the occurrence of a sexual dimorphism in the 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of this species; the male larvae has a terminal ampulla on th e margin of the 9th sternite, and investigated the occurrence of this character in the species from all of supra-generic taxa of Passalidae.

The terminal ampulla w as first described by Herold (1815) in the l arvae of Lepidoptera and defined more specifically by Snodgrass (1941) in Hymenoptera. In Coleoptera the terminal ampulla was described in Scarabaeidae by Hurpin (1953), and subsequently the presence of sexual dimorphism in Passalidae, Lucanidae, Scarabaeidae and Melolonthidae larvae has been reported in literature of Scarabaeoidea (Menees, 1957; Onore, 1994; Martínez & Lumaret, 2003, 2005; Ramírez-Salinas, Pacheco-Flores, Castro-Ramírez, & Morón, 2010). The sexual dimorphism in Passalidae has never been studied in detail, especially in larvae and pupae. The goal of our study was to describe the larvae of Passalus (Pertinax) gravelyi Moreira, 1922, and to begin the systematic study of larvae with the knowledge about the sexual dimorphism in larvae of the Neotropical Passalidae.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The samples were collected in decayed wood in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); a total of 10 specimens of larvae were collected from the same tunnel system as three adults, and all were preserved in ethanol 96 % until their evaluation.

At least 300 specimens of 62 species (Table 1) were comparatively studied about the terminal ampulla in the following Institutions: Coleção José Alfredo Pinheiro Dutra, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (DZRJ) and Colección Entomologica del Instituto de Ecología Xalapa (IEXA).

The morphological characters and the illustrations were made with the aid of a Leica MZ 7.5 stereomicroscope with a drawing tube and integrated digital camera Leica 3.0 CMOS. The larvae terminology followed the primary setal patterns proposed by Schuster & Reyes-Castillo (1981), the general terms of structures as Costa et al. (1988), and the general taxonomic classification followed Boucher (2006).

The electronic photographs were made after the dehydration of some larval structures in a graded ethanol series (70-100 %), air dried, and mounted on aluminum stubs and palladium gold covered. Subsequently, the samples were photographed in a JEOL model JSM 5600 LV Scanning electron Microscope.

In order to study the terminal ampulla, the larvae were fixed following the techniques described by Martínez (1999, 2002) using Black of chlorazol and Feulgen-woven green. We investigated the occurrence of the sexual dimorphism in passalid larvae, with the dimorphism present in the structure of the terminal ampulla. We observed the terminal ampulla in male larvae of the 62 passalid species across the two subfamilies and six tribes.

RESULTS

Passalus (Pertinax) gravelyi

Moreira, 1922, larva

Passalus (Pertinax) gravelyi Moreira, 1922:276-278; Luederwaldt, 1931:116; Fonseca & Reyes-Castillo 2004:15 (cat.) (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9).

