Diálogos. Revista Electrónica de Historia
Diálogos. Revista Electrónica de Historia from Centro de Investigaciones Históricas de America Central (CIHAC) specializes in History, in the analysis of historical trajectories from different theoretical and methodological perspectives and its purpose is to publish original research, submitted to peer review, to build new historical knowledge. It has been published since 1999, with a semi-annual periodicity in continuous modality (On-Line First Publication) and has the support of the School of History of the University of Costa Rica. This publication space is aimed at Central American and Central Americanist researchers in the different branches of history, the university population, and all those readers and authors interested in the presentation and evaluation of scientific articles on Costa Rican, Central American, Caribbean, Latin American, North American and global/world historiography. The publication is also encouraged in specific fields of historiography such as gender history, economic history, history of power and memory, colonial history, environmental history, history of science, history of inequality, marginality, and poverty, social history, among others, in addition to articles of a theoretical-methodological nature. It also publishes primary, unpublished and sources, book reviews, as well as databases that allow the approach to new research questions. Diálogos. Revista Electrónica de Historia, ISSN electronic: 1409-469X, is a work under: Diálogos. Revista Electrónica de Historia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonComercial-NoDerivative Work 4.0 International license. ONLINE SHIPPING
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Presentación Dossier. Homenaje al Dr. Ramón Garrabou i Segura
Copyright (c) 2025 Ronny Viales Hurtado, Pedro Urquijo Torres (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Presidential campaign in Nicaragua 2021: (Re)semantization of Sandino’s thought
The purpose of this essay was to determine the main semantic categories of Sandino’s thought that Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo used during the 2021 Electoral Campaign, in Nicaragua. To this end, a critical content and discourse análisis was applied, through the qualitative and explanatory-interpretive method. 38 speeches delivered by Ortega and Murillo issued during the electoral campaign and ban were analyzed, categorizing the main semantic structures that belong to Sandino’s thought and contextualizing them in the timing and relevance of its publication. Finally, a critical comment is formulated about the re-semantization found, since it is closely related to an anti-democratic, repressive and authoritarian diatribe of the regime.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EL CHILAMATAL: HISTORY OF SOCIAL MOBILIZATIONS FOR LAND RESOURCE IN THE VALLEY OF ZAPOTITÁN 1913-1936
This article explains how communities distant from coffee areas in the contexts of implementation of the agro-export State, crisis and agrarian reform, mobilized for the land resource in El Salvador. To answer this question, they are presented from the local perspective, the impact of the use of the land resource on the peasant mobilizations that took place in Chilamatal-Ciudad Arce between 1913-1936, a town located in the Zapotitán Valley, which at the time in question was made up of the latifundium as the predominant unit. of land tenure.
latifundio, mobilization, resources, peasants, land
COMMUNITY CONSERVATION THE GANDOCA- MANZANILLO WILDLIFE SHELTER BETWEEN 1984-2007
This article analyzes the implementation of the community conservation paradigm in the Gandoca-Manzanillo Wildlife Shelter (RVS-GM ) between 1984-2007 from a political ecology framework, in order to establish the ties between this process and wider socio-political contexts. Along with semi-structured interviews to local and institutional actors, an analysis of institutional and organizations’ documents and newspapers was carried out. It is argued that more than reducing conflict between conservation and society, the community conservation policies in the RVS-GM represent State historical efforts to reaffirm sovereignty and insert the capitalist production mode in a historically isolated territory, in which dwellers are characterized for relatively autonomous lifestyles. Community conservation policies represent a specific temporal expression of those efforts within a neoliberal phase, which tried to reduce political and economic costs derived from controlling and transforming the shelter through co-opting conflict with promises of conservation and development, decision-making decentralization and the disguised anti-political State intervention without facing social and power inequality ended up reproducing the historical trajectory of exclusion and marginalization
community conservation, political ecology, Gandoca-Manzanillo, territorialization, neoliberalism.
