Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud (Thinking in / about motion: Journal on Exercise and Health Sciences): is an international scientific journal from the School of Physical Education and the Human Movement Science Research Center of the University of Costa Rica, addressed to all professionals and specialized readers in this area. Its goal is to promote universal research on Human Movement and Health Sciences. Key words: Exercise Physiology, Biomechanics, Sports Psychology, Sports Nutrition, Motor Learning, Sports Medicine. OAI protocol from this journal: https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rpem/oai
[Spanish translation] Water-the forgotten nutrient: revisiting its role in health and disease
INTRODUCTION: Water intake has arguably been one of the least-studied topics in nutrition science and is often described as the ‘forgotten nutrient’. Despite its importance, it has been largely overlooked in dietary guidance. DEVELOPMENT: A Recommended Dietary Allowance for water has yet to be established. Adequate Intake guidelines of 3.7 and 2.7 L of water per day have been suggested for sedentary adult men and women (> 18 y), respectively. Even though these values are based on population consumption data, they are also supported by recent scientific evidence. Body fluid balance is regulated by fluid balance homeostatic mechanisms. Arginine vasopressin (AVP; also known as anti-diuretic hormone) is regulated by osmoreceptors and baroreceptors and among many functions, it mainly reduces urinary output. It has been suggested that thirst might be an adequate signal for water intake when the body is in a deficit. However, inadequate water intake and underhydration can occur in the absence of thirst. There are many deleterious health effects related to elevated AVP and underhydration. Low water intake and elevated AVP significantly and negatively impact cardiovascular health, mood, kidney function, glucose regulation, chronic disease development, accelerated aging, and increased mortality. Water intake is particularly important during physical activity, especially in warm environments. Replacing fluids lost through sweating is essential for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance during thermoregulation. CONCLUSION: Increasing water consumption through palatable non-sugar-sweetened beverages represents a simple, cost-effective strategy with the potential to produce sustained improvements in population health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
[English original] Water- the forgotten nutrient: revisiting its role in health and disease
Effects of caffeine supplementation on CrossFit performance in trained athletes
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the effects of caffeine supplementation (CAFF) on specific CrossFit performance, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), delayed-onset muscle soreness, and loss of jump ability in trained athletes. METHODS: Eighteen participants (12 males and 6 females), all trained CrossFit® athletes, were assigned to a specific CrossFit® performance (“Diane” Protocol Training) following a blinded and randomized consumption of caffeine. The RPE after exercise, countermovement jump, delayed-onset muscle soreness, and muscle thickness were assessed both before and after exercise. RESULTS: An enhancement in CrossFit® performance was reported after CAFF compared to baseline (BA) (p = 0.001), with a trend towards a decreased RPE (p = 0.056). Furthermore, higher delayed-onset muscle soreness was observed in the BA group compared to the CAFF group (p = 0.010) and the placebo group (p = 0.011). Regarding jump ability, increased performance was noted in the placebo after exercise (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CAFF did not improve CrossFit performance, RPE, delayed-onset muscle soreness, or jump ability compared to placebo. Although both caffeine and placebo improved performance relative to baseline, this pattern is likely due to learning or expectancy effects rather than a true ergogenic effect of caffeine.
[English original] Cognitive functions and their relation to balance and agility in athletes from different sports branches
Successful performance in each sport requires high ability in various features, including motor and perceptual-cognitive skills. The aim of this study was to compare balance and agility in athletes from several sports branches in order to find out how cognitive functions relate to these parameters. Seventy-three individuals aged 18-30 were included in this prospective-descriptive study. In the assessment of cognition, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, d2 Test of Attention, and a Bassin Anticipation Timer Device were used. While Prokin-TecnoBody was used to measure the balance skills, Illinois Agility Test (IAT) was used for agility. IAT times showed positive weak correlations with both the absolute error-score (AES) at 8mph (r=0.260, p=0.040) and mediolateral balance score (ML)(r=0.255, p=0.043). While there was a negative weak correlation between AES at 3mph and anteroposterior score of balance (r=-0.267, p=0.035), we found positive weak correlation between AES at 8mph and ML of balance (r=0.253, p=0.046). It was found that the IAT scores of the sedentary group were significantly lower than those of athletes (p=0.000). According to AES at 3mph, there were significant differences between tennis players and both sedentary and volleyball players (p=0.008, p=0.002, respectively). When the AES at 8mph was compared, the only statistically significant difference was between tennis players and sedentary (p=0.008). In conclusion, this study shows how cognitive functions, particularly coincidence anticipation timing (CAT), correlate with essential physical performance factors like agility and balance across different sport branches, suggesting that improving cognitive skills could enhance overall athletic performance and inform mental training strategies in sports. It is recommended that future sports science research focus on enhancing CAT through targeted training programs.