Description: Larva of third instar (n = 5). Length = 8.09-15.99 mm; head width = 1.89-2.66 mm; prothorax width = 2.98-3.83 mm. Head, with short and sparse pubescence (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3); two or three post-antennal setae (2-3 HPA), elongate, reaching antennal tip when extended and folded forward. Epicranial suture present with distinct frontal stem in V shaped. Coronal suture almost half of head capsule length. Clypeus distinctly transverse and pubescent. Labrum transverse, with anterior margin rounded and with moderately elongate and sparse setae. Epipharynx (Fig. 4) with corypha rounded and with setose, clithrum small and pigmented, acanthoparia with elongate setae, acroparia smooth, chaetoparia with long and sparse setae, pedium marked by the presence of many setae in the central area, laeotorma and dexiotorma strongly pigmented. Mouthparts protracted (Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7): mandibles (Fig. 5) symmetrical, movable, triangular, tridentate at apex, external margin distinctly angulate, with many sparse setae (except in apical part), mesal surface curved and smooth, inner cutting edge with a blunt tooth, mola developed, baso-lateral area, near the mola, with a declivity and with one tuft of short and dense setae near the condilun, and brustia developed with a dense, compact tuft of elongate setae. Maxillae (Fig. 6) mobiles and elongate, with galea elongate, almost as long as apical segment of maxillary palp, falcate at apex, with elongate setae at inner edge; lacinia entire, reaching the apical third of galea, with single apex, inner margin with fringe of elongate setae; palpifer present with six basal setae; maxillary palp with two segments, the apical segment slightly longer than basal segment and narrowing near the apex, basal segment with four setae. Labium with prementum, mentum and submentum; ligula (Fig. 7) rounded at apex and dense and short setae; prementum with a single fringe of setae near base; mentum short, smooth, and posterior margin converging back in V-shaped; submentum with one pair of elongate setae at the sides the suture between mentum and submentum; submentum fused at the gula; gula laterally with many setae, medially glabrous. Thorax. Segments glabrous, with prothoracic spiracles larger than and directed opposite to mesothoracic, metathoracic and abdominal spiracles. Pronotum entirely pubescent and with two lateral sclerotized areas, each with 3-5 long lateral setae (3-5 PSL); median area between sclerotized pronotal areas distinct glabrous. Mesonotum no dorsal mesonotal setae (MSD) and one pair of lateral mesonotal setae (0MSD; 2 MSL). Metanotum with one pair dorsal metanotal setae and two lateral metanotal setae (1 MTD; 2 MTL). Pro and mesothoracic legs well developed (with coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsungulus) and pubescent. Metathoracic legs reduced (Fig. 8) with only one segment bearing six small, lateral teeth basal to the apex. Abdomen. Ten segments visible when viewed dorsally or laterally. Abdominal segments each with one pair of medial tergal setae and one pair of lateral tergal setae (1 TM; 1 TL). Anal opening (Fig. 9) V-shaped; anal ring with 16-20 setae (18-20 AR); IX abdominal ventrite with one pair of setae in medial area (AV9).

Setal Pattern 2° and 3° instars: 2-3 HPA; 3-4 PSL; 0 MSD; 2 MSL; 1 MTD; 2 MTL; 1 TM; 1 TL; 1 AV9; 16-18 AR.

Setal Pattern 1° instar (Fig. 1): 3 HPA; 4 PSL; 1 MSD; 2 MSL; 1 MTD; 2 MTL; 1 TM; 1 TL; 1 AV9; 18 AR. Measurements of first instar - Length = 7.49 mm; head width = 1.49 mm; prothorax width = 2.66 mm.

Material examined: BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Estrada para Agulhas Negras, 44°36’25.3” W - 22°26’3.3” S, 2.091 m), 20.VII.2012, 1 larva (1° instar), 4 larvae (2º instar), 5 larvae (3º instar), 3 adults, Mermudes et al. leg. (DZRJ).

AN OVERVIEW ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN PASSALID LARVAE

In this study sexual dimorphism in passalid larvae is characterized in detail for the first time, with the dimorphism present in the structure of the terminal ampulla (sometimes referred to as “genital ampula”). The terminal ampulla has been reported and described in various holometabolous insects (Herold, 1815; Snodgrass, 1941; Hurpin, 1953; Menees, 1957; Matsuda, 1976; Onore, 1994; Martínez & Lumaret, 2005) as the cuticular stru cture in medial-ventral area of the 9th abdominal sternite in males (Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14 and Fig. 15). Ramírez-Salinas et al. (2010) reported that the terminal ampulla (referred to as “genital ámpula”) was present in the last (tenth) abdominal sternite of the pupae of the dynastine scarab, Ligyrus nasutus (Burmeister) but that it was less prominent than the terminal ampula in male pupae.

In other Scarabaeoidea, the terminal ampulla is evident in all larval instars and it is observed at apex of the aedeagus at the last abdominal ventrite in male pupae (Martínez & Lumaret, 2005). We were unable to detect the terminal ampulla in the first instar passalid larvae, but in the second and third instar larvae and in pupae, the sex of the immatures can be determined. We observed the terminal ampulla only in male larvae of the 62 pass alid species across the two subfamilies and six tribes (sensu Boucher, 2006) of Passalidae (Table 1), using the techniques of Martínez (1999) for dissecting and staining the terminal ampulla in the Scarabaeinae.

The terminal ampulla of late-instar passalid male la rvae is visible ventrally as a distinct patch of cuticular tissue of the 9th sternite, between and internal to the pair of ventral abdominal setae (AV) of this segment (Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14 and Fig. 15). This structure, terminal ampulla, it is a very thin layer, with no apparent differences among species.