Copyright (c) 2023 German Daniel Alvarado Luna (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
URBAN SUBJECTIVITIES IN CRISIS.A STUDY OF THREE NOVELS BY CARMEN NARANJO COTO (1966-1968)
The Costa Rican writer Carmen Naranjo Coto (1928-2012) makes, in her early novels, published in the 1960s, a profound reflection related to the city of San José and its residents, who face processes of coexistence in the context of a Central American capital that begins its entry into globalization. To demonstrate this, the next novels are analyzed Los perros no ladraron (1966); Camino al mediodía (1968) and Memorias de un hombre palabra (1968), whose characters are subjects with their own concerns about the transition from modernity to postmodernity, since what is in crisis is the very construction of subjectivity and the questioning of the absolute truths. As thematic axes of the analysis, indifference as a generator of anguish in the subject and the invisibility of the subject- citizen are proposed. Also, a dialogue is established between Naranjo’s novels and some of the conceptual proposals of authors such as the philosopher and sociologist Georg Simmel, the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, the philosopher and sociologist Herbert Marcuse, and the literary critic Rafael Valenzuela.
Costa Rican urban novel, Carmen Naranjo, globalization, subjectivities, literary analysis.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ruth Cubillo Paniagua (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ON THE RUGGED PATH OF PROGRESS: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS IN COSTA RICA AND ANALYSIS OF CASES AT THE NORTHER RAILWAY COMPANY (1920-1940)
The design and construction of transport routes in Costa Rica during the 19th century was mainly for agro-exports. In this way, the railways to the Pacific and the Caribbean met the objective of communicating coffee-producing areas (initially in the Central Valley) and, later, bananas (in the Costa Rican Caribbean), with the main ports of the country. Secondly, from the planning point of view, the issue of passenger transport is integrated. And while the Atlantic Railroad tried to renegotiate this matter, the contract with the company stipulated that they should provide passenger transport. This article analyzes some of the railway accidents that occurred between 1920 and 1940. This is because after the construction of the railway, there were a number of changes in the location of the tracks, depending on the abandonment of land due to plagues and possibly social movements. Most of the cases that are addressed, are of passengers of the train or of pedestrians that were beaten or run over by the machine, because the objective of this work lies in explaining some human and sociocultural factors, involved in the participation in railway accidents, from the casuistry.
transport infrastructure, means of transport, accidents, social inequialities, gender.
Copyright (c) 2023 Adriana Sánchez Lovell, Mario Andrés Soto Rodríguez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A LAGGING AFFAIR: JUDICIAL BRANCH AND HISTORICAL STUDIES ON COSTA
This paper aims to present a state of art on research about Judicial Branch and Justice Administration in Costa Rica. It compares the sources and methods used by the various authors who have worked on this subject. It is concluded that the lack of systematic and continuous studies on Judicial Branch are especially notorious for the Costa Rican 19th century, likewise, research on justice administration as instrument for social control have been a predominant issue. However, research on institutional development, understood as the normative progression, bureaucratic consolidation process and political legitimation discourses conformation; has been scarce. From these institutionalization components, studies on legal norms with regulates Judicial Branch have been predominant, but, in general, these ones had suffered for the lack of contextualization of the social phenomena that explain the existence of such legal norms.
institutionalization , social control, justice administration, normativity, judicial.
Copyright (c) 2023 Carlos Humberto Cascante Segura (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
COMENTARIO DEL LIBRO: ALFREDO LÓPEZ AUSTIN López Austin A. (2014). Breve historia de la tradición religiosa mesoamericana. IIA UNAM.
History, religión, indigenous territories, Mesoamérica, society, traditions.
