Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN Impreso: 0034-7744 ISSN electrónico: 2215-2075

OAI: https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/oai
Effects of artificial diets with different carotene content on the organoleptic characteristics of the gonads and reproductive condition of Loxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
PDF
HTML

Keywords

Echinoculture
β-carotene
gonad histology
gonad improvement
Beagle Channel.

How to Cite

Fraysse, C., Malanga, G., & Pérez, A. F. (2017). Effects of artificial diets with different carotene content on the organoleptic characteristics of the gonads and reproductive condition of Loxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Revista De Biología Tropical, 65(S1), S207–S220. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i1-1.31689

Abstract

The organoleptic characteristics of sea urchins gonads (size and color, among others) can be improved by artificial diets. Loxechinus albus is considered one of the most economically significant resources from the littoral-benthic systems in the South Pacific Ocean from Peru to Chile. The objective was to determine artificial diets effects on the organoleptic traits of gonads, reproductive condition, body growth and survival of Loxechinus albus. Two types of diets were administrated (low carotene content diet (LC): balanced food with 0.02% β-carotene and high carotene content diet (HC): balanced food with 0.045% β-carotene) for 16 weeks. As a measurement of growth rate, test diameter of sea urchins fed with artificial diets was measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment.  At both times, size (GI) and color (CI) of the gonads were recorded in ten individuals from each treatment and ten from the natural population (NP). Energy density (ED), energy content (EC) and total carotenes (TCC) were determined by calorimetry and spectrophotometry, respectively. Histological sections were examined microscopically and the sex was identified. Each female was assigned to a gametogenic stage (reproductive condition) and determined: number and diameter of the oocytes, gonadal area occupied by oocytes, and relative frequencies of reproductive stages. At the end of the experiment in relation to the NP, it was possible to achieve higher GI values for both artificial diets. The NP showed higher gonadal area occupied by oocytes and larger oocyte diameter at 16 weeks (P<0.01). In addition, individuals fed with both artificial diets, presented “growth” and “advanced growth” gonad stages (both times), while the NP individuals, presented stages of “prematurity”, “maturity” and “partial spawning” at week 16. The data shows the highest CI value for the HC diet at eight weeks (P<0.01). Moreover, TCC values for the NP were significantly higher at week 16 (P<0.01). Loxechinus albus is an appropriate species to be kept in captivity, as their mortality is very low, facilitating the achievement of long-term experiences of gonadal improvement. According to our data the optimal time to improve the organoleptic characteristics is eight weeks with a high carotene artificial diet, since optimal gonad coloration was reached, and GI values did not differ significantly from the ones achieved at the end of the experiment for both diets, or the ones shown in the NP. This is translated into a lower cost by a reduced cultivation time. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S207-S220. Epub 2017 November 01.

 
https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i1-1.31689
PDF
HTML

References

Agatsuma, Y., Sakai, Y., & Andrew, N. L. (2004). Enhancement of Japan’s sea urchin fisheries (M. Lawrence & O. Guzman Eds.). Lancastetwor, USA: DESTec Publications Inc.

Andrew, N. L., Agatsuma, Y., Ballesteros, E., Bazhin, A. G., Creaser, E. P., Barnes, … Xiaoqi, Z. (2002). Status and management of world sea urchin fisheries. . Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 40, 343-425.

Beddingfield, S. D., & McClintock, J. B. (1998). Differential survivorship, reproduction, growth and nutrient allocation in the regular echinoid Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) fed natural diets. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 226, 195-215.

Borisovets, E. E., Zadorozhny, P. A., Kalinini, M. V., Lepskaya, N. V., & Yakush, E. V. (2002). Change of major carotenoids in gonads of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus intermedius and S. nudus) at maturation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 132, 779-790.

Brady, S. M., & Scheibling, R. E. (2006). Changes in growth and reproduction of green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Muller), during repopulation of the shallow subtidal zone after mass mortality. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 335(2), 277-291.

Cossi, P. F., Boy, C., Giménez, J., & Pérez, A. (2015). Reproductive biology and energy allocation of the sea star Cosmasterias lurida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Polar Biology, 38(9), 1321-1333. doi: 10.1007/s00300-015-1696-x

El-Agamey, A., Lowe, G. M., McGarvey, D. J., Mortensen, A., Phillip, D. M., Truscott, T. G., & Young, A. J. (2004). Carotenoid radical chemistry and antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 430, 37-48. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.03.007

Fernandez, C. M., & Boudouresque, C. F. (2000). Nutrition of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata:Echinoidea) fed different artificial food. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 204, 131-141.

Flores, L., Ernst, B., & Parma, A. M. (2010). Growth pattern of the sea urchin, Loxechinus albus (Molina, 1782) in southern Chile: evaluation of growth models. Marine Biology, 157, 967–977.

Foster, M. C., Byrnes, J. E. K., & Reed, D. C. (2015). Effects of five southern California macroalgal diets on consumption, growth, and gonad weight, in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. PeerJ. doi: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.719

Fuji, A. (1967). Ecological studies on the growth and food consumption of Japanese common littoral sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius (A. Agassiz). Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, 15, 83-160.

Garrido, C. L., & Barber, B. J. (2001). Effects of temperature and food ration on gonad growth and oogenesis of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Marine Biology, 138, 447-456.

Gebauer, P., & Moreno, C. A. (1995). Experimental validation of the growth rings of Loxechinus albus (Molina,1782) in southern Chile (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Ficheries Research, 21, 423-435.

Gonor, J. J. (1972). Gonad growth in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (stimpson) (echinodermata: Echinoidea) and the assumptions of gonad index methods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 10, 89403.

Guillou, M., Lumingas, L. J., & Michel, C. (2000). The effect of feeding or starvation on resource allocation to body components during the reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 245, 183-196.