DISCUSSION

Our current examination included a syste matic study of the larvae of Neotropical Passalidae, with the description of the larva of Passalus (Pertinax) gravelyi Moreira, 1922. Based on the three larval instars studied and the absence of some primary setae in the later instars (2° and 3°), the following general setal pattern is proposed for Passalus (Pertinax) gravelyi: 2-3 HPA; 3-5 PSL, 0-1 MSD; 2 MSL; 1 MTD; 2 MTL; 1 TM; 1 TL 1 AV9; 16-18 AR. The larvae of Passalus gravelyi has the general setal ‘Pertinax’ pattern (Schuster & Reyes-Castillo, 1981) and differ from others of Pertinax subgenus larvae by the high number of setae in the anal ring (16-18 AR). Passalus (Pertinax) affinis Percheron, 1835, P. (Pertinax) anguli ferus Percheron, 1835, P. (Pertinax ) mancus Burmeister, 1847, P. (Pertinax) latifrons Percheron, 1841, and also P. (Pertinax) dubitans Kuwert, 1891 present the typical anal ring with 10 setae (10AR). While, P. (Pertinax) convexus Dalman, 1817 reveal variation between 10-12 AR.

The descriptions of Passalidae larvae were based on ornamentations or setae for chaetotaxy analysis (see Costa & Fonseca, 1986; Costa et al., 1988; Schuster & Reyes-Castillo, 1981, 1990; Schuster, 1992). Nevertheless, in all previous descriptions of Passalidae larvae, the authors did not report the presence of a terminal ampulla (sensu Snodgrass, 1941; Matsuda, 1976). The terminal ampulla structure was originally described on Lepidoptera larva by Herold (1815), it was described in Hymenoptera by Snodgrass (1941), and in Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae larvae by Hurpin (1953) and it was reported at three instars larvae of Canthon c. cyanellus LeConte by Martínez and Lumaret (2003, 2005); it was cited from immature stages of six species of Sphaenognathus (Lucanidae) by Onore (1994).

The reports to larval spec ies of the families assemblage in Scarabaeoidea published by Menees (1957), cited the Passalidae Popilius disjunctus (Illiger) transferred to Odontotaenius by Reyes-Castill o (1970), and by Martínez and Lumaret (2003, 2005), that mentioned 26 species from Scarabaeidae, Aphodiidae, Trogidae, Orphnidae, Dynastidae, and two species of Passalidae: Passalus unicornis Saint-Fargeau (a species from Lesser A ntilles endemic to Guadeloupe) and P. alticola Kirsch (a species described from Ecuador), which have not been described.

The occurrence of the sexual dimorphism in passalid larvae was characterized in detail for the first time based in the structure of this terminal ampulla. This structure was localized on the margin of the 9th sternite in male larvae, in species of the supra-generic taxa of Passalidae: all subfamilies and tribes, except the Leptaulacini, sensu Boucher (2006). In this study, we were unable to detect the terminal ampulla in first instar passalid larvae, but in second and third instar male larvae, and pupae (only clearly evaginated aedeagus in males), the sex of immatures was determined for species of subfamilies Aulacocyclinae and Passalinae. Data from this study included the largest world range of information to Passalidae, comprising 62 passalid species, 29 genera in six tribes –Aulacocyclini, two species from Brunei & Australia, and Ceracupini, two species from Japan & Taiwan; Solenocyclini, two species from Ivory Coast; Macrolinini, one species fr om Brunei; Passalini, 19 species from Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Guade loupe Lesser Antilles & Brazil; and Proculini, 36 species from United States of America, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia & Brazil)–. Obviously is easier to determine the sexual dimorphism in larvae than in adults, for which the recent studies pointed specific areas of the adult pubescent body (e. g., species of Paxillus, see Mattos & Mermudes, 2013). Finally, the testicle, deferent ducts and other structures observed in Scarabaeidae by Martínez and Lumaret (2005), were not seen in Passalidae species, possibly because sexual maturation occurs later, which can be further investigated.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank Imelda Martínez from Instituto de Ecología (INECOL, México) for help with literature and techniques of dissection and pigmentation, and also to Tiburcio Laez Aponte for help with the Scanning electron Microscope photographs. We are grateful to people who made material available, and Alan Gillogly (Orma J. Smith Museum of Natural History) for the revision of the English and anonymous reviewers for comments. This study was supported by FAPERJ (process, 100.927/2011, 100.030/2014) and partially by the project 169604 from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, México).

