Lankesteriana
type: channel
description: LANKESTERIANA is an international scientific journal published by the Lankester Botanical Garden Research Center – University of Costa Rica. The journal is globally recognized for its specialization and contributions to the knowledge of the orchid family. In addition to research articles, LANKESTERIANA is dedicated to facilitating scholarly communication and exchange by publishing a comprehensive array of content, including book reviews, checklists, comments, conference proceedings, correspondence, corrigenda, obituaries, opinions, reviews, and special issue contributions. LANKESTERIANA maintains rigorous academic standards as a peer-reviewed journal, ensuring that only the highest quality research articles are published. Through this rigorous review process, the journal maintains its reputation for excellence and reliability, providing readers with access to credible, authoritative scientific information on orchids. Furthermore, LANKESTERIANA values contributions from authors worldwide, with English as the official language of the journal. Through Early View, LANKESTERIANA is committed to reducing the time to effective publication of scientific, peer-reviewed papers, for the benefit of both authors and the journal's readers. The papers in this section of Lankesteriana receive an individual DOI and are published online as soon as the editorial process is concluded positively. They represent early views of the final papers exactly as they will appear in the hard-printed, complete issue of the journal. The effective date of publication of each paper is established by the date of its first publication online, which is recorded on the front page of the paper, both in its online and hard-printed versions. The printed version of LANKESTERIANA is published periodically in volumes by the Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica. Each volume is made up of three issues published in April (covers the period from January to April), August (covers from May to August)…
publisher: Universidad de Costa Rica
language: en
publication name: Lankesteriana
issn: 1409-3871
copyright: According to the Open Access policy promoted by the University of Costa Rica, all the papers published by Lankesteriana are licensed under the Creative Commons copyright and can be downloaded free of charge. The journal holds copyright and publishing rights under the CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 CR license. Before the publication of the materials submitted by the author(s) in LANKESTERIANA, the author(s) hereby assign all rights in the article to the Lankester Botanical Garden.
items: A new species of Pleurothallis (Pleurothallidinae) from the southwestern Andes of Colombia in the National Natural Park Farallones de Cali
items: A new species of Lepanthes (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) to honour “Bachué”, the mythological mother of the indigenous Muisca people.
items: https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rlankesteriana/article/view/9361
items: A new Masdevallia (Pleurothallidinae) from the Huanuco region in Peru
items: Two new species of Pleurothallis (Pleurothallidinae) subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae from The Central Andes of Colombia
items: A new species of Andinia (Pleurothallidinae) from Peru and an updated phylogenetic analysis of the genus with emphasis on subgenus Aenigma
items: A new small-flowered Cyrtochilum (Oncidiinae) from Peru
items: A new early-flowering spotted Chiloschista (Aeridinae) from Bhutan
items: A new large-flowered Cyrtochilum (Oncidiinae) from Colombia, named in honor of an esteemed taxonomist
items: A new species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae) from The Central Andes of Antioquia, Colombia
items: A new species and a new record of Malaxis (Malaxidinae) from Costa Rica
items: A new species of Lepanthes (Pleurothallidinae) from the north of the Central Andes of Colombia
items: First record of a natural hybrid of the genus Gongora (Stanhopeinae) and comments on the parent species
items: Checklist to the orchids of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India
items: Discovery of Scaphyglottis punctulata (Laeliinae) in the highlands of Brazilian Amazonia with a key to the species of the region
items: First wild record of Bulbophyllum lemniscatoides confirms its occurrence in the Philippine archipelago with notes on its habitat and conservation status
items: Nueva especie de Pleurothallis (Pleurothallidinae) subsección Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae para la región Andina colombiana
items: Phalaenopsis arunachalensis sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Aeridinae) A new epiphytic orchid from Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India
items: Root endophytic fungi promote in vitro seed germination in Pleurothallis coriacardia (Orchidaceae)
items: The elusive Sobralia amabilis (Orchidacae): a range extension of its distribution to Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, with notes on its habitat
items: Flora of Gayo Plateau IV: A new species of Bryobium (Orchidaceae) from Gayo Plateau, Sumatra
items: Masdevallia leonor-baeziana (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae): new species from the Andean-Amazonian foothills of Caquetá, Colombia
items: Epidendrum edquenii (Laeliinae), a new species from a montane wet forest of the Private Conservation Area La Pampa Del Burro, Amazonas, Peru
items: Colombian Orchidaceae: A Catalogue of the Pleurothallidinae
items: Pinalia elata (Eriinae) — taxonomic and conservation assessments of a lesser-known narrow endemic orchid from Peninsular Malaysia
items: Pachygenium muyscarum (Spiranthinae), a new species from the subxerophitic enclaves from the Eastern Range of Colombia
items: Two new species of Bulbophyllum from Bhutan
items: Potential drivers of spatial distribution of the ghost orchid, Dendrophylax lindenii, in a South Florida cypress strand: a preliminary study
items: Orchids of the Southern Cone (1830–2000) – Part II. The Philippi dynasty: Plantarum Novarum Chilensium and Catalogus Plantarum Chilensium
items: INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC REVIEWERS, LANKESTERIANA VOL. 21–22, 2021–2022