Copyright (c) 2023 Luz Yazmín Barquero Salas (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
MULTI-SCALE GEOHISTORICAL ANALYSIS IN LATIN AMERICA: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN STUDIES SUPPORTED BY GIS AND GEOREFERENCED HISTORICAL DATABASES
This article explores the usefulness, necessity and feasibility of applying geographic information systems (GIS) to study geohistorical processes with varying historical depth in regional case studies and comparative discussions. It addresses key concepts and their methodological implications, and presents three Latin American cases, with their operational concepts and certain technical aspects. Its conclusions highlight the relevance of a systems approach to territories at various scales and of understanding the functional dynamics of rural-urban linkages and gradients, for geohistorical studies of micro/meso/ macro-regional development processes. It also underlines the importance of collaboratively building historical GIS and systematically exchanging or publishing geographically referenced historical databases, dataverses, geo viewers, observatories, and other public means of knowledge management for area-based development at various scales, based on the principle of open science.
history, geography, geographic information system, open science, knowledge management.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mario Samper Kutschbach, Marco Antonio Martínez Martínez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
SECLUSION AND WORK: RELATIONSHIP, LOGIC AND ARTICULATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILEAN PRISON
This documentary research of a qualitative nature, aims to establish the legal and criminal discourses that give meaning to the work of prisoners in the five main forms of imprisonment evidenced in Chile between 1830 and 2000 - the confinement on Juan Fernández Island, the penal colony of Magallanes, the rural prisons, the mobile prison and the Penitentiary of Santiago-, for which, we proceeded to review of laws, regulations, writings and research related to each form of imprisonment. The analysis task was carried out through a thematic mesh and the hermeneutical tradition to order the information (triangulation). The results show that the work is conceived as an additional or complementary punishment to the sanction, a discourse that only changes after the installation of the penitentiary in 1843, where the inmate’s labor activity ceases to benefit others, focusing on the inmate himself. This change, however, does not encourage inmates to work due to the image of abuse and submission that they assign to their execution, and the birth of a prison subculture that will structure a masculinity and a reckless and stubborn criminal duty-being (conclusion).
delinquency, submission, subculture, reinsertion, discourse.
Copyright (c) 2023 Alejandro Romero Miranda, Fernando Gil Villa (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
BLACKFACE CARNIVAL ENSEMBLES IN BUENOS AIRES, 1865-1909: INVENTORY AND DESCRIPTION
This paper presents a critical and descriptive inventory of the ensembles of white people in blackface that took part in the carnival of Buenos Aires between 1865 and 1909. On a reliable list thus established, the paper offers a description of their main characteristics and types of performance. The description of ensembles includes data on gender, costumes and accessories, dances and musical instruments, genre of songs and content of their lyrics. Following the name of each ensemble in the final listings, whenever possible, we include information on size, period of existence and name of members and authorities. This piece proves that there was a visible change in social background of participants in this sort of ensembles and explains the reasons of their abrupt decline after 1894. The Conclusions discuss comparability between blackface in Buenos Aires and in the Anglo-Saxon context and offer some clues on the relationship between whites performing as blacks and the afro-porteño community.
carnival; Argentina; whiteness; blackface; ethnic impersonation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ezequiel Adamovsky (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
WAR IN THE ANCIENT SOCIAL GROUPS OF COSTA RICA: LITHIC SCULPTURES IN THE LIGHT OF ETHNOHISTORICAL SOURCES AND ORAL TRADITION
We discuss warfare practice in Costa Rica’s ancient social groups through the study of stone sculptures, ethnohistoric sources, and indigenous oral tradition accounts. First, some proposals on the subject made by professionals in archeology are reviewed. Then, discusses how war is presented in both historical sources and oral tradition. Finally, archaeological evidence is interpreted from the statuary in the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, the Museo del Jade y la Cultura Precolombina and the Museo del Oro Precolombino collections. The study highlights the importance of the warrior figure within the social stratification of past societies, as well as the fact that war constituted a constant and permanent activity between the groups.
warfare, historical source, oral sources, indigenous peoples, archaeological evidence.