RESUMEN

Estructura larval de Passalus gravelyi y dimorfismo sexual en larvas de Passalidae. Passalidae son insectos subsociales, los adultos y larvas son comunes en bosques tropicales, viven dentro de troncos podridos en un sistema de galerías construido por los adultos. A la fecha, pocos estudios han sido publicados sobre larvas de Passalidae neotropicales. En el presente trabajo, se describe por primera vez la larva de Passalus (Pertinax) gravelyi Moreira, 1922, con base en 10 especímenes: uno de primer estadio, cuatro de segundo estadio y cinco de tercer estadio, asociados con tres adultos de un grupo familiar recolectado en el Parque Nacional de Itatiaia (Río de Janeiro, Brasil). La descripción esta fundamentada en microfotografías electrónicas y digitales de los caracteres diagnósticos que muestran detalles sobre la sistemática de la especie. La larva de Passalus gravelyi muestra el patrón setal general de ‘Pertinax’ y difiere de otras larvas del subgénero Pertinax por tener el anillo anal con 16 a 18 setas, las seis especies de larvas descritas del Brasil tienen en el anillo anal con 10 a 12 setas. Por primera vez se discute la presencia de dimorfismo sexual en larvas de 62 especies de Passalidae, describiendo el ampulla terminal presente en el macho y localizada en el área cuticular m edia ventral del noveno esternito abdominal. El ampulla terminal es visible ventralmente solo en la larva macho y no es visible en la larva hembra; esta estructura cuticular es común en el macho sobre el noveno esternito abdominal del segundo y tercer estadio larval y no está presente en la larva de primer estadio. El ampulla terminal es conocida en 62 especies agrupadas taxonómicamente en la s ubfamilia oriental y australiana Aulacocyclinae (Aulacocyclini & Ceracupini) y en la subfamilia cosmotropical Passalinae (Solenocyclini, Macrolinini, Passalini, & Proculini).

Palabras clave: inmaduro, morfología, dimorfismo sexual, Neotropical, Passalinae, Passalini.

REFERENCES

Boucher, S. (2006). Evolution et phylogénie des Coléoptères Passalidae (Scarabaeoidea). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (Nouvelle Série), 41, 239-604.

Costa, C., & Fonseca, C. R. V. da. (1986). Larvae of Neotropical Coleoptera. XIII. Passalidae, Passalinae. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 30, 57-78.

Costa, C., Vanin, S. A., & Casari-Chen, S. A. (1988). Larvas de Coleoptera do Brasil. São Paulo, Brasil: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo.

Fonseca, C. R. V. da, & Reyes-Castillo, P. (2004). Synopsis on Passalidae family (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) of Brazil with description of a new species of Veturius Kaup. 1871. Zootaxa, 789, 1-26.

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Hurpin, B. (1953). Reconnaissance des sexes chez les larves de Coléoptères Scarabaeidae. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 58, 104-107.

Luederwaldt, H. (1931). Monographia dos Passalídeos do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 17, 1-262.

Martínez, M. I. (1999). Estudio de la anatomía microscópica en insectos: técnicas básicas. Folia Entomológica Mexicana, 105, 65-76.

Martínez, M. I. (2002). Técnicas básicas de anatomía microscópica y de morfometría para estudiar a los insectos. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 30, 187-195.

Martínez, M. I. & L umaret, J. P. (2003). Dimorfismo sexual en las larvas de Scarabaeoidea. En G. Onore, P. Reyes-Castillo, & M. Zunino (Eds.), Scarabaeidos de Latinoamérica: el estado del conocimiento (Vol. 3). Zaragoza, España: Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa.

Martínez, M. I., & Luma ret, J. P. (2005). Structure of the terminal ampulla in male larvae of Canthon cyanellus LeConte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 59, 35-39.

Matsuda, R. (1976). Morp hology and evolution of the insect abdomen. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Mattos, I., & Mermudes, J. R. M. (2013). Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): Distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa, 3652, 327-342.

Menees, J. H. (1957). Se x identiﬁcation in some larvae of Scarabaeoidea. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 52, 97-100.

Moreira, C. (1922). Coléoptères Passalides du Brésil. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 90, 255-294.

Onore, G. (1994). Description of the immature stages of six species of Sphaenognathus, with comparative notes on phylogeny and natural history (Insecta: Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Annals of Carnegie Museum, 63, 77-99.

