Fecundity , growth , and survival of the angelfish Pterophyllum scalare ( Perciformes : Cichlidae ) under laboratory conditions

The freshwater angelfishes (Pterophyllum) are South American cichlids that have become very popular among aquarists, yet scarce information on their culture and aquarium husbandry exists. We studied Pterophyllum scalare to analyze dietary effects on fecundity, growth, and survival of eggs and larvae during 135 days. Three diets were used: A) decapsulated cysts of Artemia, B) commercial dry fish food, and C) a mix diet of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and the cladoceran Daphnia magna. The initial larval density was 100 organisms in each 40L aquarium. With diet A, larvae reached a maximum weight of 3.80g, a total length of 6.3 cm, and a height of 5.8cm; with diet B: 2.80g, 4.81cm, and 4.79cm, and with diet C: 3.00g, 5.15cm, and 5.10cm, respectively. Significant differences were observed between diet A, and diet B and C, but no significantly differences were observed between diets B and C. Fecundity varied from 234 to 1 082 eggs in 20 and 50g females, respectively. Egg survival ranged from 87.4% up to 100%, and larvae survival (80 larvae/40L aquarium) from 50% to 66.3% using diet B and A, respectively. Live food was better for growing fish than the commercial balanced food diet. Fecundity and survival are important factors in planning a good production of angelfish. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 741-747. Epub 2009 September 30.

The freshwater angelfishes (Pterophyllum) are South American cichlids that originate from the Guyana, and the Orinoco and Amazon River basins.In the wild, their reproductive season is around January, at a water temperature between 28 and 30°C.Angelfishes are very popular among aquarists all over the world, yet scarce information on their culture and aquarium husbandry exists (Axelrod & Shaw 1967, Pérez 1984), and little has been reported regarding scientific measurements of its growth and fecundity (Martty 1977).
Nutrition has an important influence on growth and reproductive potential of aquarium fishes, and live foods are often advocated as a means to enhance these factors.For example, Reyes-Bustamante (1999), studying the goldfish (Carassius auratus), fighting fish (Betta splendens) and gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus), showed that juvenile fish raised on live rotifera (Brachionus plicatilis) and the cladoceran (Daphnia magna) yielded better growth than those fed with two different formulations of commercial dry fish food.
Similar nutritional studies using live foods have been documented for angelfish.For example, Figueroa et al. (1977) found that angelfish fed exclusively with D. pulex produced larger and more frequent spawnings with greater fry survival than those fed exclusively on a commercial dry flake.
The aim of this study was to quantify fecundity, growth, and survival of eggs and larvae of angelfish cultured under laboratory conditions, and using two different live food diets and one commercial dry diet.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was performed under laboratory conditions at the Autonomous University of Sinaloa in Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
Fish: Mature angelfish, 9 to 10 months old, were used for the study.These fish were second generation stock that had been bred on site (Table 1).
Water conditions: Throughout the study, fish were maintained under the following water parameters: temperature 24.3 to 30°C; pH 7.8 to 9.0.Water quality was maintained by bio-filtration and total water changes were performed every 15 days, after the first 30 days (weaning).
Spawning conditions: Fish were settled in an 80L aquarium, and allowed to pair naturally.Each formed pair was transferred to its own aquarium containing a plastic plate positioned diagonally, to serve as a spawning surface.After spawning, the eggs were reared artificially.The plastic plate with the eggs attached was transferred to another aquarium and an air weight was measured with an Ohaus 480 scale balance (0.001g) using the difference between a known water volume and one with fry.Also, during 135 days (November 1st to March 15 th ), using the three different diets mentioned before, the instantaneous total mortality rate (Z) was estimated for 80 larvae/40 L aquarium through the Beverton & Holt (1959) method and described in Ricker (1975), Nt=N 0 e -Z t, where N 0 and Nt are the number of born fish larvae at the beginning and at the end of the period of the culture time (t).Survival (S) of eggs and larvae was also calculated as follows, S=Nt/N 0 and mortality M=1-S, expressed as percentage.The Excel program was used.The multiple comparisons of Tukey of the growth slops were estimated.

Fecundity and eggs survival:
Table 1 shows that there was a maximum of 1082 eggs for a female weight of 50g, length of 22.0, and height of 28.8cm and a minimum of 234 eggs for another of 20g weight, length of 12.5, and height of 15cm, with an average of 468.8 (SD±193.97)eggs per fish.The relative fecundity varied from 11.44 to 21.64 eggs per gram of female with an average of 16.39 (SD±2.79).The number of eggs increased 20.69 for each unit of weight (Fig. 1).The relation between number of eggs per live eggs was as follows: Number of eggs=0.9464(live eggs)+6.3618,R 2 =0.9924, n=20.Yield survival larvae varied from 87 to 100% with an average of 96% in 60 days.

