Keywords
Chlorella sorokiniana; crecimiento; productividad; intensidad lumínica; temperatura.
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: The relationship between light and temperature on the growth of Chlorella sorokiniana (Chlorophyceae) cultures was investigated under laboratory conditions.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different temperature and light intensities on growth, productivity, chlorophyll of Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230 in laboratory conditions.
Methods: The cultures were exposed to a combination of two light irradiances (100 and 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and 5 different temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C).
Results: At 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1, the culture growth did not differ significantly within 20 °C and 35 °C range. At this irradiance, the maximum attained biomass dry weight was 3.9 g/l after 9 days of cultivation under continuous light. Cultures grown under 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1,showed much larger differences in their growth. Their final dry weight changed according to the following temperatures, 30 °C (6.19 g/l), 25 °C (5.24 g/l), 35 °C (4.33 g/l), 40 °C (2.50 g/l) 45 °C. Therefore, the optimal temperature for productivity of cultures of Chlorella sorokiniana, strongly changed according to the light intensities at which cultures were exposed. At 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1, a large plateau for optimal growth was observed between 20 °C and 35 °C, while at 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1 a clear optimal temperature for productivity was observed at 30 °C.
Conclusions: It was interesting to note that culture grown at 20 °C, performed well under 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1, while when exposed to 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1 they were unable to grow. No growth was achieved at 45 °C. Therefore, 40 °C represented the upper limit to appreciate the growth in Chlorella sorokiniana strain UTEX 1230, while the temperature lower limit changed with light irradiance.
References
Becker, W. (2013). Microalgae for human and animal nutrition. In A. Richmond & Q. Hu, (Eds.), Handbook of microalgal culture: applied phycology and biotechnology (pp. 461–503). John Wiley y Sons.
Benedetti, M., Vecchi, V., Barera, S., & Dall’Osto, L. (2018). Biomass from microalgae: the potential of domestication towards sustainable biofactories. Microbial Cell Factories, 17, 173. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-018-1019-3
Borowitzka, M. (2013). High-value products from microalgae-their development and commercialization. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25, 743–756.
Chen, W., Luo, L., Han, D., Long, F., Chi, Q., & Hu, Q. (2021). Effect of dietary supplementation with Chlorella sorokiniana meal on the growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Phycology, 33, 3113–3122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02541-w
Chun-Yen, C., Jhih-Ci, L., Yu-Han, C., Jih-Heng, C., Dillirani, N., Duu-Jong, L., & Jo-Shu, C. (2023). Optimizing heterotrophic production of Chlorella sorokiniana SU-9 proteins potentially used as a sustainable protein substitute in Aquafeed. Bioresource Technology, 370, 128538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128538
Converti A., Casazza, A. A., Ortiz, E. Y., Perego, P., & Borghi, M.. (2009). Effect of temperature and nitrogen concentration on the growth and lipid content of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella vulgaris for biodiesel production. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 48, 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2009.03.006
Cuaresma, M., Janssen, M., Vílchez, C., & Wijffels, R. (2009). Productivity of Chlorella sorokiniana in a short light-path (SLP) panel photobioreactor under high irradiance. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 104(2), 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.22394
Cuaresma, M. F., Buffing, M. F., Janssen, M., Vílchez Lobato, C., & Wijffels, R. H. (2012). Performance of Chlorella sorokiniana under simulated extreme winter conditions. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(4), 693–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-011-9687-y
De La Peña, M. R. (2007). Cell growth and nutritive value of the tropical benthic diatom, Amphora sp., at varying levels of nutrients and light intensity, and different culture locations. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19, 647–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9189-0
Dorr, R., & Huss, V. A. R. (1990). Characterization of nuclear-DNA in 12 species of Chlorella (Chlorococcales, Chlorophyta) by DNA reassociation. Biosystems, 24(2), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(90)90007-N
Eladel, H., Abomohra, A. E. F., Battah, M., Mohmmed, S., Radwan, A., & Abdelrahim, H. (2019). Evaluation of Chlorella sorokiniana isolated from local municipal wastewater for dual application in nutrient removal and biodiesel production. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 42, 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-018-2046-5
Grivalsky, T., Ranglova, K., Câmara Manoel, J. A., Lakatos, G. E., Lhotsky, R., & Masojidek, J. (2019). Development of thin-lyer cascades for microalgae cultivation: milestones (review). Folia Microbiologica, 64, 603–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-019-00739-7
Huesemann, M., Chavis, A., Edmundson S., Rye, D., Hobbs, S., Sun, N., & Wigmosta, M. (2018). Climate-simulated raceway pond culturing: quantifying the maximum achievable annual biomass productivity of Chlorella sorokiniana in the contiguous USA. Journal Applied Phycology, 30, 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1256-6
Kessler, E., & Huss, V. A. R. (1992). Comparative physiology and biochemistry and taxonomic assignment of the Chlorella (Chlorophyceae) strains of the culture collection of the University of Texas at Austin. Journal of Phycology, 28(4), 550–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1992.00550.x
Kunz, W. F. (1972). Response of the alga Chlorella sorokiniana to 60 Co gamma radiation. Nature, 236, 178–179. https://doi.org/10.1038/236178a0
Lee, J. S., Kim, D. K., Lee, J. P., Park, S. C., Koh, J. H., & Ohh, S. J. (2001). CO2 fixation by Chlorella KR-1 using flue gas and its utilization as a feedstuff for chicks. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 11(5), 772–775.
Lichtenthaler, H. (1987). Chlorophyll and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic membranes. Methods of Enzymology, 148, 350–382.