Ramírez-Salinas, C., Pacheco-Flores, C., Castro-Ramírez, A. E., & Morón, M. A. (2010). Descripción de los estados inmaduros de Ligyrus nasutus (Burmeister, 1847) (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) con información sobre su biología. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie), 26, 617-625.

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CUADRO 1 (Continuación) / TABLE 1 (Continued)
Subfamily	Tribe	Species
Subfamily	Tribe	Species
Aulacocyclinae	Aulacocyclini	Aulacocyclus edentulus (MacLeay, 1827)
		Taeniocerus bicanthatus (Percheron, 1841)
	Ceracupini	Ceracupes arrowi Heller, 1911 Cylindrocaulus patalis (Lewis, 1883)

Passalinae	Solenocyclini	Erionomus planiceps (Eschscholtz, 1829)
		Pentalobus barbatus (Fabricius, 1801)
	Macrolinini	Aceraius grandis (Burmeister, 1847)
	Passalini	Ameripassalus tamaulipensis Jimenez-Ferbans & Reyes-Castillo, 2014
		Passalus (Mitrorhinus ) zikani Luederwaldt, 1929
		Passalus (Passalus) aduncus Erichson, 1847
		Passalus (Passalus) alticola Kirsch, 1885**
		Passalus (Passalus) denticollis (Kaup, 1869)
		Passalus (Passalus) interstitialis Eschscholtz, 1829
		Passalus (Passalus) interruptus (Linnaeus, 1752)
		Passalus (Passalus) punctiger Lepeletier & Serville, 1825
		Passalus (Passalus) variiphyllus Kuwert, 1891
		Passalus (Pertinax) affinis Percheron 1835
		Passalus (Pertinax) caelatus Erichson, 1847
		Passalus (Pertinax) cognatus Truqui, 1847
		Passalus (Pertinax) convexus Dalman, 1817
		Passalus (Pertinax) gravelyi Moreira, 1922
		Passalus (Pertinax) inops Truqui, 1847
		Passalus (Pertinax ) punctatostriatus Percheron, 1835
		Passalus (Passalus) unicornis Le Peletier et Serville, 1825**
		Paxillus jamaicensis Hincks, 1950
		Paxillus leachi MacLeay, 1819
		Ptichopus angulatus (Percheron, 1835)
		Spasalus crenatus (MacLeay, 1819)
	Proculini	Chondrocephalus debilis (Bates, 1886)
		Chondrocephalus purulensis (Bates, 1886)
		Heliscus tropicus (Percheron, 1835)
		Odontotaenius cerastes Castillo, Rivera-C. & Reyes-Castillo, 1988
		Odontotaenius disjunctus (Illiger, 1800)*
		Odontotaenius striatopunctatus (Percheron, 1835)
		Odontotaenius zodiacus (Truqui, 1857)
		Oileus bifidus (Zang, 1905)
		Oileus rimator (Truqui, 1857)
		Oileus heros (Truqui, 1857)
		Oileus sargi (Kaup, 1871)
		Ogyges cackchiqueli Schuster & Reyes-Castillo, 1990
		Ogyges championi (Bates, 1886)
		Petrejoides haagi (Kaup, 1868)
		Petrejoides jalapensis (Bates, 1886)
		Petrejoides orizabae Kuwert, 1897
		Petrejoides silvaticus Castillo & Reyes-Castillo, 1984
		Proculejus brevis (Truqui, 1857)
		Proculus goryi (Melly, 1833)
		Proculus mniszechi Kaup, 1868
		Pseudacanthus mexicanus (Truqui, 1857)
		Pseudacanthus subopacus (Bates, 1886)
		Spurius bicornis (Truqui, 1857)
		Spurius depressifrons (Bates, 1886)
		Spurius dichotomus Zang, 1905
		Undulifer incisus (Truqui, 1857)
		Verres hageni Kaup, 1871
		Verres intermedius Kaup 1871
		Veturius (Ouayana) cirratus Bates, 1886
		Veturius (Veturius) marilucae Boucher, 2006
		Veturius (Veturius) sinuatocollis Kuwert, 1891
		Veturius (Veturius) sinuosus (Drapiez, 1817)
		Vindex agnoscendus (Percheron, 1841)
		Vindex sculptilis Bates, 1886
		Xylopassaloides schusteri Reyes-Castillo, Fonseca & Castillo, 1987
		Yumtaax recticornis (Burmeister, 1847)