Descriptive, Correlational and Qualitative studies
Copyright (c) 2024 Dilara Özen Oruk, Kılıçhan Bayar, Özcan Saygın, Banu Bayar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Isolated and combined linkage of insufficient physical activity and excessive sitting time on college students’ negatively self-related health
The objective of this study was to analyze the isolated and combined linkage of insufficient physical activity and excessive sitting time on negatively self-rated health in university students. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 418 students from a community university in western Santa Catarina, Brazil. Self-rated health was the dependent variable. Self-reported information on moderate to vigorous physical activity and sitting time was collected through a questionnaire. University students were classified as insufficiently active or with excessive sitting time if they did not meet the recommended guidelines. For the analysis, models were developed that considered physical activity and sitting time in isolation and in combination, using those who did meet the guidelines as a reference. The data was analyzed using Poisson regression, with adjustment for sociodemographic variables and characteristics related to the participants' degree. Results show that most of the participants were women (73.4%) and the average age was 22.9 years (SD = 5.3). Three out of every 10 university students had a negatively self-rated health. In addition, individually, insufficiently active university students and those with excessive sitting time were 1.73 (95% CI = 1.25-2.40) and 1.40 (95% CI = 1.05-1.87) times more likely to report a negatively self-rated health. In the combined analysis, when presenting both risk factors simultaneously, the probability of presenting negatively self-rated health was 2.76 (95% CI = 1.62 – 4.71). College students with insufficient physical activity and excessive sitting time are at a higher risk of negatively self-rated health, particularly when both behaviors are present simultaneously.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jean Carlos Parmigiani De Marco, Andreia Pelegrini, Danielle Ledur Antes http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Relationship between nutritional knowledge, sources of information and dietary practices among physically active gym users of Magangué, Colombia
Gym users are prone to nutritional disinformation. The objective of the study was to describe sports nutrition knowledge and practices among active gym users in Magangué, and their relationship to information sources. The Nutritional Knowledge Questionnaire for Young and Adult Athletes (NUKYA) was used, and sociodemographic, dietary and information source data were collected. The relationships were analyzed through contingency tables and the chi-square test (χ2). Participants included 87 users aged 18–30, 51.7% of which exhibited deficient knowledge in sports nutrition. The main sources of information were relatives, friends and fellow trainees (26.4%). The tests showed insufficient consumption of fruits, vegetables, protein food and water, though the majority reported adequate consumption of legumes. A good level of nutritional knowledge was associated to a higher consumption of protein food (χ2 Pearson = 5.78, p = .016) and water (χ2 Pearson = 4.24, p = .040), as well as a lower consumption of legumes (χ2 Pearson = 3.95, p = .047), sports beverages, sodas or juices during training (χ2 Pearson = 12.4, p = .006) and food after training (χ2 Pearson = 8.82, p = .003). In addition, the use of low-quality sources of information was associated to a lower consumption of fruits (χ2 Pearson = 8.35, p = .004), vegetables (χ2 Pearson = 4.09, p = .043) and water (χ2 Pearson = 4.40, p = .036). In conclusion, the quality of information sources influences nutritional knowledge and practices, which calls for an evidence-based nutritional education for this population.