Guisado, C., & Castilla, J. C. (1987). Historia de vida, reproducción y avances en el cultivo del erizo comestible chileno Loxechinus albus (Molina, 1782) (Echinoidea: Echinidae) (P. Arana Ed.). Valparaíso: Esc. Ciencias del Mar, UCV.

Hammer, H., Watts, S., Lawrence, A., Lawrence, J., & Desmond, R. (2006). The effect of dietary protein on consumption, survival, growth and production of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture, 254(1-4), 483-495. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.10.047

Klinger, T. S., Lawrence, J. M., & Lawrence, A. L. (1997). Gonad and somatic production of Strongylocentrotus droebanchiensis fed manufactured feeds. . Bulletin of Aquacult Association Canadian, 97, 35-37.

Lawrence, J. M. (1997). Enhancement of Gonad Production in the Sea Urchin Loxechinus albus in Chile Fed Extruded Feeds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 28.

Lucas, A. (1996). Energetics of aquatic animals. Taylor and Francis Press.

McBeth, J. W. (1972). Carotenoids from nudibranchs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 41, 55-68.

McBride, S. (2004). Comparison of gonad quality factors: color, hardness and resilience, of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus between sea urchins fed prepared feed or algal diets and sea urchins harvested from the Northern California fishery. Aquaculture, 233(1-4), 405-422. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.10.014

Meidel, S. K., & Scheibling, R. E. (1999). Effects of food type and ration on reproductive maturation and growth of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. . Marine Biology, 134, 155 - 166.

Olave, S., & Busto, E. (2001). The Effect of Size and Diet on Gonad Production by the Chilean Sea Urchin Loxechinus albus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 32(2).

Otero-Villaneuva, M., Kelly, M. S., & Burnell, G. (2004). How diet influences energy partitioning in the regular echinoid Psammechinus miliaris; constructing an energy budget. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 304, 159-181.

Pearce, C. M., Daggett, T. L., & Robinson, S. M. C. (2004). Effect of urchin size and diet on gonad yield and quality in the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). Aquaculture, 233(1-4), 337-367. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.09.027

Pérez, A., Boy, C., Morriconi, E., & Calvo, J. (2009). Reproductive cycle and reproductive output of the sea urchin Loxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Polar Biology, 33(3), 271-280. doi: 10.1007/s00300-009-0702-6

Pérez, A., Boy, C., Morriconi, E., & Calvo, J. (2010). Reproductive cycle and reproductive output of the sea urchin Loxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Polar Biology, 33, 271-280.

Pérez, A., Lattuca, M. E., Fraysse, C., & Malanga, G. (2015). Effect of dietary carotenoids on lipoperoxidation in mature sea urchins Loxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 44(3), 354-363.

Pérez, A., Malanga, G., & Puntarulo, S. (2011). Reproductive condition associate to changes in the liposoluble antioxidant capacity and the damage to lipids in the sea urchins Loxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Revista Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, 3, 183-194.

Pérez, A., Morriconi, E., Boy, C., & Calvo, J. (2008). Seasonal changes in energy allocation to somatic and reproductive body components of the common cold temperature sea urchin Loxechinus albus in a Sub-Antarctic environmet. Polar Biology, 31, 443-449.

Plank, L. R., Lawrence, J. M., Lawrence, A., & Olvera, R. M. (2002). The effect of dietary carotenoids on gonad production and carotenoid profile in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Journal Of The World Aquaculture Society, 33, 127-137.

Robinson, S. M. C., Castell, J. D., & Kennedy, E. J. (2002). Developing suitable colour in the gonads of cult ured green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). Aquaculture 206, 289-303.

Russell, M. P. (1998). Resource allocation plasticity in sea urchins: rapid, diet induced, phenotypic changes in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Muller). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 220, 1-14.

Schuhbauer, A., Brickle, P., & Arkhipkin, A. (2010). Growth and reproduction of Loxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) at the southerly peripheries of their species range, Falkland Islands (South Atlantic). Marine Biology, 157, 1837–1847.

Shpigel, M., McBride, S., Marciano, S., Ron, S., & Ben-Amotz, A. (2005). Improving gonad colour and somatic index in the European sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Aquaculture, 245(1-4), 101-109. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.043

Shpigel, M., Schlosser, S. C., Ben-Amotz, A., Lawrence, A. L., & Lawrence, J. M. (2006). Effects of dietary carotenoid on the gut and the gonad of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Aquaculture, 261(4), 1269-1280. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.029

Siikavuopio, S. I., Mortensen, A., Dale, T., & Foss, A. (2007). Effects of carbon dioxide exposure on feed intake and gonad growth in green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Aquaculture, 266(1-4), 97-101. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.044

Sokal, R. R., & Rohlf, J. (1995). Statistical tables: Macmillan.

Spirlet, C., Grosjean, P., & Jangoux, M. (2000). Optimization of gonad growth by manipulation of temperature and photoperiod in cultivated sea urchins, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata). Aquaculture, 185, 85-99.

Vadas, R. L., Beal, B., Dowling, T., & Fegley, J. C. ( 2000). Experimental field tests of natural algal diets on gonad index and quality in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis: a case for rapid summer production in post-spawned animals. Aquaculture 182, 115-135.

Walker, C. W., Unuma, T., & Lesser, M. P. (2007). Gametogenesis and reproduction of sea urchins (J. M. Lawrence Ed. 2nd ed.). Ámsterdam: Elsevier.

Woods, C. M. C., James, P. J., Moss, G. A., Wright, J., & Siikavuopio, S. (2008). A comparison of the effect of urchin size and diet on gonad yield and quality in the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus Valenciennes. Aquaculture, 16, 49-68. doi: 10.1007/s10499-007-9124-z

Comments

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2017 Revista de Biología Tropical

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.