A new species of Pleurothallis (Pleurothallidinae) from the southwestern Andes of Colombia in the National Natural Park Farallones de Cali
type: item
description: A new species of Pleurothallis from subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae is described and illustrated. The new species is compared with Pleurothallis folsomii from Panama. Pleurothallis celsia is most similar to a group of species with small, yellow flowers but it can be recognized mainly by its lip, which is widely ovate, the surface and margin pilose and papillate, and the base of the glenion densely vesiculose.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Alto Anchicayá
  topic: keywords
subject: Celsia
  topic: keywords
subject: Orchidaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: systematics
  topic: keywords
subject: taxonomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Sebastián Moreno
creator: Robinson Galindo-Tarazona
creator: Melisa Alegría-Valencia
creator: Mark Wilson
creator: Alejandro Zuluaga Tróchez
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-08-25
publication date: 2023-08-25
starting page: 401
ending page: 407
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i2.56290

A new species of Lepanthes (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) to honour “Bachué”, the mythological mother of the indigenous Muisca people.
type: item
description: In an expedition of 341 plots across a large elevation (1,100-3,880 m) and spatial gradient (~270 km) in the eastern cordillera we found a new species of the genus Lepanthes in Santuario de Fauna y Flora de Iguaque, Boyaca, Colombia. We propose L. bachue as a new species. It is most similar to L. papallactae but it can be distinguished by its proliferous plants (vs. non proliferous), the petals with the upper lobe 2.5 mm long, the lower lobe 4.5 mm long, larger than the upper one, and the margins fimbriate (vs. lobes subequal, 4.5 mm long and shortly pubescent) and the lip with the blades oblong, sub-sigmoid, adnate to the middle of the column with a short oblong, bifid, yellow appendix hiding in the middle (vs. blades narrowly elliptical-oblong, connate to the column above the middle with a recurved, pedunculate, biglandular appendix). Our large elevational and geographical sampling suggest that the species is geographically restricted and have high habitat specialization, thus urging to protect its natural habitat and population.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Eastern Cordillera
  topic: keywords
subject: endemic
  topic: keywords
subject: Neotropics
  topic: keywords
subject: Protected area
  topic: keywords
subject: Lepanthes bachue
  topic: keywords
creator: Edicson Parra-Sanchez
creator: Sebastián Vieira-Uribe
creator: Juan Sebastián Moreno
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankesteriana: International Journal on Orchidology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-05-12
publication date: 2023-05-12
starting page: 127
ending page: 137
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i2.54032

https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rlankesteriana/article/view/9361
type: item
title: Orchids of the Southern Cone (1830–2000) – Part III. Karl Friedrich Reiche’s Orchidaceae Chilensis and a commentary about Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin’s Orchidacearum Genera et Species (Vol. 2, Part I)
description: Karl Reiche (1860–1929), a German botanist, came to Chile in 1889 as a professor at the Lyceum in the city of Constitución. He was attracted by the country’s climate and its traditional friendliness to German immigrants. A few years later, in 1897, Federico Phillippi, Director of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, welcomed Reiche as the new Head of the Botanical Section, a position he held until 1910. During his 21 years in Chile, Reiche worked intensively on the Chilean flora and was a prolific writer. Besides six volumes of the Estudios críticos de la Flora de Chile (1896–1911), several editions of Reiche’s Plant Geography of Chile were published (1907, 1934–1937, 2013), a magnificent essay on Chiles’ Orchidaceae, Orchidaceae Chilensis (1910, reprint 2007), and several other minor works. On Reiche’s suggestion, The Museo Nacional engaged Friedrich Kraenzlin (1847–1934) to write a treatment of the orchids of the Southern Cone that was published in 1904 as the second volume of Orchidacearum Genera et Species, a work that was widely criticized by many botanists, beginning with Reiche himself.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Karl Reiche
  topic: keywords
subject: Friedrich Kraenzlin
  topic: keywords
subject: Federico Philippi
  topic: keywords
subject: National Museum of Natural History of Chile
  topic: keywords
subject: Orchidaceae
  topic: keywords
creator: Carlos Ossenbach
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-06-06
publication date: 2023-06-06
starting page: 161
ending page: 179
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i2.55710

A new Masdevallia (Pleurothallidinae) from the Huanuco region in Peru
type: item
description: A new Masdevallia from the cloud forests of Huanuco, Peru, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to what is considered to be its closest relatives, the sympatric Masdevallia fenestralis and Masdevallia fenestrellata, but differs from both by the lack of translucent fenestrations (“window-like” areas) near the base of the sepals, and by the presence of distinct external ridges of the sepals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: new orchid
  topic: keywords
subject: Peruflora
  topic: keywords
subject: rediscovered
  topic: keywords
subject: the Andes
  topic: keywords
creator: Stig Dalström
creator: Guido Deburghgraeve
creator: Saúl Ruíz Pérez
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankesteriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-04-03
publication date: 2023-04-03
starting page: 91
ending page: 95
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i1.54708

