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Cuba Publications in the Science Citation Index Expanded:

publication characteristics, institutions and journals

Julián Monge-Nájera

; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7764-2966

Dianelis Olivera Batista

; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7081-9092

Yuh-Shan Ho

; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-8736

1. Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, 2050 San José, Costa

Rica; julianmonge@gmail.com

2. Department of Information Science, Central University “Marta Abreu” of Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba;

dolivera@uclv.cu

3. Trend Research Centre, Asia University, No. 500 Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;

ysho@asia.edu.tw (*Correspondence)

Received 14-V-2021. Corrected 06-IX-2021. Accepted 23-IX-2021.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: In contrast with other tropical countries, Cuba has been frequently studied from the point of view

of scientometrics. It has been reported that Cuban researchers often failed to cite other Cuban researchers or to

collaborate with them and that 78 % of the Cuban scientific output is published in Cuban journals and mostly

missed by Scopus and the Web of Science. However, there are no recent comprehensive studies of science in

Cuba.

Objective: To quantify the Cuban scientific output, in all disciplines, until the beginning of 2021.

Methods: We analyzed publications from Cuba, dated 1900 to 2021, that reached the index Science Citation

Index Expanded.

Results: We retrieved a total of 23 576 publications, mostly articles. In this particular database, English is

the dominant language, and, over time, articles have become longer and increased the number of authors and

references. Numerically, the leading institution is Universidad de La Habana. Research is strongly concentrated

around medical subjects. Collaboration teams led by foreign authors have more citations recorded by the data-

base, where the number of Cuban articles has decreased strongly since 2008.

Conclusion: Our conclussions only apply to the fraction of Cuban science covered by the Science Citation Index

Expanded (under 22 %). We recommend three main improvements: to increase collaboration among Cuban

scientists; to expand research areas beyond medical subjects; and to improve the quality of Cuban journals.

Key words: tropical countries; impact factor; bibliometrics; science and development; scientific production.

Monge-Nájera, J., Olivera Batista, D., & Ho, Y. S. (2021). Cuba

Publications in the Science Citation Index Expanded:

publication characteristics, institutions and journals.

Revista de Biología Tropical, 69(3), 1098-1106. https://

doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i3.46976

https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i3.46976

In contrast with other tropical countries,

Cuba, a Caribbean island of 11 million inhab-

itants, has been frequently studied from the

point of view of scientometrics. A report that

covered clinical essays, from 1991 to 2001,

found that a mean of 17 articles were published

every year (74 % in English), with a mean of

seven authors each, that in 96 journals from

17 countries (Ruiz et al., 2002). The values

for dengue studies were consistent with that

report, with a mean of 6 authors per article, in

45 journals and 12 countries. The second study

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additionally reported a mean of six citations

per article, in total; and a historical increase in

the number of articles in the field of biomedi-

cine, locally led by the Instituto de Medicina

Tropical “Pedro Kourí” (Arencibia-Jorge et al.,

2008). All reports, however, have limited value

because American databases do not reflect the

reality of Cuban publications, which appear

mostly in Spanish and in journals not properly

covered by those databases or other indices

(Araujo Ruiz et al., 2005).

A decade ago, other studies found that edu-

cation, just like other areas of research, grew in

output from 2003 to 2012 (Cruz Ramírez et al.,

2014) and that Scopus and the Web of Science

covered poorly the growing scientific output

of Cuba, making them insufficient to study

Cuban science (Arencibia-Jorge & de Moya-

Anegón, 2010).

More recent authors have reported that

Cuban researchers often fail to cite other

Cuban researchers or to collaborate with them

(Chinchilla-Rodríguez et al., 2015), a result

also reported by Zacca-González et al. (2015).

Along the same line, a study of the state-owned

pharmaceutical company found a strong spe-

cialization of research on vaccines, little col-

laboration and low visibility of publications

(Arencibia-Jorge et al., 2016).

For the period 2003-2012, it was reported

that Cuban authors were research team leaders

only in small studies, published in Spanish and

with low citation values in foreign databases

(Chinchilla-Rodríguez et al., 2016). Over time,

Cuban researchers working in Europe –mostly,

students– decrease their collaboration with

researchers working in the island, but their

collaboration is numerically significant, with

991 institutions and 58 countries participating

(Palacios-Callender & Roberts, 2018).

More recently, a comparative study in

several databases estimated that 78 % of the

Cuban scientific output is published in Cuban

journals, and that, of those published in foreign

journals, Scopus missed 33 % and the Web

of Science missed 38 % (Galbán-Rodríguez

et al., 2019).