Copyright (c) 2023 Viviana Sánchez Avendaño, Julio César Sánchez Herrera, Carlos Sánchez Avendaño (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE ANDROGYNOUS BOOM. CONCERNS ABOUT AMBIGUITY IN COSTA RICAN NEWS OF THE 1990S.
This article proposes the analysis of newspaper news published in Costa Rica that had as focus of attention the ambiguity in various reports from the newspaper La República in the 1990s. The research will focus on the study of information about concerns towards musical groups, singers and actors from the international show business who were seen as indeterminate subjects in the experience of their gender and sexuality. It was found that most of the rejection news alluded to subjects classified as men by birth assignment, proposing a marked interest in an indeterminate masculinity. That is, the annoyance due to ambiguity was almost always associated with the masculine. On the other hand, about femininity there was less disagreement for this same reason. Also, the analysis included journalistic notes written by the Costa Rican press on aspects linked to ambiguous characteristics that showed feelings of displeasure that were also related to sexual or gender aspects.
youth, gender, sexuality, masculinity, music.
Copyright (c) 2023 Paula Sequeira Rovira (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
“WE NEVER BENEFIT AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER SECTORS”: COSTA RICAN PRIVATE INDUSTRY AND THE ECONOMIC CRISIS (1978-1985)
The economic crisis of 1980 exposed the failures of the interventionist development model that had been practiced in Costa Rica, especially since the entry into the Mercado Común Centroamericano (MCCA), which implied a strong policy of promoting industry, to achieve import substitution and stop depending so much on agricultural products. But, despite the industrial incentives, by the 1970s there was still no glimpse of a strong sector, capable of competing and ceasing to depend on the stimuli that the government gave it. When the crisis arrived, many technocrats took the opportunity to point to the industry as the main causer of the recession, reflected in the imbalance of the balance of payments. Given this scenery, this paper aims to show the version of industrialists in the face of the crisis and criticism from other sectors. How did they defend themselves? What did they think about the crisis? What did they see as their role in the national economy?
small industry, economic history, mentalities, discourse analysis, newspapers, economic policy, neoliberalism, economic recession.
Copyright (c) 2023 Natalia Chavarría Jiménez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Book review: Are public policies political? Power networks in Costa Rica in science and technology: The cases of the Arias Sánchez and Chinchilla Miranda administrations, 2006-2014 by Viviana Guerrero Chacón Preview
Public politics, technology, Costa Rica, review.
SOCIAL ACTORS AND COMMERCIAL CIRCUITS FOR THE SUPPLY OF MEAT IN THE CITY OF BUENOS AIRES (1750-1760)
This article aims to make and present a qualitative analysis of the main suppliers (breeders, Matanzas, intermediaries, merchants, etc.), and their participation in the circuits of production, circulation and marketing of livestock products related to the supply of the City of Buenos Aires (live cattle, meat, leathers, tallow and fat). Undestanding the latter as one of the main markets at the local level, we consider a period characterized by a trend towards political changes, demographic growth and demand for food in Buenos Aires, and it is based on the idea that the Council functioned as the most prominent representative and intervening body to guarantee urban supply. The chronological cut is strictly due to the changes in the regulated mechanisms that were promoted to ensure supplies of provisions of beef origin: the transition from the public auction (Obligation) to the slaughterhouse organized in sites managed by individuals (‘‘heads of corrals’’), passing through the controls of the licenses requested by the ‘‘neighbor breeders’’ to collect from raised herds, slaughter of leathers and extraction of tallow and fat. To comply with what was proposed, data extracted from the Chapter Agreements, and from various files from the Archive of the City Council itself, were systematized, which allow us to appreciate the nature of municipal policies, and the descriptions they provide about the actors involved, theis businesses and commercial practices.
suppliers, production and marketing, Council, obligation, corrals.