Two new species of Pleurothallis (Pleurothallidinae) subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae from The Central Andes of Colombia
type: item
description: Two new species of Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae are described and illustrated. Both species were found in the central Andes of Colombia in the department of Tolima. The two species are compared and discussed with Pleurothallis applanata, Pleurothallis ariana-dayanae, Pleurothallis paquishae, and Pleurothallis scabrilinguis, which are the morphologically closest species. The two new species differ from their congeners mainly by lip morphology. Pleurothallis franciana is distinguished by having an oblong-lanceolate, acute, vesiculous lip with an obovate glenion, and Pleurothallis petroana is distinguished by the ovate-lanceolate, verrucose-papillose, slightly pilose lip, with a spathulate glenion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: ecology
  topic: keywords
subject: Ibagué
  topic: keywords
subject: Orchidaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: Tolima
  topic: keywords
subject: Villahermosa
  topic: keywords
creator: Mario Alexei Sierra-Ariza
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-03-10
publication date: 2023-03-10
starting page: 35
ending page: 44
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i1.54321

A new species of Andinia (Pleurothallidinae) from Peru and an updated phylogenetic analysis of the genus with emphasis on subgenus Aenigma
type: item
description: A new species, Andinia peruviana, from Amazonas department, Peru, is described and illustrated. Updated phylogenetic analyses of nuclear internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) sequences in this study re-affirm the monophyletic nature of Andinia sensu lato and further support the previously proposed circumscription which incorporated genera Lueranthos, Masdevalliantha, Neooreophilus, and Xenosia. Andinia subgenus Aenigma was strongly supported in all analyses. The new species was determined phylogenetically to belong to subgenus Aenigma, along with A. barbata, A. dalstroemii, A. hirtzii, A. pogonion, A. schizopogon and A. uchucayensis. The phylogenetically-confirmed representatives of subgenus Aenigma are illustrated with drawings and photographs, and their geographic distribution is discussed. The updated phylogenetic analyses also show the corrected phylogenetic positions of A. vestigipetala, as the sole representative of the clade corresponding to subgenus Minuscula, and A. trimytera, as a member of the clade corresponding to subgenus Andinia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aenigma species
  topic: keywords
subject: endemic species
  topic: keywords
subject: montane forests
  topic: keywords
subject: neotropics
  topic: keywords
subject: phylogeny
  topic: keywords
subject: taxonomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Luis Ocupa-Horna
creator: Sebastián Vieira-Uribe
creator: Raven Ward
creator: Caroline Brose
creator: Mark Wilson
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-12-02
publication date: 2022-12-02
starting page: 241
ending page: 262
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i3.53319

A new small-flowered Cyrtochilum (Oncidiinae) from Peru
type: item
description: A new small-flowered Cyrtochilum from Peru is described, illustrated with photos and drawings, and compared to similar species. The new species is similar to C. fidicularium and C. gracile in having extra thumb-like projections above the rounded ventral lobes of the column but differs from C. fidicularium by the more sharply pointed and forward projecting callus keels on the lip and by a longer front-lobe of the lip, versus blunt and downward directed lobes in C. fidicularium. The new species differs readily from C. gracile by the long and wiry inflorescence, versus a more sub-erect and straighter panicle in C. gracile.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Amazonas
  topic: keywords
subject: cloud forest
  topic: keywords
subject: Cymbidieae
  topic: keywords
subject: Huánuco
  topic: keywords
subject: new orchid
  topic: keywords
creator: Stig Dalström
creator: Delsy Trujillo
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-07-08
publication date: 2022-07-08
starting page: 111
ending page: 116
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i2.51717

A new early-flowering spotted Chiloschista (Aeridinae) from Bhutan
type: item
description: A new species of Chiloschista from a restricted area in Bhutan is described and illustrated. It is featured with color photos and a map showing its only known locality. The new species is compared with the other three spotted Chiloschista species from Bhutan: C. densiflora, C. gelephuense, and C. himalaica, which have similarly colored flowers, but different lip structure, and the differences are explained and illustrated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Bhakta Bdr. Ghalley
creator: Stig Dalström
creator: Laxmi Sagar
creator: Mer Man Gurung
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-07-11
publication date: 2022-07-11
starting page: 117
ending page: 122
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i2.51751

A new large-flowered Cyrtochilum (Oncidiinae) from Colombia, named in honor of an esteemed taxonomist
type: item
description: A new and previously little-known Cyrtochilum (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae), is named in honor and in memory of Leonore Bockemühl, who published a monographic treatment of Odontoglossum in 1989, which included many species that subsequently were transferred to Cyrtochilum based on molecular evidence. One of these species that was included in her treatment as “Odontoglossum leucopterum” is in fact an undescribed Cyrtochilum and is described here. The real “Odontoglossum leucopterum”, which was transferred to Cyrtochilum in 2001, has proven to be quite elusive since its original description. It was only recently photographed in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia, its only known location, and photos of this rare orchid are featured here for the first time. The new Cyrtochilum is described, illustrated and compared with closely related Cyrtochilum species which are featured with line drawings and color photographs to illustrate the differences.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cundinamarca
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyrtochilum bockemuehlae
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyrtochilum leucopterum
  topic: keywords
subject: Leonore Bockemühl
  topic: keywords
subject: Meta
  topic: keywords
subject: Odontoglossum leucopterum
  topic: keywords
subject: Orchidaceae
  topic: keywords
creator: Cristian Castro
creator: Juan Sebastián Moreno
creator: Stig Dalström
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-08-21
publication date: 2022-08-21
starting page: 133
ending page: 144
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i2.51860