The most recent study considered only

evaluations of medical syllabi in Cuban jour-

nals and basically found that they have a mean

of 0.6 citations per year (Fernández et al., 2020)

Considering that there is a need for a

study that (1) considers all fields of Cuban

science and (2) is updated, we analyzed article

characteristics (subject, language, authorship),

institutions and journals that appear in the Web

of Science, as well as citations covered by that

particular database, for all fields and updated to

January 2021. We present the results as a solid

basis for better decisions in the administration

of science in Cuba.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used the Science Citation Index

Expanded (“SCI-EXPANDED”), Web of Sci-

ence Core Collection (updated January 21,

2021), and did an advanced search using the

word “Cuba” in field country (CU) limited to

the period 1900 to 2019. The journal impact

factors (IF

2019

) were extracted from the 2019

Journal Citation Reports (JCR). This study

is part of a series on the scientific output

of tropical countries and all methodological

details have repeatedly been published and

can be consulted in Calahorrano et al. (2020).

We chose journal articles for further analysis

because they represented the majority of docu-

ment types, as well as whole research ideas

and results. We also searched for relationships

between article subject and number of journals

in Web of Science categories. The Web of

Science can classify a document in more than

one type, for example, 120 proceedings papers

were also classified as articles, and thus the

sum of percentages can be higher than 100 %.

The second author, who is familiar with

Cuban science, corrected database misspell-

ings, errors and variability in institutional

names. The “reprint author” field is the cor-

responding author, thus this study used “cor-

responding author”. If authorship is not defined

as first or corresponding author, the first author

was defined as both, similar to single institu-

tional articles. The countries, institutions, and

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collaboration were obtained from the author’s

affiliation. “Country independent articles”

and “single institute articles” were defined

as “author’s affiliation is from Cuba” and

“only one institute”, respectively. “Interna-

tionally collaborative articles” means that the

coauthors are from different countries and

“inter-institutionally collaborative articles” that

the coauthors are from different institutions

inside Cuba.

RESULTS

Document type, language, year of pub-

lication and citation impact: We retrieved

23 576 publications. In this database, most of

the publications are articles, distantly followed

by meeting abstracts and letters (Appendix

1). Articles have a mean of 21 authors and 15

citations; meeting abstracts 7 authors and 0.2

citations; and letters have on average 2 authors

and 2 citations. The most cited document types

are book chapters, with a mean of 48 citations;

reviews with 32 citations; and articles with a

mean of 15 citations (Appendix 1).

English is, by far, the dominant language.

Spanish follows distantly, and the rest of the

languages, led by Russian, are only marginal

(Appendix 2). English articles have a mean of

23 authors, Spanish articles 4 authors and Rus-

sian articles also 4 authors. Citations do not

fully correspond with the leading languages,

because the highest mean citations, 25, is for

publications in Chinese, followed by English

with 16 citations and French with 4 citations

per paper on average (Appendix 2).

The historical trend shows an increase in

the number of authors, references and pages

per paper over time, from 2 or 3 authors writing

7-page long papers with 6 to 30 references in

the 1970s, to 20-60 authors writing 10-13 page

articles with 30-50 references in the last decade

(Appendix 3).

Collaboration pattern. Countries

and institutions: Articles from teams led

by foreign authors received twice as many

citations in journals covered by this particular

database (Fig. 1).

Most foreign collaboration was done with

Spain, Mexico and Brazil; but the most cited

papers were those published with teams from

Switzerland, Sweden and the Netherlands

(Appendix 4).

The leading collaborating institutions were

the National Autonomous University (Mexico),

the University of Sao Paulo (Brazil) and the

Spanish National Research Council; but the

highest citation rates were for publications with

the Universities of Tokyo (Japan), Oslo (Nor-

way) and Lund (Sweden) (Appendix 5).

The citation lifespan of Cuban articles is

long, reaching four decades; but the pattern is

different from those from the nearby Central

American countries, because Cuban articles

reached peak citation in the second year, while

Central American articles were most cited in

the 2-6 years following publication (Fig. 2).

Inclusion of Cuban publications in the

Science Citation Index Expanded was random

before 1972, with only a minimal fraction of

work entering the database; it only started to

have any visible trend in the 1970s, when less

than 200 documents were added every year,

and increased to the current volume of around

800 documents and 20 citations per document

per year (Fig. 3). The same applies to interna-

tional collaborative publications, which were

about 50 per year in the 1990s and reached 200

per year in recent times (Appendix 6).

Leading institutions and authors: In

terms of publication output that reaches this

database, the leading institutions were Uni-

versidad de La Habana, Universidad Central

Marta Abreu de Las Villas, and the Centro de

Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología. How-

ever, the highest citation rates correspond to

Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba; Centro

de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo

Nuclear, and Centro de Química Farmacéutica

(Appendix 7).