Copyright (c) 2024 Daniela Leal Lizcano, Kevin David Fuentes Polo, Angélica María Muñoz Contreras http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[Spanish translation] Sources of knowledge for school volleyball teachers/coaches in Santa Catarina
Este estudo identificou as fontes de conhecimento mais valorizadas pelos treinadores de voleibol escolar de Santa Catarina, considerando a formação acadêmica, a formação federativa, a experiência como atleta e os ciclos de desenvolvimento profissional. Participaram voluntariamente do estudo 52 treinadores de voleibol escolar que atuaram nas etapas estaduais dos Jogos Escolares de Santa Catarina. Os dados foram recolhidos através do questionário Coach Training Profile, que inclui três dimensões: Formação Acadêmica, Experiência do Atleta e Experiência Profissional. Os dados foram analisados ​​no software SPSS, versão 20.0, com nível de significância p≤ 0,05. Os resultados apontam para uma maior valorização das fontes de conhecimento da experiência profissional (42,08±5,79) e da formação académica (41,19±6,00) na preparação do processo formativo. Professores-treinadores licenciados e/ou licenciados, com menor tempo de experiência profissional e sem formação federativa, valorizam significativamente as fontes de conhecimento adquiridas durante experiências esportivas competitivas como atletas.
Copyright (c) 2024 Anderson Marcelino, Willen Remon Tozetto, Sandy Dorian Isla Alcoser, Allana Alencar, Ana Flávia Backes, José Carlos Mendes, Juarez Viera do Nascimento http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[Spanish translation] The effects of sprint interval training and detraining on aerobic fitness in young adults
Sprint interval training (SIT) has been known to improve aerobic performance as well as health and fitness markers in non-athletic population. However, there's not enough information about performance when SIT is stopped. The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations in the detraining process of the evolution of adaptive physical fitness caused by short-term sprint interval training. The general design of the study was classified as before SIT, training period, after SIT and detraining period measurements. The subjects (n=26) completed the baseline measurements of the 20-m shuttle run test and then were randomized as training and control groups. The control group continued their daily routine and the training group ran SIT for 4 weeks. The 20-m shuttle run test was applied before and after training, and in the 4th and 8th detraining weeks. After the training period, aerobic performance increased in the training group (p<0.05). In addition, aerobic performance increases were maintained for the 4 weeks of detraining (p<0.05). But the performance increments disappeared in the 8th detraining week (p>0.05). Taking a break from the exercise program for more than 4 weeks in healthy young individuals may cause the positive effects of SIT on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) to disappear. SIT participants should not take a break from exercise for more than 4 weeks if they are to maintain aerobic gain.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zubeyde Aslankeser, Cebrail Altinsoy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sex-related external and internal load indicators during a congested youth handball tournament in Costa Rica
The purpose of this research was to identify external and internal load indicators in youth handball, during a congested tournament held in Costa Rica, and to determine whether there are sex-related differences. Variables were selected through the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) as a data reduction technique. The data were obtained from 73 youth handball players (33 women and 38 men) from eight local clubs, during a three-day congested tournament. Twelve games were analyzed (six male and six female games) using PCA and an independent t-Student test for sex-related differences. Six major load indicators were identified—six for external load (relative distance [RD], relative acceleration [RAcc], maximum acceleration [MaxAcc], maximum speed [MS] and difference between acceleration a deceleration [DfAcc-Dec]) and one for internal load (average heart rate [AvHR]). In the men, the most representative indicators were RD, AvHR and MaxAcc, which accounted for 39.6% of the variance. In the women, these were MS and MaxAcc, accounting for 44.4% of the variance. RAcc (p < .01), MaxAcc (p < .01) and MS (p < .01) were higher in men, whereas AvHR (p = .02) was higher in women. The conclusion is that external and internal load showed differences between male and female players. Men can be characterized by volume-related variables, whereas intensity-related indicators were more frequent for women. For congested tournaments, it is important to separate training loads according to sex, as well as to prioritize the physical qualities for training.