Growth:
The length, height, and weight growth of the fish larvae born from November 1 st to March 15 th using the three different diets are depicted in Fig. 2. The best growth was attained with diet A, reaching 6.3cm in length, 5.9cm in height, and 3.62g in weight, followed by diet C with 5.15cm, 5.10cm, and 3.00g, respectively, and the lowest was attained with diet B yielding 4.81cm, 4.79cm, and 2.8g, respectively.Tukey method confirmed that diet A was significantly different from diets B and supply was placed near the egg clutch to create water movement and aeration.
Measurements: Data was registered from 20 spawnings.The eggs within each clutch were counted (number of eggs), then the mother fish was measured (length mm and height mm), and weighed (weight g) to obtain the relative fecundity: En=z/W, where En=number of eggs per weight (g) of fish; z=number of eggs; W=total weight of fish.The rate of fecundity for weight was calculated using the regression line, Number of eggs=a + b (W), where W: total weight, a: y-intercept, b: slope.Additionally, live larvae were counted to obtain the fertilization rate: live eggs/number of eggs x 100 (Table 1).
Rearing diets: Three different diets were used during 135 days to calculate the growth in length and height of 100 larvae in 40L aquariums.
Diet A: Decapsulated cysts of Artemia sp. were used to feed angelfish larvae once a day at a rate of 4cysts/mL for 10 days, thereafter a rate of 6cysts/mL was used until the end of the study.The fish eat ad libitum.
Diet B: Small flakes of "Tetramin" balanced food to fit the size of the mouth were given at about 6% to the fish biomass in three rations per day.
Diet C: Once the vitellarium sac had been absorbed, rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, were given at a rate of 10/mL for 10 days; thereafter, 2 cladocerans D. magna 7/mL were given three times per day until the end of the study.The fish eat ad libitum.
To calculate growth an average of ten fish were used every 15 days.The length (cm) and height (cm) of angelfish larvae samples were first measured using a hematocytometer under a stereoscopic microscope.Later, when the larvae reached more than 5mm in length, a petri dish with millimetric paper was used.Fry wet C, and this two diets themselves showed no differences in growths at P>0.50.
In general, the greater the fish grows more eggs will be produced, as mentioned before.Although there are statistical differences in growth, it is important to note that diets A (Artemia cysts) and C (rotiferscladocerans) have a higher cost than diet B (balanced inert food).
Mortality: Total mortality for 2 fish larvae/mL in 40L aquarium in 135 days using the three different diets (Fig. 3); the instantaneous total mortality rate (Z) was 0.0026, 0.0043, and 0.0040, respectively; with diet A the mortality was 33.8%; with diet C, 43.8%; and with diet B, 50.0 %.The best survival percentage was attained with diet A at 66.25%.

DISCUSSION
Temperatures recorded in this study are suitable for culturing angelfish according to Martty & Couto (1976).Aries (1972) recommends a temperature variation between 28 to 30°C for reproduction as found in this experiment.Swingle (1961) recommended a pH variation between 6.5 and 9, values higher or lower prevent reproduction, although Axelrod (1976) reported that angelfish prefer a pH lower than 7 in the Amazon River effluents.In this paper was between 7.8 and 9.0.
The type of food has an important influence on the nutrition of fish larvae.Shirota (1970) related the size of the mouth of marine fish larvae and the prey size by an index.Lavens & Sorgeloos (1996) and Coutteau (1996) mentioned those fish larvae of 2 to 3mm preys on 300µm organisms, whereas fish larvae of 3 to 5mm prey on 1mm organisms.Rottmann (1989) mentioned that adults of Moina (700-1 000µm) are bigger than Artemia nauplii (500µM) and three times more than rotifers.D. magna is twice as big as Moina, reason for which it is recommended to feed angelfish larvae older than 10 days.
In commercial fish culture, rotifers are the first live food given, from day 2 to 20; actually  no other live food substitute has yet been used (Maeda & Hino 1991).Watanabe et al. (1983) and Tamaru et al. (1991) reported that fish larvae of 2 to 3mm should be fed with rotifers during the first 30 days until they reach 7 to 10mm length, and then fed them with a mix of copepods and cladocerans or Artemia nauplii.Once the larvae are 10mm long, the food could be fish flour, and larvae size ends when they reach 30 to 50mm.Degani (1993) found that juvenile angelfish increase growth adding live Artemia to different diets with high protein, he suggest Artemia contains a micro-element that is absent in artificial food.In the present paper the best growth was using live Artemia cysts as food, also survival was higher than using artificial food.Figueroa et al. (1977) found that angelfish fed with D. pulex spawned between 857 and 959 eggs, whereas with "Wardley" (balance food) spawning reached only 363 eggs.Survival was of 91% fed with D. pulex versus 62% fed with "Wardley".In this work a similar food as "Wardley", "Tetramin" was used.The results show less growth and higher mortality than using live food.
Knowledge on fecundity and survival are important issues for planning a good production of angelfish larvae and juveniles; besides, it is relevant to know that live food is much better for growing fish than most of the commercial balanced foods.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We appreciate the technical support of A. Aguilar A., A. Nuñez P. and C. Ramírez J.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Fecundity, as increase in number of eggs, for Pterophyllum scalare in this study.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Total mortality observed for the three diets used (A, B, and C).Typical errors are shown.

TABLE 1
Measurements of Pterophyllum scalare and its relation with fecundity and eggs survival