After a clear increase in citations during

the 1980s, the top productive institutes in Cuba

have remained stable in recent years, with

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under 60 citations per year each, but Universi-

dad de La Habana had a different pattern: after

2000 it greatly increased to 150 to 200 citations

per year (Appendix 8).

Web of Science categories and other

data: The most productive fields were Dairy

and animal science and agriculture, Bio-

chemistry and molecular biology, and Multi-

disciplinary materials science, but the field

appearing in more journals was the latter

(Appendix 9, Appendix 10).

The journals that published most of the

articles were the Cuban Journal of Agricul-

tural Science, the Revista de Neurología and

the Medicc Review, but the journals with the

highest citation rates were Vaccine; Physical

Review B; and PLoS One (Appendix 11).

Historically, all the leading fields grew

in output from 1975 to 2010, but decreased

afterwards; however, Multidisciplinary materi-

als science seems to be recovering (Fig. 4). The

leading journals have evolved differently over

time, with the Cuban Journal of Agriculture

having a slow growth but then disappearing

from the database around 2010; and other jour-

nals mostly having a smaller presence in recent

years (Appendix 12).

The most frequently used words in Cuban

article titles were Cuba, effect, Cuban, analy-

sis, and effects (Appendix 13); and the most

frequently used author keywords were Cuba,

taxonomy, QSAR (Quantitative structure-

activity relationships), systematics and vaccine

(Appendix 14).

The most cited articles where those

resulting from Cuban participation in interna-

tional medical megaprojects about human pap-

illomavirus; body-mass index, and proteomics

(Appendix 15). Historically, all top-cited papers

Fig. 1. Research team country versus output and mean citations in the Web of Science Core Collection. TP: total articles,

NFR: both first and corresponding-authors are not from Cuba, NR: corresponding-author is not from Cuba, NF: first-author

is not from Cuba, IC: internationally collaborative articles, NC: nationally collaborative articles, II: institutional independent

articles, CI: Cuba independent articles, FP: first-author is from Cuba, RP: corresponding-author is from Cuba, FR: both first

and corresponding-authors are from Cuba.

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Fig. 2. Citation life span for Cuban articles, compared with Central American articles.

Fig. 3. Historical trend of exclusively Cuban articles: output and mean yearly citations.

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followed a pattern of slow increase, plateau and

slow decrease in citations, never reaching more

than 200 citations per year, but three papers

published after 2015 grew exponentially from

400 to 600 citations in recent years: they are

all about medical subjects and resulted from

international megaprojects in which Cuba was

not the leader (Appendix 16).

DISCUSSION

The higher citation rates of book chapters

and reviews that we found for Cuba have also

been reported previously by other authors for

other countries and subjects (e.g. Leydesdorff

& Felt, 2012; Torres-Salinas et al., 2013) and

simply reflect the fact that books and reviews

summarize much work and, thus, are useful for

a larger number of scientific writers, standard

articles are more specialized and addressed to a

smaller number of researchers (Calver & Brad-

ley, 2010; Leydesdorff & Felt, 2012).

When comparing our results with those

of older studies done by Ruiz et al. (2002) and

Arencibia-Jorge et al. (2008) it is clear that

Cuban articles have become longer, now have

more authors, and cite more literature than

those from one or two decades ago, and this

fully matches a world trend for science, with

research becoming more complex and requir-

ing larger teams and longer reports that, in turn,

cite more previous publications (Palacios-Cal-

lender et al., 2016; Palacios-Callender & Rob-

erts, 2018). The largest studies are often part

of international megaprojects in the field of

human health, and thus, are normally writen in

English and highly cited. It does not mean that

they are better than studies with less citations, it

only reflects the larger number of research done

in health-related subjects (Zacca-González et

al., 2015; Calahorrano et al., 2020).

The increasing dominance of English in

scientific reports, a dominance that is clear in

the Cuban articles that we studied, can be mis-

leading, because the Web of Science is known

Fig. 4. Historical output for Cuba in the most productive Web of Science categories.

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to be heavily biased against articles pub-

lished in other languages (Falagas et al., 2008;

Monge-Nájera & Ho, 2017a). A very signifi-

cant part of the Cuban technical and scientific

literature is published in Spanish, the official

language spoken on the island. All that litera-

ture, locally important and influential, is miss-

ing from the Web of Science (Arencibia-Jorge

& de Moya-Anegón, 2010; Zacca-González et

al., 2015). This poor coverage of Cuban sci-

ence by the Web of Science and Scopus has

been repeatedly reported but not solved but

those databases, in detriment of Cuban science

(Araujo Ruiz et al., 2005; Galbán-Rodríguez

et al., 2019).