Copyright (c) 2024 Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Jose Pino-Ortega, Carlos Gómez-Carmona, Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez, Jose Trejos-Montoya, Braulio Sánchez-Ureña, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Vargas, Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[Portuguese original] Sources of knowledge of teacher-coaches of school volleyball in Catarina
The study aimed to identify the sources of knowledge most valued by the teachers-coaches of school volleyball in Santa Catarina, considering academic training, federative training, experience as an athlete, and professional development cycles. The study included 52 school volleyball coaches who worked in the state stages of the Santa Catarina School Games in 2022. Data were collected through the Coach Training Profile test, which includes the dimensions of academic education, the experience of the athlete, and professional experience. Data were analyzed using the software SPSS, version 20.0, with a significance level of p≤0.05. The results point to a greater appreciation of sources of knowledge from professional experience (42.08±5.79) and academic training (41.19±6.00) in the preparation of the training process. Licensed and/or licensed teacher-coaches, with less professional experience and without federative training, significantly value the sources of knowledge acquired during competitive sporting experiences as athletes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Anderson Marcelino, Willen Remon Tozetto, Sandy Dorian Isla Alcoser, Allana Alencar, Ana Flávia Backes, José Carlos Mendes, Juarez Vieira do Nascimento http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pre-Season Anthropometric Assessment and Physical Abilities in Costa Rican Soccer Players
The purposes of this study were to describe and compare the status of physical abilities in Costa Rican soccer players at the beginning and end of the pre-season. Two first-division and two second-division Costa Rican soccer teams (n = 113 players) were evaluated for the variables of age, height (descriptive variables), weight, fat percentage, body mass index, jump versus movement and maximum aerobic speed, and maximum oxygen consumption was estimated with the 30-15 Test. One-way ANOVAs were carried out for independent groups with the first measurements, in order to obtain differences between the teams, and one-way ANOVAs of repeated measures in order to compare the measurements at different points in the evaluation. In the measurements carried out at the beginning of pre-season, significant differences were found in the variables under study, where one team varied significantly from the other three, except for height. In the post-season measurements, there were significant differences in weight (F = 7,394, p = .014), fat percentage (F = 6,339, p = .023) and jump vs. movement (F = 9,068, p = .007) for the first-division team, and in fat percentage (F = 8,263, p = .010) for the second-division team. The differences found between the teams are probably due to the young age of the team with lower scores, whereas the pre-season period of the teams being examined showed an effect on the body composition variables. A decrease in jump vs. movement was observed in the first-division team.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rafael Carvajal Espinoza, Francisco Barquero, Johnny Montoya, Rodrigo Cordero Tencio http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[Spanish translation] Self-reported characterization of sleep quality in trained male and female amateur triathletes: a descriptive study
Sleep quality is a determining factor for performance and health of sportspeople in general. The objective of the present study was to characterize sleep quality in trained male and female amateur triathletes aged between 20 and 59 years. A survey was carried out with 151 trained amateur triathletes, 108 men (38.6 ± 8.1 years; 5.8 ± 4.3 years’ experience in triathlon training; training frequency 6.3 ± 0.9 days per week) and 43 women (39.3 ± 7.6 years; 4.8 ± 3.3 years’ experience in triathlon training; training frequency 6.5 ± 0.6 days per week). Sleep quality was measured through the Pittsburgh-Br Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-Br). Total values under 05 points indicate sleep quality is good, and values equal to or above 05 points indicate poor sleep quality. Sub-scale data were analyzed by using absolute and relative frequencies. The remaining data for characterizing sleep quality were analyzed with median, mean, standard deviation, standard error and a confidence interval of 95% of the mean. Both male and female triathletes have poor sleep quality (values equal to or above 05 points), which can have negative effects on health and performance. In conclusion, all athletes, regardless of gender and age group, have poor sleep quality.
Copyright (c) 2024 Luiz Vieira da Silva Neto, Tatiana Albuquerque Melo Kramer, Gloria Maria Alves Trajano, Luiz José Frota Solon Júnior http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[English original] Self-reported characterization of sleep quality in trained male and female amateur triathletes: a descriptive study
[English original] The effects of sprint interval training and detraining on aerobic fitness in young adults
Perceived barriers and level of physical activity in colombian college students during the covid-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic led to new lifestyles that imply risks to physical and mental health; they also altered family, social, work, and academic routines. Students who started university studies were faced with a new education system, so the behavior of the practice of physical activity during this period is unknown. This research aimed to identify the perceived barriers and the level of physical activity in first-semester university students of University Institution National School of Sport . For this purpose, a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out in which 381 students participated: 258 physiotherapy students and 123 sports professionals, enrolled in 2020-2 and 2021-1. The instruments to collect the information were the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Barriers to Being Active Quiz (BBAQ). The results showed that 55.64% of the participants reported low levels of physical activity, with higher percentages in the physiotherapy group; 85.79% appeared at least one barrier to physical activity, with statistically significant differences between the physiotherapy group compared to the sport group for the barriers of lack of time, will and social influence. In conclusion, it was possible to show low levels of physical activity in the physiotherapy group compared to the sport group that reported higher levels of moderate and vigorous physical activity, in both groups the lack of time and lack of willpower were the most relevant perceived barriers, but in different percentages.