A new species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae) from The Central Andes of Antioquia, Colombia
type: item
description: The new species, Epidendrum sonsonense, was discovered while determining the herbarium specimens housed in the herbarium of Fundación Jardín Botánico Joaquin Antonio Uribe, JAUM. The species belongs to the informal Macrostachyum group and is endemic to the Paramo of Sonsón, Department of Antioquia, Colombia, characterized by the thickened stems, densely many-flowered raceme, and creamy-yellow flowers. A Lankester Composite Digital Plate (LCDP) of fresh material collected at the type locality is presented here. Studying additional collections at Colombian herbaria produced additional specimens of the same species.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Endemism
  topic: keywords
subject: Macrostachyum group
  topic: keywords
subject: paramo
  topic: keywords
subject: Sonsón
  topic: keywords
subject: taxonomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Milton Rincón-González
creator: Elizabeth Santiago Ayala
creator: Eric Hágsater
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-08-20
publication date: 2022-08-20
starting page: 145
ending page: 153
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i2.52169

A new species and a new record of Malaxis (Malaxidinae) from Costa Rica
type: item
description: We describe and illustrate a new species and a new record of Malaxis from the lower montane and montane forests of Costa Rica. Taxonomic descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and conservation assessments are provided for each species. Malaxis excentrica sp. nov. is morphologically similar to Malaxis simillima, from which it can be distinguished by having a single leaf per sympodial unit, shorter, obovate, erect petals parallel to the column, the lip with triquetrous, acute, convex apical margin and the disc cavity divided by a costa. Malaxis pittieri is formally recorded for the flora of Costa Rica; Costa Rican specimens of this species were previously confused with Malaxis majanthemifolia. A lectotype for Microstylis pittieri is formally designated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Malaxis acianthoides
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaxis excentrica
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaxis fastigiata
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaxis majanthemifolia
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaxis pittieri
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaxis simillima
  topic: keywords
creator: Isler F. Chinchilla
creator: Adam P. Karremans
creator: Mario A. Blanco
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-04-25
publication date: 2022-04-25
starting page: 37
ending page: 51
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i1.50848

A new species of Lepanthes (Pleurothallidinae) from the north of the Central Andes of Colombia
type: item
description: A new Lepanthes species from the northern end of the Central Andes of Colombia is described, illustrated, and compared with morphologically similar species. Lepanthes wakemaniae is most similar to L. caesariata but is easily distinguished by its petals with oblong to ovate upper lobes and triangular lower lobes; semi-ovate lip blades, with their inner margins touching above the column; the appendix ligulate and pubescent, and a column with an expanded, orbicular stigma.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: Antioquia
  topic: keywords
subject: Yarumal
  topic: keywords
subject: Alto de Ventanas
  topic: keywords
subject: Lepanthes wakemaniae
  topic: keywords
subject: Lepanthes caesariata
  topic: keywords
creator: Sebastián Vieira-Uribe
creator: Juan Sebastián Moreno
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-04-26
publication date: 2022-04-26
starting page: 53
ending page: 61
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i1.50855

First record of a natural hybrid of the genus Gongora (Stanhopeinae) and comments on the parent species
type: item
description: The first natural hybrid of the genus Gongora is described for the department of Copán in Honduras, between the species Gongora truncata and Gongora batemanii (synonym: Gongora cassidea). The nothospecies described here presents intermediate characteristics between both species, such as setaceous projections on the lip, a large callus, spatulate epichile, and a cucullate hard dorsal sepal. The identity of a specimen from the Herbarium Jany Renz Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland, corresponds to the same hybrid described here and erroneously determined as Gongora saccata, a synonym of Gongora seideliana, is considered. The clarification of the synonymy of Gongora saccata and relevant aspects regarding the pollination mechanisms and reproductive barriers of both parent species are also discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Copán
  topic: keywords
subject: Cymbidieae
  topic: keywords
subject: Euglossini
  topic: keywords
subject: Gongora cassidea
  topic: keywords
subject: Gongora saccata
  topic: keywords
subject: Honduras
  topic: keywords
subject: Orchidaceae
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexander Jiménez-Vázquez
creator: Hermes Vega
creator: Alexander Alvarado
creator: Edgar Mó
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-02-27
publication date: 2023-02-27
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i1.54261

Checklist to the orchids of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India
type: item
description: This paper provides a comprehensive account of the orchid diversity in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve (BRTTR), Karnataka, India. A total of 97 orchid species belonging to 33 genera were documented. This includes 50 terrestrial and 47 epiphytic orchids, including one mycoheterotrophic orchid, Epipogium roseum, and a climbing leafless Vanilla walkerae. Additionally, 39 endemic orchids were documented during the study. The evergreen forests provide the most habitable conditions for the orchids in BRTTR. The present study adds 26 species to the orchid flora of BRTTR. About 49% of the orchid flora of Karnataka state and 32% of orchids of Western Ghats is found in BRTTR, making this area a microcenter for orchid diversity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biligirirangan
  topic: keywords
subject: biodiversity hotspot
  topic: keywords
subject: checklist
  topic: keywords
subject: diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: evergreen forest
  topic: keywords
subject: Karnataka
  topic: keywords
subject: Orchidaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: wildlife sanctuary
  topic: keywords
creator: J. Jayanthi
creator: Jeewan Singh Jalal
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-03-23
publication date: 2023-03-23
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i1.54573

