![](data:image/png;base64,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)
S232
Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075 Vol. 69(Suppl. 2): S219-S233, October 2021 (Published Oct. 30, 2021)
equinodermos de los Riscales y Morros del norte
del Cocó, Pacífico Colombiano. In L. Chasqui (Ed.),
Biodiversidad de los arrecifes rocosos (riscales y
morros) del Pacífico Norte Chocoano (No. 116, pp.
232–282). Santa Marta, Colombia: Serie Publicacio-
nes Generales de INVEMAR.
Castro-Aguirre, J. L., García-Domínguez, F., & Balart, E.
F. (1996). Nuevos hospederos y datos morfométricos
de Encheliophis dubius (Ophidiiformes: Carapidae)
en el Golfo de California, México. Revista de Biolo-
gia Tropical, 44(2), 753–756.
Chacón-Monge, J. L., Azofeifa-Solano, J. C., Alvarado,
J. J., & Cortés, J. (2021). Área de Conservación
Guanacaste echinoderms, North Pacific of Costa
Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 69(Supplement
1), S487-S500.
Cortés, J. (2012). Marine biodiversity of an Eastern Tro-
pical Pacific oceanic island, Isla del Coco, Costa
Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(Supplement
3), S131–S185.
Cortés, J. (2017). Marine biodiversity baseline for Área
de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica: published
records. ZooKeys, 652, 129–179.
Cortés, J., & Joyce, F. (2020). BioMar-ACG: A successful
partnership to inventory and promulgate marine bio-
diversity. Biotropica, 52, 1104–1107.
Deichmann, E. (1958). The Holothurioidea collected by
the Velero III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954.
Part II. Aspidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacif. Expedi-
tions,11, 249–349.
Diehl, W. J. (1986). Osmoregulation in echinoderms.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 84(2),
199–205.
Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N., & Fong, J. D. (2021). Gene-
ra/Species by Family/Subfamily. Eschmeyer’s Cata-
log of Fishes. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/
research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp
Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N., & Van der Laan, R. (2021).
Genera, Species, References. Eschmeyer´s Catalog
of Fishes. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/
research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp).
Glynn, P. W., Enochs, I. C., McCosker, J. E., & Graefe, A.
N. (2008). First record of a Pearlfish, Carapus mou-
rlani, inhabiting the Aplysiid opisthobranch mollusc
Dolabella auricularia. Pacific Science, 62, 593-601.
González, M. J. V., & Borrero-Pérez, G. H. (2020). First
records and new information on the associations of
echinoderms with other phyla in the rocky reefs of
northern Chocó, Colombian Pacific. ZooKeys, 921,
1–22.
Gustato, G., Villari, A., & Villani, G. (1979). Ulteriori dati
sul comportamento di Carapus acus (Gadiformes,
Ophidiodei). Bollettino della Società dei naturalisti
in Napoli, 88, 535-547.
Machida, Y. (1989). New distribution records of the Pearl-
fish, Carapus mourlani, with notes on its Morphome-
try. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 36, 363–368.
Markle, D., & Olney., J. (1990). Systematics of the pearl-
fish (Pisces: Carapidae). Bulletin of Marine Science,
47, 269–410.
Martín-Cao-Romero, C., Solís-Marín, F. A., Laguarda-
Figueras, A., & Buitrón-Sánchez. B. E. (2017). Pha-
taria unifascialis (Valvatida: Ophidiasteridae) from
the Eastern Pacific: Redescription and skeletal mor-
phology. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 65(Supple-
ment 1), S258–S271.
Massin, C., Zulfigar, Y., Tan Shau Hwai, A., & Rizzal,
S. (2002). The genus Stichopus (Echinodermata:
Holothuroidea) from the Johore Marine Park (Malay-
sia) with the description of two new species. Biologie,
72, 73–99.
Meyer-Rochow, V. (1977). Comparison between 15 Cara-
pus mourlani in a single Holothurian and 19 C. mou-
rlani from Starfish. Copeia, 3, 582–584.
Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (1979). Stomach and gut contents of
Carapus mourlani from starfish and a holothurian.
Annales Zoologici Fennici, 16, 287–289.
Nelson, J. S., Grande, T. C., & Wilson, M. V. (2016). Fis-
hes of the World. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley
& Sons.
Nielsen, J. G., Cohen, D. M., Markle, D. F., & Robins, C.
R. (1999). Ophidiiform Fishes of the World (Order
Ophidiiformes). An annotated and illustrated cata-
logue of pearlfishes, cusk-eels, brotulas and other
ophidiiform fishes known to date. FAO Fisheries
Synopsis, 18 (125). Rome, Italy: FAO.
Paredes-Ríos, G. A., & Balart, E. F. (1999). Corroboration
of the Bivalve, Pinna rugosa, as a host of the Pacific
Pearlfish, Encheliophis dubius (Ophidiiformes: Cara-
pidae), in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Copeia, 2,
521–522.
Parmentier, E., Colleye, O., & Lecchini, D. (2016). New
insights into sound production in Carapus mourlani
(Carapidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 92, 1–8.
Parmentier, E., Fine, M., Vandewalle, P., Ducamp, J., &
Lagardère. J. (2006). Sound production in two Cara-
pids (Carapus acus and C. mourlani) and through
the sea cucumber tegument. Acta Zoologica, 87,
113–119.
Parmentier, E., Lanterbecq, D., & Eeckhaut, I. (2016).
From commensalism to parasitism in Carapidae
(Ophidiiformes): heterochronic modes of develop-
ment? PeerJ, 4, (e1786), 1–23.