Copyright (c) 2023 María Nancy Rubio Silva, Libardo Córdoba Rentería, Diego Fernando Orejuela Aristizabal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Basic movement patterns in jumping: an assessment of the process and output
This study examines the relationship between output assessment and process assessment for basic movement patterns in jumping and throwing. Forty subjects, all male, 10.03 ± 0.3 years old, 37.82 ± 13.9 kg, 139 ± 28 cm and 19.38 ± 4.5 IMC (kg/m2) participated. The Basic Movement Patterns Instrument (IPBM) was used for assessing the process. For the output, length jump and over-the-shoulder throw tests were made for jumping and throwing, respectively. A descriptive statistics was carried out (averages and standard deviations) for the anthropometric measurements, and for examining the relationship of the outcomes of the two output and process attempts, Spearman correlation at a significance level of p ≤ 0.5 and p ≤ .01 was used. The resulting correlations showed the existence of a positive and significant relationship between process assessment and output assessment of jumping of (r = 0.447; p = .004; r2 = 0.200) in attempt 1 and of (r = 0.562; p < .0001; r2 = 0.316) in attempt 2. Similar results were found between process assessment and output assessment of throwing, (r = 0.332; p = .043; r2 = 0.011) in attempt 1 and (r = 0.311; p = .051, r2 = 0.097) in attempt 2. The correlation indicates that the subjects with the best results in process-oriented assessments have better results in output-oriented assessments; this suggests that the output can be improved by improving the technique. In understanding how process-oriented assessment and output-oriented assessment are mutually related, and in identifying what you want to measure and for what purpose, objectivity can be expected in the methods for assessing the performance of human movement with a process and output approach.
Copyright (c) 2023 Magally Márquez-Barquero, Walter Salazar Rojas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[Spanish translation] Accessibility perception of chilean para-athletes, road to Santiago 2023
The objective of this research is three-fold: 1) to understand Para-athletes’ perceptions on accessibility regarding Santiago 2023 Parapan American games’ future venues, 2) to establish differences in perception due to the origin of the disability, and 3) document alignment, if any, with athletes with high support needs (AHSN). This research is a two-phased quantitative cross-sectional study, which at the first stage developed the “Para-athletes Perception on Accessibility Survey” (PPA-D) and, at the second stage, the survey was applied to 96 Chilean Para-athletes (77.8% men, mean age = 31.0 ± 11.6 years old). The test obtained a validation coefficient of = 0.96. Regarding the sample characteristics, 16.6% corresponded to participants with visual impairment, 35.1% were AHSN, 51.5% were linked to high-level competition, and 59.3% travelled on their own to their training sessions. A negative perception of accessibility was found, mainly concerning minibuses, elevators, and restroom spaces, affecting mostly AHSN with visual impairment (F1.101 = 14.01, p = .0003). We conclude that it is important to address gender, disability, and AHSN gaps to guarantee equitable participation under a framework of the law and social rights.
Copyright (c) 2023 Nicolás Felipe Contreras Jofré, José Ignacio Pinochet Gilli, Enrique Alejandro Aguayo Carrasco, Matías Binimelis Hermosilla, Sebastián Benjamín Pérez Nuñez, Rodrigo Clemente Vergara Ortúzar, Fernando Muñoz Hinrichsen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[Spanish translation] A novel validation approach shows new, solid reasons why vertical jump height should not be used to predict leg power
Jump height continues to be widely used to predict power in humans. Individual progress is often monitored on the basis of estimated power, but prediction equations are based on group data. The objective of the study was to show that vertical jump performance (VJP) and mechanical power are poorly associated, particularly within individuals. Two experiments are presented. First, 52 physically active male college students performed five maximal vertical jumps each. Second, three young male participants performed 50 maximal jumps each. Participants rested for 1 minute between jumps. VJP was calculated from kinematic data as peak body center of mass (BCOM) minus standing BCOM; peak power (PEAKPWR) was calculated from the vertical ground reaction force registered by a force plate, and average power (MEANPWR) during propulsion from the change in potential energy of BCOM. Regression analyses were performed using standardized VJP scores as the predictor variable and standardized power scores as the resulting variables, expecting an identity function of y = x (intercept = 0, slope = 1) and R2 = 1. In experiment 1, the model for zPEAKPWR R2 = 0.9707 (p < 0.0001) but slope (0.3452) ≠ 1 (p < 0.0001). The model for zMEANPWR R2 = 0.9239 (p < 0.0001); nevertheless, slope (0.4257) ≠ 1 (p < 0.0001). In experiment 2, all individual models for zPEAKPWR and zMEANPWR resulted in poor associations (R2 ≤ 0.21) and slopes ≠ 1 (p≤0.001). In conclusion, regression analysis for individuals, and even for groups, confirms that VJP is a poor predictor of mechanical power.