Discovery of Scaphyglottis punctulata (Laeliinae) in the highlands of Brazilian Amazonia with a key to the species of the region
type: item
description: The genus Scaphyglottis Poepp. & Endl. presents 78 species and occurs from Mexico to Brazil. Scaphyglottis punctulata (Rchb.f.) C.Schweinf. is known from various high elevation locations from Panama to Bolivia. Here, we report new records in two regions of the Brazil portion of the Guiana Shield. We provide a detailed description, photographic plates, updated distribution map, ecological and taxonomic comments for S. punctulata, and an identification key for Scaphyglottis species from the Brazilian portion of the Guiana Shield.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: epiphytes
  topic: keywords
subject: Guiana Shield
  topic: keywords
subject: South America
  topic: keywords
subject: taxonomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Adriane Maciel de Araújo
creator: Francisco Farroñay
creator: Ricardo de Oliveira Perdiz
creator: Edlley Pessoa
creator: Leandro Giacomin
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-07-19
publication date: 2022-07-19
starting page: 123
ending page: 131
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i2.51844

First wild record of Bulbophyllum lemniscatoides confirms its occurrence in the Philippine archipelago with notes on its habitat and conservation status
type: item
description: Bulbophyllum lemniscatoides Rolfe is a species native to Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. It was recently collected in Mt. Timolan Protected Landscape of Zamboanga del Sur, confirming its occurrence in the Philippine archipelago. Here, we provide species descriptions based on our collected material and photographs to aid identification, geographical distribution information, habitat, phenology, and an IUCN conservation assessment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bulbophyllum sect. Lemniscata
  topic: keywords
subject: Dendrobieae
  topic: keywords
subject: Mindanao
  topic: keywords
subject: Orchidaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: plant taxonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Zamboanga Peninsula
  topic: keywords
creator: Mark Arcebal K. Naive
creator: Jim Cootes
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-06-28
publication date: 2022-06-28
starting page: 79
ending page: 83
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i2.51551

Nueva especie de Pleurothallis (Pleurothallidinae) subsección Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae para la región Andina colombiana
type: item
description: A new species of Pleurothallis that belongs to the Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae from the Colombian Andes region is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to Pleurothallis callosa from which it can be differentiated by having its dorsal sepal and synsepal ovate-elliptic; petals falcate-lanceolate, acuminate, and the lip quadrangular-ovate with 2 basal calli that extend up to a third the length of the lip (vs. dorsal sepal elliptic and synsepal widely ovate and unguiculate lip with two basal calli that extend up to half the length of the lip in P. callosa). Geographic information, ecological characteristics, and conservation status of the new species are provided.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Andes
  topic: keywords
subject: Colombia
  topic: keywords
subject: Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae
  topic: keywords
subject: Pleurothallis villahermosae
  topic: keywords
subject: taxonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Tolima
  topic: keywords
creator: Mario Alexei Sierra-Ariza Mario Alexei Sierra-Ariza
creator: Milton Rincón-González Milton Rincón-González
creator: Mark Wilson Mark Wilson
creator: Boris Villanueva Tamayo Boris Villanueva Tamayo
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-04-22
publication date: 2022-04-22
starting page: 25
ending page: 35
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i1.50823

Phalaenopsis arunachalensis sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Aeridinae) A new epiphytic orchid from Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India
type: item
description: A new epiphytic Phalaenopsis is described from tropical evergreen forests of Ziro Valley in Arunachal Pradesh, India, and illustrated with colored photos. It is allied to the similarly colored P. taenialis (Lindl.) Christenson & Pradhan in having non-deciduous leaves, larger perianth segments, the shorter and convex (not flat) lip mid-lobe, and the yellowish-green (not purplish) spur. The new species is morphologically most similar to P. honghenensis from China, but differs most easily by the light pinkish flowers versus bronzy green to brownish flowers of the latter species. A detailed description with corresponding color photos and information on the habitat is provided. The voucher specimens have been deposited at the Herbarium of the Orchid Research Centre Tippi, Arunachal Pradesh, and the Herbarium of The Orchid Society of Eastern Himalaya (TOSEHIM), Regional Orchid Germplasm Conservation and Propagation Centre (Assam Circle), Assam. Key Words: Flora of India, new Phalaenopsis, Phalaenopsis honghenensis, Phalaenopsis subgen. Aphyllae, P. taenialis
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Khyanjeet Gogoi
creator: Koj Rinya
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2020-10-09
publication date: 2020-10-09
starting page: 275
ending page: 280
doi: 10.15517/lank.v20i3.44102