The publication, in Chinese, of articles

with Cuban coauthors, is an anomaly that

deserves further study, and their high citation

rate could result from the large number of

scientists active in China, the most populated

country in the world.

The predominant collaboration of Cuban

researchers with the ex-colonial power Spain,

and with neighboring nations with powerful

scientific institutions (Mexico and Brazil) also

follows a general pattern that has been identi-

fied before in other countries throughout the

tropics (Chinchilla-Rodríguez, et al., 2016;

Palacios-Callender & Roberts, 2018; Sáenz et

al., 2010). The higher citation rates in articles

produced in collaboration with rich nations

like Switzerland, Sweden and the Netherlands,

can be explained by the access of researchers

in those nations to larger budgets and thus to

more influential journals (Palacios-Callender

& Roberts, 2018).

The long citation lifespan of Cuban arti-

cles is typical of poorer countries, in which

science advances slowly because of the low

budgets assigned to research (Overbeck et al.,

2018); a similar result has been reported for

the rest of the Caribbean region, for example,

in the case of Nicaragua (Monge-Nájera & Ho,

2017b). A curious result, though, is the peak

citation of Cuban articles within two years of

its publication: this is not normal in tropical

countries (e.g. Arencibia-Jorge & de Moya-

Anegón, 2010; Monge-Nájera & Ho, 2018)

and may result from the Cuban concentration

on health-related research, which is the most

abundant and rapidly cited type of research

(Arencibia-Jorge et al., 2016; Zacca-González

et al., 2014). Nevertheless, the most common

keywords in Cuban research reaching the Web

of Science suggests a concentration on applied

topics of local interest, which is normally a

recipe for scientific stagnation (Toole, 2012).

The only other country in the region with

a good number of scientometrics studies is El

Salvador, and, like Cuba, El Salvador is a coun-

try that made an important investment in fields

that are not limited to the natural sciences, par-

ticularly social sciences after the end of its civil

war (Monge-Nájera & Ho, 2017c).

Overall, Cuban science has a good poten-

tial for participation in the Open Science move-

ment that is prevalent in Latin America, but it

needs to apply the following improvements:

increase collaboration among Cuban scientists;

expand its research areas beyond medical sub-

jects; improve the quality of its own journals.

It also needs to identify and correct the cause

of its decline in the last decade. Cuba is yet to

reach its full scientific potential and it should

follow the example of other small nations that

are more successful (Allik et al., 2020).

Ethical statement: authors declare that

they all agree with this publication and made

significant contributions; that there is no con-

flict of interest of any kind; and that we fol-

lowed all pertinent ethical and legal procedures

and requirements. All financial sources are

fully and clearly stated in the acknowledge-

ments section. A signed document has been

filed in the journal archives.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Carolina Seas for her assistance

with the literature and manuscript preparation.

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RESUMEN

Publicaciones de Cuba en el Índice de Citación

de Ciencia: características de la publicación,

instituciones y revistas

Introducción: A diferencia de otros países tropicales,

Cuba ha sido frecuentemente estudiada desde el punto de

vista de la cienciometría. Se ha informado que los investi-

gadores cubanos citan poco a otros investigadores cubanos,

no colaboraron entre sí, y que el 78 % de la producción

científica cubana se publica en revistas cubanas sin llegar a

Scopus y la Web of Science. Sin embargo, no existen estu-

dios recientes y generales de la ciencia en Cuba.

Objetivo: Cuantificar la producción científica cubana, en

todas las disciplinas, hasta inicios de 2021.

Métodos: Analizamos publicaciones con dirección autoral

de Cuba, fechadas de 1900 a 2021, únicamente en el Scien-

ce Citation Index Expanded.

Resultados: Hallamos 23 576 publicaciones, en su mayo-

ría artículos. En esta base de datos en particular, el inglés es

el idioma dominante y, con el tiempo, los artículos se han

vuelto más largos y han aumentado el número de autores

y referencias. Numéricamente, la institución líder es la

Universidad de La Habana. La investigación se concentra

fuertemente en temas médicos. Los equipos de colabo-

ración dirigidos por autores extranjeros tienen más citas

registradas en esta base de datos estadounidense, donde el

número de artículos cubanos ha disminuido fuertemente

desde 2008.

Conclusión: Nuestras conclusiones solo se aplican a la

fracción de la ciencia cubana cubierta por el Science Cita-

tion Index Expanded (menos del 22 %) . Recomendamos

tres mejoras principales: incrementar la colaboración entre

los científicos cubanos; ampliar las áreas de investigación

más allá de los temas médicos; y mejorar la calidad de las

revistas cubanas.

Palabras clave: países tropicales; factor de impacto;

bibliometría; ciencia y desarrollo; producción científica.

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