Copyright (c) 2023 Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas, María Isabel González-Lutz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[English original] A novel validation approach shows new, solid reasons why vertical jump height should not be used to predict leg power
[Spanish original] Maximum heart rate prediction equations fail key external validation test
Maximum heart rate equations (HRmax) have been used due to their easy availability and practicality, as compared to stress tests. However, the best-known equation, “220 – age”, shows low reliability and deviations of up to 12 beats/min. New formulae have been proposed, but they have not been correctly validated. The purpose of this study was to validate 7 prediction equations by using and independent data base. A data base of 634 subjects (474 men and 160 women) from 18–85 years of age, obtained within a health service developed at the University of Michigan from 1990–1992, has been used. The subjects performed a VO2max test in a treadmill, following a free protocol. A linear regression technique was used in which the appropriate equations were those that met the two hypotheses: slope = 1 and constant = 0. According to the results, none of the equations analyzed for the full sample accepted both hypotheses. When doing the analysis by sex, six of the equations met the two hypotheses for the women, but none of them for the men; and when the analysis was done by age group, 4 of the equations met the hypotheses for the group 40 years old or younger, but not for those above 40. The HRmax seems to be difficult to predict through a single equation. Therefore, it is recommended that, when a valid measure for this variable is needed, a stress test be used.
Copyright (c) 2023 Priscilla Portuguez Molina, Luis Fernando Aragón Vargas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Level of motor coordination in children participating in the integral sports schools program of chile’s sports ministry
In recent years, it has been identified that low general motor coordination affects low participation in instances of free play, organized and free sports activities. In turn, a better motor domain is related to a low level of sedentary lifestyle and therefore a higher level of physical activity. Goal. To compare the level of general motor coordination of boys and girls participating in the Sports Initiation component of the "Comprehensive Sports Schools" program of the Chilean Ministry of Sports ("Learning in Movement" since 2019) with those of a control group, in different regions of Chile. . Methodology. In relation to the sample, 417 boys and girls were evaluated (341 EDI group and 76 control group) from eight regions of the country (Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, O`Higgins, Metropolitana, Bío - Bío, Araucanía and Los Lagos) whose ages fluctuated between 6 and 11 years of age. To collect information, the 3JS instrument was used, consisting of seven tasks (3 for locomotion and 4 for object control). Results. Males have better performance than females in general motor coordination. By grouping the test items according to the type of coordination, they also outperform the ladies in locomotion and object control. Boys and girls from the Los Lagos region perform better in six of the seven tests. The boys and girls who participated in the program (EDI group) obtained better results than the control group, in five of the seven tests. Conclusion. Boys outperform girls in locomotor coordination and object control tests, as well as in general motor coordination scores. The boys and girls of the EDI program outperform their peers who do not participate in these instances, evidencing a greater difference in tests that require throwing, precision and obstacle draw.
motor coordination, motor development, locomotion, objetc control.