Root endophytic fungi promote in vitro seed germination in Pleurothallis coriacardia (Orchidaceae)
type: item
description: Seeds of many orchids rely on the presence of fungi to trigger the germination process and even to initiate the full development of protocorms. While attention has been directed towards the study of mycorrhizal fungi, the diversity and functions of endophytic fungi from orchid roots remain underexplored, and few studies have verified their ecological role. This is the case of Pleurothallis coriacardia, an endemic green Neotropical orchid with both epiphytic and lithophytic habits growing in High-Andean montane forests. In the present study, we screened the cultivable fraction of the endophytic fungi colonizing the roots of mature plants of P. coriacardia using ITS rDNA markers. We also tested the potential of these endophytic fungi to improve embryo development and seed germination. Most of the isolated endophytes were classified within Psathyrellaceae. Some isolates, identified as members of the Ilyonectria and Coprinellus genera, significantly promoted embryo development in vitro in P. coriacardia seeds, a result that highlights the ecological roles these endophytic fungi may play in nature. Keywords: Andean montane forest, embryo development, epiphytic orchids, Ilyonectria, lithophytic orchids, Psathryrellaceae
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Gabriela P. Maldonado
creator: Luis A. Yarzábal
creator: Juan M. Cevallos-Cevallos
creator: Eduardo J. Chica
creator: Denisse F. Peña
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2020-04-22
publication date: 2020-04-22
starting page: 107
ending page: 122
doi: 10.15517/lank.v20i1.41472

The elusive Sobralia amabilis (Orchidacae): a range extension of its distribution to Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, with notes on its habitat
type: item
description: We present a range extension for Sobralia amabilis, previously recorded from the southeastern border of Guatemala to Panama and Ecuador. Here, we detail its taxonomic history, description, and geographical distribution, along with photographs of the plants in vivo, habitat notes and recommendations for collecting and preparing herbarium specimens.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cloud forest
  topic: keywords
subject: Northern Central America
  topic: keywords
subject: occurrence
  topic: keywords
subject: orchid
  topic: keywords
subject: Sobralieae
  topic: keywords
creator: Rafael Grajeda–Estrada
creator: Juan Pablo Rustrián–López
creator: Marcelo José Serrano
creator: Andrés Villalobos–Soberanis
creator: Mayra L. Maldonado
creator: María Renée Álvarez–Ruano
creator: Margaret A. Dix
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2020-02-19
publication date: 2020-02-19
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.15517/lank.v20i1.40754

Flora of Gayo Plateau IV: A new species of Bryobium (Orchidaceae) from Gayo Plateau, Sumatra
type: item
description: A new species of Bryobium Lindl. is described based on specimens collected in northern Gayo Plateau, Sumatra. It is provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) due to its narrow range and imminent threats to its habitat. A detailed description, photographs, an illustration, and a key to Sumatran Bryobium species are provided.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: epiphyte, key, Red List, taxonomy, Indonesia
  topic: keywords
creator: André Schuiteman
creator: Wendy Mustaqim
creator: Jeffrey Champion
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lankesteriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2026-07-01
publication date: 2026-07-01
starting page: 113
ending page: 120
doi: 10.15517/hae3ah55

Masdevallia leonor-baeziana (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae): new species from the Andean-Amazonian foothills of Caquetá, Colombia
type: item
description: We describe and illustrate a new species of Masdevallia from the Andean-Amazonian foothills of Caquetá, Colombia. Masdevallia leonor-baeziana belongs to Masdevallia subsect. Saltatrices, within the M. constricta group. It is most similar to M. constricta, but it can be distinguished by the shorter sepals and sepaline tails that do not surpass the tube length, and the shorter, sigmoid-ovate lip. We proposed categorizing the species as Critically Endangered (CR) based on the B and D IUCN red list criteria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Amazonia
  topic: keywords
subject: Andes
  topic: keywords
subject: biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: foothills
  topic: keywords
subject: neotropics
  topic: keywords
creator: Oscar Perdomo
creator: Edwin Trujillo Trujillo
creator: Adam Karremans
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankesteriana: International Journal on Orchidology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-06-20
publication date: 2023-06-20
starting page: 139
ending page: 144
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i2.54019

Epidendrum edquenii (Laeliinae), a new species from a montane wet forest of the Private Conservation Area La Pampa Del Burro, Amazonas, Peru
type: item
description: A new species Epidendrum edquenii, is described and illustrated from the Private Conservation Area La Pampa del Burro, department of Amazonas, northeastern Peru. It belongs to the informal Takulumena group, characterized by Vanda-like monopodial stems with basal or lateral, successive inflorescences. The new species is distinguished by its non-pubescent, red flowers with green dorsal surface, margins, and apices of the sepals and petals, yellow-green base of column and disc of lip, acuminate sepals 9.5–10.7 mm long, narrowly ovate petals with the margin densely and shortly ciliate, and widely triangular lip, 6.0 × 9.5 mm, with the margin scarcely papillose. A list and an identification key for the previously known species of the Takulumena group are provided. Furthermore, the new name Epidendrum vulcanitungurahuae is proposed to replace the illegitimate combination Epidendrum tungurahuae, predated by E. tunguraguae.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Andes
  topic: keywords
subject: Epidendrum vulcanitungurahuae
  topic: keywords
subject: identification key
  topic: keywords
subject: Takulumena group
  topic: keywords
subject: taxonomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Jessy P. Arista
creator: Eric Hágsater
creator: Elizabeth Santiago
creator: Eli Pariente
creator: Manuel Oliva
creator: Gerardo A. Salazar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankesteriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-08-29
publication date: 2023-08-29
starting page: 409
ending page: 417
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i2.56342

