![](data:image/png;base64,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)
1095
Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075, Vol. 69(3): 1079-1097, July-September 2021 (Published Sep. 27, 2021)
Journal of Ecology, 108(3), 969–981. https://doi.
org/10.1111/1365-2745.13305
Brock, J. M. R., Perry, G. L. W., Burkhardt, T., & Burns,
B. R. (2018a). Forest seedling community response to
understorey filtering by tree ferns. Journal of Vegeta-
tion Science, 29(5), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1111/
jvs.12671
Brock, J. M. R., Perry, G. L. W., Lee, W. G., Schwenden-
mann, L., & Burns, B. R. (2018b). Pioneer tree ferns
influence community assembly in northern New Zea-
land forests. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 42(1),
18–30. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.42.5
Bystriakova, N., Bader, M., & Coomes, D. A. (2011).
Long-term tree fern dynamics linked to dis-
turbance and shade tolerance. Journal of Vege-
tation Science, 22(1), 72–84. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01227.x
Carvajal-Hernández, C. I., Gómez-Díaz, J. A., Kessler,
M., & Krömer, T. (2018). Influence of elevation and
habitat disturbance on the functional diversity of
ferns and lycophytes. Plant Ecology and Diversity,
11(3), 335–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2
018.1484526
Chacón-Labella, J., De la Cruz, M., Vicuña, R., Tapia,
K., & Escudero, A. (2014). Negative density depen-
dence and environmental heterogeneity effects on
tree ferns across succession in a tropical montane
forest. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and
Systematics, 16(2), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ppees.2014.02.003
Dadang, R. J., Casinillo, N. G. B., Coritico, F. P., Sim-
borio, L. T., & Amoroso, V. B. (2020). Living with
endangered species: Collection of tree ferns in the
forest-reserve of Marilog district, Southern Philippi-
nes. Trees, Forests and People, 2, 100041. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100041
de Liocourt, F. (1898). De l’aménagement des sapinières.
Bulletin Société forestière de Franche-Comté & Bel-
fort, 4(6), 396–409.
Del Castillo-Batista, A. P., Figueroa-Rangel, B. L., Lozano-
García, S., Olvera-Vargas, M., & Cuevas-Guzmán,
R. (2018). 1580 years of human impact and climate
change on the dynamics of a Pinus-Quercus-Abies
forest in west-central Mexico. Revista Mexicana de
Biodiversidad, 89, 208–225. https://doi.org/10.22201/
ib.20078706e.2018.1.2117
Del Castillo-Batista, A. P., Figueroa-Rangel, B. L., Lozano-
García, S., Olvera-Vargas, M., & Guzmán, R. C.
(2016). Floristic and environmental history of the
cloud forest in west-central Mexico during the little
ice age. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 87(1),
216–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2016.01.021
Etherington, J. R., Moore, P. D., & Chapman, S. B. (1987).
Methods in Plant Ecology. The Journal of Ecology,
75(1), 283–284. https://doi.org/10.2307/2260556
Fedrigo, M., Stewart, S. B., Kasel, S., Levchenko, V., Trou-
vé, R., & Nitschke, C. R. (2019). Radiocarbon Dating
Informs Tree Fern Population Dynamics and Dis-
turbance History of Temperate Forests in Southeast
Australia. Radiocarbon, 61(2), 445–460. https://doi.
org/10.1017/RDC.2018.119
Forbes, A. S., Norton, D. A., & Carswell, F. E. (2016). Tree
fern competition reduces indigenous forest tree seed-
ling growth within exotic Pinus radiata plantations.
Forest Ecology and Management, 359, 1–10. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.09.036
Gaxiola, A., Burrows, L. E., & Coomes, D. A. (2008).
Tree fern trunks facilitate seedling regeneration in
a productive lowland temperate rain forest. Oeco-
logia, 155(2), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00442-007-0915-8
Hernández-Álvarez, A. G., Sánchez-González, A., & Teje-
ro-Díez, J. D. (2019). Licofitas y helechos del bosque
mesófilo de montaña del estado de Hidalgo, Méxi-
co. Botanical Sciences, 97(2), 236–249. https://doi.
org/10.17129/botsci.2093
Jones, M. M., Olivas Rojas, P., Tuomisto, H., & Clark, D.
B. (2007). Environmental and neighbourhood effects
on tree fern distributions in a neotropical lowland rain
forest. Journal of Vegetation Science, 18(1), 13–24.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02511.x
Kholia, B. S., & Joshi, R. (2010). International Year of
Biodiversity - Adopting innovative measures for con-
servation. NeBIO, 1(2), 55–61.
MacFarland, T. W., & Yates, J. M. (2016). Introduc-
tion to Nonparametric Statistics for the Biologi-
cal Sciences Using R. Springer. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-319-30634-6
Mehltreter, K., & GarcÍa-Franco, J. G. (2008). Leaf
Phenology and Trunk Growth of the Deciduous
Tree Fern Alsophila firma (Baker) D. S. Conant
in a Lower Montane Mexican Forest. Ame-
rican Fern Journal, 98(1), 1–13. https://doi.
org/10.1640/0002-8444(2008)98[1:lpatgo]2.0.co;2
Mendoza-Ruiz, A., & Ceja-Romero, J. (2014). Atlas de
briofitas y pteridofitas. Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana, Mexico.
Meyer, H. A. (1952). Balanced Growth and Drain in Une-
ven-Aged Forests. Journal of Forestry, 50, 85–92.
Mickel, J. T., & Smith, A. R. (2004). The Pteridophytes of
Mexico. Part I (Descriptions and Maps). The New
York Botanical Garden.
Morales-Arias, J. G., Olvera-Vargas, M., Cuevas-Guzmán,
R., Figueroa-Rangel, B. L., & Sánchez-Rodríguez,