Copyright (c) 2022 Juan Gabriel Hurtado Almonacid, Jacqueline Páez Herrera, Rosita Abusleme Allimant, Francisco Olate Gómez, Sofía Follegati Shore, Victor Briones Oyanedel, Vicente Mallea Díaz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physical activity in Costa Rican urban population and its relationship to socio-demographic and anthropometric patterns
The objective of this study was to describe the amount of physical activity carried out by Costa Rican urban population and to determine its relationship to socio-demographic and anthropometric variables. A representative sample of Costa Rican urban population, made up by 798 individuals, was analyzed. The physical activity data (displacement, free time and total) were taken through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Participants were classified as active or inactive according to the internationally recommendation of physical activity. 37.1% of participants did not meet the recommendations. It was also observed that the time of physical activity was significantly longer (p< .001) in men (535.3 vs. 371.3 min/week) in younger people (584.3 min/week in the 15-19 years old group vs. 309.2 min/week in the 50-65 years old group) and in people that were not overweight (521.3 vs. 411.7 min/week). The waist circumference was significantly lower in active people (90.6 vs. 94.1 cm, p < .011), and active men also showed a lower neck circumference (38.2 vs. 39.6 cm, p < .001), lower weight (75.7 vs. 79.3 kg, p = .025) and a lower body mass index (26.1 vs. 27.9 kg/m2, p = .004). These results could be used to raise awareness on the need for improvement in the implementation of global policies and practices to promote physical activity.
Copyright (c) 2022 Georgina Gómez, Elvira Salas Hidalgo, Amed Sheik Oreamuno, Gerson Ferrari de Morais http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[Spanish translation] Anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young costa rican basketball players
The purpose of this study was to describe an anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players according to sex, play positions and age. The assessment was carried outa on 99 young players (43 women and 56 men; 18 guards, 51 forwards and 30 centers; 42 in the U16 category and 57 in the U18 category) from eight different teams. The sports experience of the players was 6.5 ± 3.1 years. The following parameters were assessed: height, weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass and body fat percentage, countermovement test (CMJ) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level I. The main results showed significantly higher values in men than in women in terms of weight, height, skeletal muscle mass, distance covered in the yo-yo test, VO2max, height in CMJ and in flight time. Body fat percentage was higher in women than in men. Centers showed significantly higher height, weight and body fat percentage than other play positions. Guards and forwards covered more meters in the yo-yo test and showed higher VO2max than centers. No significant differences were found between the U16 and U18 categories in any variable. Regression models showed the influence of weight, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass and age on VO2max and CMJ. In conclusion, these indicators varied according to the sex and play position of the players. Additionally, this information will be useful for processes of promotion, development and training design of youth basketball in Costa Rica.
Copyright (c) 2023 Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas, José Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez, José Pino-Ortega, José Andrés Trejos-Moya, Luis Blanco-Romero, Braulio Sánchez-Ureña, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Vargas, Daniel Rojas-Valverde http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Compared study of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle and physical self-concept among chilean adolescents with and without special educational
The objective of the study was to compare the level of physical activity (PAL), sedentary lifestyle and physical self-concept in school students of both genders in the region of Araucanía (Chile) with and without Transitory Special Educational Needs (TSEN). The research has a quantitative approach with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design and a compared descriptive scope. The assessment included 43 adolescents between 15-17 years old in the region of Araucanía, with and without TSEN. The team applied the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), the physical self-concept questionnaire (CAF) and the adolescent sedentary activity questionnaire (ASAQ). The main results showed that, as related to PAL, the majority of students without TSEN were situated in the medium level, while those with TSEN were situated in the lower level with significant differences between them. Concerning the sedentary lifestyle, both groups showed a highly sedentary behavior, without significant differences and with a 3415 minute average. For physical self-concept, no significant differences were observed in the comparison. The conclusion is that, while adolescents with TSEN showed a physical self-concept and sedentary behavior similar to adolescents without TSEN, their levels of physical activity were significantly lower, so that the role of the Physical Education teacher can be key in the modification of habits in physical activity and sports in adolescents with TSEN, as well as in the organization of a higher offer of inclusive sports or physical instances.
Copyright (c) 2022 Noemi Salvador Soler, Carlos Roberto Arriagada Hernández http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[Spanish translation] Unique features of physical education – a look at evaluation
Evaluation of learning is integrated into all curricular components, including Physical Education, which deals with knowledge related to bodily culture, such as play and games, gymnastics, dancing, sports, wrestling and adventure activities. Seeking to better understand the characteristics of evaluative activities developed by physical education teachers, a descriptive study with a qualitative approach was carried out in the municipal territory of Marechal Cândido Rondon, State of Paraná, Brazil. The data were obtained by applying a semi-structured interview, which was considered valid in terms of language clarity, practical relevance and theoretical significance. Data collection took place between August and October, 2017, at school facilities. The data were analyzed qualitatively through the content analysis technique, and classified into evaluation functions, number of evaluations carried out per quarter, instruments/procedures, evaluation criteria and difficulties that came up during the evaluation process. The results showed that the evaluation process was both formal and informal, and was carried out through tests and papers, presented as a requirement of the school and focused on examining the appropriation of theoretical or conceptual knowledge, as well as through observation by the teacher. They were focused on analyzing the motion and technical evolution of each student, in addition to assessing their participation and involvement in the classroom. Generally speaking, the evaluation developed by the teachers sought to respond to the determinations of the school system and the unique features of knowledge related to body culture that are approached in this discipline.