MALTA, MONOPOLY AND TRANSNATIONAL. REVISITING THE HISTORY OF THE FLORIDA ICE AND FARM COMPANY (FIFCO), 1908-2015
This article analyzes the emergence and consolidation of the Florida Ice and Farm (FIFCO) brewing company, one of the most advanced and modern in the Costa Rican context. Founded in 1908, the company borders on a monopoly and is owned by the hegemonic factions of the local elite. Precisely, the objective of the research was to understand its crucial role as a source of wealth, alliances, and power of oligarchic families. Likewise, its peculiar relationships with the state apparatus, its tangle of subsidiaries, among other points, were studied. Methodologically, it is based on a business history linked to the elites, which not only addresses their corporate history, but also highlights their links with power. Finally, sources such as archival documents, newspapers and FIFCO reports were used.
history, elite, private company, beer, taxation
“THE CITY RUSHES TO RENOVATE”. PLAZA DE LA CULTURA, SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA (1969-1982)
This article analyzes the interests and political and cultural disputes surrounding the construction of the Plaza de la Cultura in San Jose, Costa Rica between 1969 and 1982. The study is guided by Michel Foucault’s genealogical strategy and post-structuralist social theory. This article makes use of newspapers, government documents, audiovisuals, and photographs of the Plaza de la Cultura. This article examines the design of this urban works project as part of a broader commitment by this nation’s dominant social democratic party, Liberación Nacional, to modernize the capital city of San Jose, between 1970 and 1978 as part of this party’s Entrepreneurial State political program. Secondarily, this article asserts between 1970 and 1982, the construction and inauguration of the Plaza was used by Liberación Nacional’s political opponents, namely members of the Partido Coalición Unidad political party, to critique the ruling party, This article reveals how both the 1980 financial crisis and the critiques by the Partido Coalición Unidad served to check Liberación Nacional’s entrepreneurial state program.
cultural history, urban area, architecture, historiography, cultural policy.
ARCHITECTURE, PROGRESS AND NATIONAL REALITY IN THE RESEARCH PROJECT OF OFELIA SANOU ALFARO
This article examines the trajectory of Ofelia Sanou Alfaro, a Costa Rican architect, historian, and activist born in San José, in 1950, through a comprehensive bibliographical analysis, with a particular focus on Sanou’s publications. The article identifies the main characteristics of her research project in architectural history, which she began developing in 1998. This project stands out for its innovative methodological approach, intertwining the political and economic histories of the country with the histories of architectural objects, institutions, and professionals. Consequently, Sanou’s academic work can be seen as an architectural practice, rooted in her profound interest in the built environment and her exploration of new possibilities for the profession. The article concludes by highlighting the unique aspects of Sanou’s work, its potential as a platform for formulating novel inquiries, and its continued relevance in contemporary contexts.
built environment, city, history, Costa Rica, research.
DIFFUSION OF INDUSTRIAL GOODS DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN COSTA RICA BETWEEN 1953-1984
This article analyzes the diffusion of domestic consumption of the following industrial goods: household appliances, processed food, and manufactured clothing during the period 1953-1984. The consumption of household appliances is studied inside and outside the metropolitan area while the consumption of processed food and manufactured clothing due to the type of sources, is limited to the metropolitan area of the country. The research shows how the diffusion of these goods implied the transformation of consumption patterns of Costa Rican families from the second half of the twentieth century, through the analysis of census data corresponding to the years 1953, 1963 and 1984 that were processed in tables of household appliance ownership, and the analysis of the changes registered in the Basic Food Consumption Lists contained in the Metropolitan Household Income and Expenditure Surveys for the years 1949, 1961 and 1987. In addition, the analysis includes advertising images in order to illustrate the offer of the industrial goods mentioned above and also to support the findings derived from the analysis of the data obtained from the census sources and the basic consumption lists. Keywords: diffusion; advertising; home appliances; processed foods; manufactured clothing.
diffusion; advertising; home appliances; processed foods; manufactured clothing.