Liu, J., & Hu, Q. (2013). Chlorella: industrial production of cell mass and chemicals. In A. Richmond, & Q. Hu (Eds.), Handbook of microalgal culture: applied phycology and biotechnology (pp. 329–338). John Wiley y Sons.
Masojídek, J., Torzillo, G., & Koblízek, M. (2013). Photosynthesis in microalgae. In A. Richmond, & Q. Hu (Eds.), Handbook of microalgal culture: applied phycology and biotechnology (pp. 21–36). John Wiley y Sons.
Masojidek J., Vonshak, A., & Torzillo, G. (2011). Chlorophyll fluorescence applications in microalgal mass cultures. In D. J. Suggett, O. Prašil & M. A. Borowitzka (Eds.), Chlorophyll a fluorescence in aquatic sciences: methods and applications developments in applied phycology (pp. 277–292). Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Maxwell, K., & Johnson, G. N. (2000). Chlorophyll fluorescence- a practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51(345), 659–668. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659
Moronta, R., Mora, R., & Morales, E. (2006). Response of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana to pH, salinity and temperature in axenic and non axenic conditions. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, 23, 27–41.
Ras, M., Steyer, J. P., & Bernard, O. (2013). Temperature effect on microalgae: A crucial factor for outdoor production. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 12, 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-013-9310-6
Rippka, R., Deruelles, J., Waterbury, B., Herdman, M., & Stanier, R. Y. (1979). Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of Cyanobacteria. Journal of General Microbiology, 111(1), 1–61. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-111-1-1
Seyfabadi, J., Ramezanpour, Z., & Amini-Khoeyi, Z. (2011). Protein, fatty acid, and pigment content of Chlorella vulgaris under different light regimes. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23, 721–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9569-8
Sharma, P., Srinivas Gujjala, L. K., Varjani, S., & Kumar, S. (2022). Emerging microalgae-based technologies in biorefinery and risk assessment issues: bioeconomy for sustainable development. Science of the Total Environoment, 813, 152417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152417
Schubert, E. (2003). Nonmotile coccoid and colonial green algae. In J. D. Wehr, & R. Sheath (Eds.), Freshwater algae of North America: ecology and classification (2nd ed., pp. 253–307). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385876-4.00007-4
Sleger, P. M., Wijffels, R. H., van Straten, G., & van Boxtel, A. J. B. (2011). Design scenarios for flat panel photobioreactors. Applied Energy, 88(10), 3342–3353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.037
Sorokin, C., & Myers, J. (1953). A high-temperature strain of Chlorella. Science, 117(3039), 330–331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.117.3039.330
Torzillo, G., Bernardini, P., & Masojidek, J. (1998). Online monitoring of chlorophyll fluorescence to assess the extent of photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by high oxygen concentration and low temperature and its effect on the productivity of outdoor cultures of Spirulina platensis (Cyanobacteria). Journal of Phycology, 34(3), 504–510. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340504.x
Torzillo, G., Chini Zittelli, G., Silva Benavides, A. M., Ranglova, K., & Masojidek, J. (2021). Culturing of microalgae for food applications. In T. Lafarga & G. Acién (Eds.), Cultured Microalgae for the Food Industry (pp. 1–48). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821080-2.00002-2
Torzillo, G., Sacchi, A., & Materassi, R. (1991). Temperature as an important factor affecting productivity and night biomass loss in Spirulina platensis grown outdoors in tubular photobioreactors. Bioresource Technology, 38(2–3), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(91)90137-9
Torzillo, G., & Vonshak, A. (2013). Environmental stress physiology with references to mass cultures. In A. Richmond (Ed.), Handbook of microalgal mass cultures (pp. 90–113). Blackwell Science.
Torzillo G., Zittelli, G. C., Cicchi, B., Diano, M., Parente, M., Silva-Benavides, A. M., Esposito, E., & Touloupakis, E. (2022). Effect of plate distance on light conversion efficiency of a Synechocystis culture grown outdoors in a multiplate photobioreactor. Science of the Total Environment, 842, 156840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156840
Tredici, M. R., Bassi, N., Prussi, M., Biondi, N., Rodolfi, L., Chini Zittelli, G., & Sampietro, G. (2015). Energy balance of algal biomass production in a 1-ha “Green Wall panel” plant: how to produce algal biomass in a closed reactor achieving a high net energy ratio. Applied Energy, 154, 1103–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.086
Ugwu C. U., Aoyagi H., & Uchiyama H. (2007). Influence of irradiance, dissolved oxygen concentration, and temperature on the growth of Chlorella sorokiniana. Photosynthetica, 45(2), 309–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-007-0052-y
Vonshak, A., Torzillo, G., Masojidek, J., & Boussiba, S. (2001). Sub-optimal morning temperature induces photoinhibition in dense outdoor cultures of the alga Monodus subterraneus (Eustigmatophyta). Plant Cell Environment, 24(10), 1113–1118. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00759.x
Vonshak, A., Torzillo, G., & Tomaselli, L. (1994). Use of chlorophyll fluorescence to estimate the effect of photoinhibition in outdoor cultures of Spirulina platensis. Journal of Applied Phycology, 6, 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02185901
Yang, J., Dou, S., Liu, X., Zhu, L., Liu, K., Zhang, Y., Li, L., Liu, G., & Yang, M. (2024). Enhanced starch accumulation in Chlorella sorokiniana as sugar platform and the expression profiling of key regulatory proteins. Industrial Crops & Products, 213, 118433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118433
##plugins.facebook.comentarios##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.