Colombian Orchidaceae: A Catalogue of the Pleurothallidinae
type: item
description: Colombia is a major biodiversity hotspot, having one of the richest orchid floras in the world. The country spans over a million square kilometers of land, hosting a multitude of different ecosystems thanks to the complexity of its mountainous systems and influences from neighboring countries in Central and South America, as well as the Atlantic and Pacific coastlines. Prior studies found an estimated 3591–4270 species of orchids occurring in Colombia, making it the most species-rich plant family in the country. About 35% of those orchids are members of the Pleurothallidinae subtribe, the largest group in the family and also that with the highest rate of species discovery. Here we record 1862 species of pleurothallids for the country, a significant increase from the 1286–1529 range estimated just a few years ago. We expect Pleurothallidinae to represent close to half the Colombian orchid flora. Colombia hosts roughly one third of all currently known taxa in the subtribe, and close to 60% of these species are found nowhere else in the world. These are clear indicators that the country is a highly important center of pleurothallid diversity and a key target for their conservation. The most species rich genera in the country are Stelis (521 species), Lepanthes (377 species), Pleurothallis (248 species) and Masdevallia (171 species). Country-level distribution is given for each accepted species. The closest floristic affinity is found with Ecuador, with which Colombia shares over 76% of the non-endemic Pleurothallidinae species, followed in the distance by Venezuela and Peru with just above one quarter of the non-endemics being shared. Numerous new country records are presented in the catalogue, many of which are illustrated with color photographs. We provide a full list of homotypic synonyms for each accepted taxon, as well as an annotated list of excluded taxa and newly proposed synonyms. Heterotypic synonyms are not listed, unless they are based on Colombian material…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Andes
  topic: keywords
subject: biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: endemism
  topic: keywords
subject: Lepanthes
  topic: keywords
subject: Masdevallia
  topic: keywords
subject: Pleurothallis
  topic: keywords
subject: Stelis
  topic: keywords
subject: typification
  topic: keywords
creator: Adam P. Karremans
creator: Juan Sebastián Moreno
creator: Karen Gil-Amaya
creator: Nicolás Gutiérrez Morales
creator: Felipe Espinosa
creator: Santiago Mesa
creator: Eugenio Restrepo
creator: Milton Rincón-González
creator: Alejandra Serna
creator: Mario Sierra-Ariza
creator: Sebastián Vieira-Uribe
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-08-11
publication date: 2023-08-11
starting page: 181
ending page: 400
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i2.56158

Pinalia elata (Eriinae) — taxonomic and conservation assessments of a lesser-known narrow endemic orchid from Peninsular Malaysia
type: item
description: Pinalia elata is an attractive endemic species of Peninsular Malaysia, known from only six localities within the Titiwangsa mountain range where it is confined to montane vegetation. However, four of these localities are now threatened by anthropogenic factors, raising concerns about the ongoing survival of this endemic species in the wild. Despite efforts to understand the conservation status of Malaysian orchid species, there remains much work to be done, particularly for endemic species confined to remote and mountainous areas. Therefore, this paper provides a detailed morphological description, photographic illustrations for easy identification of the species, and a conservation assessment based on the IUCN Classification Criteria. Morphologically, P. elata can be easily distinguished from the other Pinalia species in Peninsular Malaysia by its erect inflorescences with well-spaced, closed flowers along the apical half, subtended by prominently large purplish-brown bracts. The flowers resemble buds with the labellum hidden by the petals and sepals. A preliminary risk-of-extinction assessment categorizes P. elata as critically endangered, CR A2acd C2a(i) D, according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: endemism
  topic: keywords
subject: extinction risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Genting Highlands
  topic: keywords
subject: highland species
  topic: keywords
subject: mossy forest
  topic: keywords
subject: Orchidaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: taxonomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Edward E. Besi
creator: Ng Y. Jin
creator: Mohd N. Ghazalli
creator: Mohd R. Endot
creator: Khairuddin Perdan
creator: Norulhuda Ali
creator: Edevaldo J. Yapp
creator: Eddie Chan
creator: Rusea Go
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankesteriana: International Journal on Orchidology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-06-22
publication date: 2023-06-22
starting page: 145
ending page: 159
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i2.55511

Pachygenium muyscarum (Spiranthinae), a new species from the subxerophitic enclaves from the Eastern Range of Colombia
type: item
description: Pachygenium muyscarum, a new species from Colombia, is described, illustrated, and aspects related to its distribution, ecology, conservation status, and relationships with morphologically similar species are discussed. This species is characterized by flowering without leaves, labellum 1.4–1.6 cm long, with the apex trilobulate and labellum nectar glands 0.2–0.4 cm long, subulate and uncinate. To date, this is the only species of the genus present in Colombia, being endemic to the subxerophytic enclaves of Cundinamarca.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: flora of Bogotá
  topic: keywords
subject: flora of Cundinamarca
  topic: keywords
subject: high-Andean terrestrial orchids
  topic: keywords
subject: Pelexia
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrés Fonseca-Cortés
creator: Milton Rincón-González
creator: Jeremy León-Linares
creator: Gerardo A. Salazar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankesteriana: International Journal on Orchidology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-04-19
publication date: 2023-04-19
starting page: 97
ending page: 108
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i1.53886