THE COSTA RICAN EXTERNAL DEBT REGIME VIS- À-VIS US FINANCIAL CAPITAL (1901-1911)
In early 20th century, the Costa Rica State suspended the external debt service because of a crisis in the coffee international price. This default persisted for ten years; during that time, New York bankers made two proposals to convert and consolidate the external debt with the internal debt. Both proposals failed. This article examines those negotiations to understand how the Costa Rica’s external debt regime behaved. I affirm that, at a first level of negotiations, Costa Rica’s State agreed to contract US financial capital under asymmetrical conditions with the US bankers deciding all the terms of the agreement. However, at the second level of negotiations, contracts validity depended on local ratification, which they did not get due to the high political cost of the proposals, political opposition pressure, and legislative mechanisms limiting borrowing policy.
Public debt, Costa Rica, Case studies, Economic history, Finance.
INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN THE NORTHERN REGION OF COSTA RICA 1900 – 1910
The following article presents an approach to interethnic relations in the Northern Region of Costa Rica during the first decade of the 19th century. Its purpose is to describe the process of formation of new towns due to the migration of peasants from both Costa Rica and Nicaragua and the impact on the Malecu indigenous people. Furthermore, the role of the state as a key actor in the new interethnic relations in the region is analyzed. Through documentary analysis of sources from various archives, media and official statistics, the process of formation of the region is analyzed and the new transformations implied a change in the landscape and cultural relations.
Interethnic relations, cultural change, state, migration, territory.
SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS IN COSTA RICA IN THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 20TH CENTURY (1901-1910)
This article constitutes an analysis of the historical-scientific processes that took place in Costa Rica during the first decade of the 20th century. Emphasis is placed on scientific institutions, based on two ones that coexisted, shared the same building and merged: the Physical-Geographicalinstitute and the National Museum of Costa Rica. The decade of 1901-1910 began with the reopening of the PhysicalGeographicalinstitute and concluded with its suppression and incorporation of the National Observatory into the National Museum, a time in which the liberal State was consolidated, which was also an entity that promoted science together with the scientific community of this time and its links with a network of production, exchange and dissemination of scientific knowledge at an international level. In addition to the specialized publications on scientific topics published mainly by the Physical-Geographicalinstitute, there were some scientific controversies in Costa Rica throughout this first decade of the 20th century.
Science, Community, History, State, Network.
COSTA RICA’S SECURITY FORCES FUNDINGS IN A PERIOD OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION, 1898-1910
This article focuses its analysis on State’s finances between 1898 and 1910 paying particular interest on the funding of the security forces and then comparing their numbers to those of the Secretary of Public Education. Its objective is to unveil how the following institutions and departments use their budgets: the standing army, the judicial and military polices, military bands, navy and prisons. Finally, this piece argues on those statistics to connect them to the consolidation of the liberaldemocratic State.
Coercion, Army, Police, Marine, Prisons, Public Finances.
LA LUCHA ENTRE EL OLIMPO Y LA REPÚBLICA: CULTURAS POPULARES, VIOLENCIA POLÍTICA Y LA BÚSQUEDA DE ACUERDOS EN LA COSTA RICA DE CAMBIO DE SIGLO, 1889-1910
This paper is part of the new historical analyses of Costa Rica’s democracy and politics that appeared during the 1990s in an attempt to rethink political culture in Costa Rica during the so-called Liberal Republic (1870-1930), by understanding electoral fraud as a fundamental part of this country’s democratic game and by revealing the different social and political connections and interests between popular cultures and political classes. In that sense, this work conceptualizes violence as part of the political struggle in which second and first-degree voters, local caudillos, party elites and the presidency of the republic converged. Moreover, this paper studies Costa Rican political groups’ search for political agreements as a tool to heal hatreds and disputes that took place during 1889-1897. This paper emphasizes the analysis of subaltern groups and local caudillos in an attempt to unveil their historical agency in the transformations that led to the political-electoral reforms in Costa Rica at the beginning of the 20th century.