Two new species of Bulbophyllum from Bhutan
type: item
description: Two new species of Bulbophyllum, namely, B. gurungianum (sect. Biseta) and B. punakhaense (sect. Brachyrantha) are described and illustrated. Bulbophyllum gurungianum is similar to B. brevispicatum and B. sonii but differs strikingly by having pseudobulbs placed distantly on the rhizome, a shorter peduncle, and oblong petals with a ciliated margin. Bulbophyllum punakhaense is morphologically similar to B. farreri, B. thaiorum, and B. mamillatum, but can be easily distinguished by its larger leaves, pseudobulbs distantly placed on the rhizome, longer peduncle, and oblong-lanceolate petals with shortly papillate margin towards the apex. We provide a detailed description of each species, and information on their distribution, ecology, and conservation status.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bhutan
  topic: keywords
subject: Bulbophyllum sect. Biseta
  topic: keywords
subject: Bulbophyllum sect. Brachyrantha
  topic: keywords
subject: conservation status
  topic: keywords
subject: ecology
  topic: keywords
subject: taxonomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Phub Gyeltshen
creator: Kinley Rabgay
creator: Kezang Tobgay
creator: Choki Gyeltshen
creator: Karma Sangay
creator: Chencho
creator: Karma Tenzin
creator: Phuentsho
creator: Pankaj Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-04-25
publication date: 2023-04-25
starting page: 109
ending page: 120
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i1.54911

Potential drivers of spatial distribution of the ghost orchid, Dendrophylax lindenii, in a South Florida cypress strand: a preliminary study
type: item
description: This study examined a population of ghost orchids (Dendrophylax lindenii) in Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park in Collier County, Florida, to determine if they exhibit host species preference, vertical stratification, substrate diameter stratification, or a distribution pattern similar to their host plants. Twenty-five ghost orchids were found on three host plant species: 20 (80%) were on pop ash (Fraxinus caroliniana), four (16%) on arthritis vine (Hippocratea volubilis), and one (4%) on pond apple (Annona glabra). Our analysis indicated a statistically significant occurrence of ghost orchids on pop ash relative to other woody plant species in the study area. Although most orchids were found below 3 m from the forest floor, this was not statistically significant when compared to orchids above 3 m. A weak trend (p=0.06) for increasing occurrence was observed in the next to largest (14.1 cm to 17.2 cm diameter at breast height) size class among the five size classes of pop ash in this study. The spatial analyses indicated that both the stems of pop ash and ghost orchids demonstrate non-random clumping on the landscape. In addition, the presence of an individual orchid increases the probability of multiple ghost orchids on a stem. These results further emphasize the importance of pop ash as a host species in Florida’s ghost orchid populations and add to the list of hosts (arthritis vine) in the literature. Continuing to study the vertical position of ghost orchids will be important as climate change has the potential to alter humidity patterns and the occurrence of both low temperature events and hurricanes. Improved understanding of host plant preference, microhabitat requirements, spatial distribution, and continued long-term monitoring of population dynamics are critical for the conservation of the ghost orchid.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: epiphyte ecology
  topic: keywords
subject: leafless orchid
  topic: keywords
subject: Orchidaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: plant conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: spatial ecology
  topic: keywords
creator: Corrie Pieterson
creator: Brenda Thomas
creator: Edwin M. Everham III
creator: Brian Bovard
creator: Mike Owen
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-03-28
publication date: 2023-03-28
starting page: 81
ending page: 90
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i1.54576

Orchids of the Southern Cone (1830–2000) – Part II. The Philippi dynasty: Plantarum Novarum Chilensium and Catalogus Plantarum Chilensium
type: item
description: Bernhard Eunom Philippi (1811–1852), his brother Rudolph Amandus Philippi (1808–1904), and the latter’s son Federico Philippi (1836–1910) must be considered the main actors in the history of the natural sciences in Chile between 1840 and 1910. While Bernhard was responsible for convincing the rest of his family to emigrate to Chile (and in fact, became the initiator of German immigration to southern Chile), Rudolph became the leading Figure in Chile’s scientific community, becoming the first director of the National Museum of Natural History, a post he held from 1853 to 1897. The description of many new orchid species in the series Plantarum novarum Chilensium (1856–1864) during this time is only one of his merits. His son Federico took over the direction of the Museum after his father’s retirement until he died in 1910. Catalogus plantarum Chilensium (1881) stands out among his numerous publications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chile
  topic: keywords
subject: German immigration to Chile
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural History Museum of Chile
  topic: keywords
subject: orchids of Chile
  topic: keywords
subject: R. F. Hohenacker
  topic: keywords
creator: Carlos Ossenbach
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2023-03-08
publication date: 2023-03-08
starting page: 11
ending page: 33
doi: 10.15517/lank.v23i1.54405

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC REVIEWERS, LANKESTERIANA VOL. 21–22, 2021–2022
type: item
description: The Editor-in-Chief, Managing Editors, Editorial Committee, Editorial Board, and Editorial staff of LANKESTERIANA acknowledge the reviewers listed below for their willing cooperation. It is greatly appreciated that they have generously invested their time and competence in providing valuable comments and advice, for the benefit of the authors, the editorial staff, and the readers of LANKESTERIANA
subject: Index
  topic: section
creator: Noelia Belfort-Oconitrillo
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Lankesteriana: International Journal on Orchidology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cr/
date: 2022-12-17
publication date: 2022-12-17
doi: 10.15517/lank.v22i3.53489