Politics, Culture, Violence, Political Agreements, Liberalism, Subalternity
GHOSTS IN SAN FRANCISCO DE GOICOECHEA: SPIRITISM AND SOCIABILITY DURING THE 1900s
During the 20th century first years, Costa Rican spiritualist movement strongly entered the global paranormal scene because of a phenomena that occurred within a humble house in Goicoechea where political and scientific local known people met to see ghosts. They met night by night holding spiritualist manuals to invoke spirits from beyond to verify the existence of other spheres of existence. This group inaugurated the Costa Rican spiritualist spectacle. This article seeks to narrate those events and analyze the Circulo Franklin that gave rise to an incipient idea of Costa Rican sociability.
Spiritualist centers, Círculo de Franklin, fraud, medium, beliefs, paranormal events, Spiritualism, Costa Rica
THE DISMISSAL OF PRESIDENT JUAN DE DIOS MARTÍNEZ MERA IN 1933: RIOBAMBA, AN IMPORTANT POLITICAL COLLECTIVE
Juan de Dios Martínez Mera, president of Ecuador, resigned from his position on October 14, 1933, amid a series of popular protests. He was accused of coming to power fraudulently, not promoting suffrage freedom, and not representing the ideals of the Ecuadorian people. In this context, the article analyzes the role of political collectives in Riobamba as fundamental actors in the downfall of the president. The uprisings against the regime originated in this city, and the idea of removal was conceived by the Congress, aspects that have been overlooked or treated very lightly by national history. This work is carried out using the historical method and is framed within the theoretical proposal of Agustín Cueva, who argues that in Ecuador in the thirties, a crisis of hegemony became evident.
Popular protests, military insurrection, political instability, Martínez Mera, Riobamba.
WOMEN «ARE A MYSTERY». LESBIANS AS AN ENIGMATIC SUBJECT FOR THE COSTA RICAN PRESS BETWEEN 1985 AND 1999
This work is an attempt to deepen on the issue of perceptions about lesbians and about women who had erotic encounters with other women that appeared in the news between 1985 and 1999. It was found that although the perception of them was diffuse, there was a greater delimitation towards their image. However, this perception assumed the lesbian to be a white, sensual, young, tall, thin woman, and without any visible disability. A second aspect that was found was the use of sex between women as a strategy to promote the sale of certain products or as part of the sexual trade within Costa Rican territory. Finally, some perceptions about lesbians that existed because of a feminist activity organized in 1990 are analyzed. The aim of this work is to analyze the narratives about lesbians or women who had sex with other women to determine what type of messages were linked to that content.
Lesbianism, sexuality, women, Costa Rica, newspaper.
THE NATIONALIZATION OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN LIMÓN, COSTA RICA, AS AN EDUCATION POLICY FOR THE NATIONALIZATION OF THE AFRO-CARIBBEAN POPULATION (1915-1950)
This research delves into the social perceptions expressed by different actors regarding the ideological and political problematization surrounding private schools (Afro-Caribbean, English schools, or private schools) in the province of Limón, Costa Rica, during 1915-1950. Firstly, it explains how elements of Costa Rican national identity (language, culture, history, etc.) in the pedagogy and curriculum of these educational institutions became a matter of concern for the nationalization of Afro-Caribbean children as Costa Ricans. Secondly, it provides a detailed account of the institutional response driven by the State in different contexts for the nationalization of education and its relationship with local socio-educational actors, as part of the nationalization project for the Afro-Caribbean population through instruction. Finally, it briefly explains the contradiction in the nationalizing discourse of seeking to incorporate this population as Costa Ricans and have them adopt national identity through public instruction, while simultaneously denying rights to this population from the State.
African descendants, national identity, education, press, history.
Comentario del libro "El laberinto centroamericano: los hilos de la historia" de Héctor Pérez Brignoli.
Centroamérica, Geography, History, Review, Isthmus.