Copyright (c) 2022 Evandra Hein Mendes, Nilmar Defreyn
Perception of quality of life in chilean para-athletes and non-athletes with brain injury
Quality of life (QOL) and physical activity are relevant aspects in the health of the population, and the latter has a positive impact on people with disabilities. For this reason, the objectives of this study were to compare the characteristics and identify the association between the domains of QOL perception between a group of people with brain injury who practice soccer, para-athletes (PD) and non-para-athletes with brain injury (NPD), as well as to determine if there are differences in the perception of QOL according to the different sports classes (FT1, FT2 and FT3). The study was carried out in Chile, where the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was applied to determine the QOL of participants. The results identified a positive and significant relationship between the different domains of QOL (p < .001, r = .44 - .67). In addition, a better perception of QoL was observed in the PDs (p < .001, TE = 1.18, large) compared to that reported by the NPD group. On the other hand, no significant differences between domains were obtained for the different sport classes in the PD group. These data reinforce the idea that sport practice influences social participation and perception of QoL in PD with brain injury. The joint development of the factors associated between health and socioemotional well-being could collaborate in the consolidation of sports practice and physical activity, which, in turn, are beneficial for people with disabilities, as proposed by the Sustainable Development Goals in their work agenda foreseen for the year 2030.
Copyright (c) 2022 Maria Isabel Cornejo, Matías Henríquez, Felipe Herrera, Fernando Muñoz, Nathalia Bernardes, José Ricardo Auricchio, Luis Felipe Castelli Correia de Campos
Physical activity, time in front of the computer, sleep hours and body mass index in adolescents in times of pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in enormous changes in people’s daily life activities. The levels of physical activity have decreased, time in front of the computer has increased, and this has caused physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles in schoolchildren. The authors’ objective was to determine the direct relationship between physical activity, time in front of the computer and sleep hours, on the one hand, and, on the other, body mass index in adolescents of ages 12-17 in the region of Puno, Peru. The approach used is quantitative, and the type of research undertaken is non-experimental with a cross-cutting design. An intentional non-probabilistic sample was applied, consisting of 485 adolescents (241 females and 224 males) with an average age of (14.14 ± 1.34). The instruments used were the physical activity questionnaire, the time in front of the computer with Cronbach’s Alpha reliability analysis of .918 and .862, plus the self-report of body weight and standing height. Results: 20.65% of females show a low physical activity level, while high physical activity is predominant in 9.87% of males; 14.19% of females spend more time in front of the computer during the week (6-7 hours per day), in contrast with males (12.26%); 23.66% of females show overweight and 5.81% of them show obesity, while for males these percentages are 20% and 3.23%. An inversely proportional Spearman Rho correlation of -0.167 and p < .01 exists. The conclusion is that the body mass index increases with less physical activity.
Copyright (c) 2022 Alcides Flores Paredes, Daniel Coila Pancca
[English original] Anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players
Copyright (c) 2022 Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas, Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez, Jose Pino-Ortega, Jose Andrés Trejos-Montoya, Luis Blanco-Romero, Braulio Sánchez-Ureña, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Vargas, Daniel Rojas-Valverde http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
[English original] Accessibility perception of chilean para-athletes, road to Santiago 2023
Copyright (c) 2022 Nicolás Contreras Jofré, José Pinochet Gilli, Enrique Aguayo Carrasco, Matías Binimelis Hermosilla, Sebastián Perez Nuñez, Rodrigo Vergara Ortuzar, Fernando Ignacio Muñoz Hinrichsen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fundamental motor skills in chilean preschoolers
Fundamental Motor Skills (FMS) have been identified as a key factor in fostering active, healthy lifestyles throughout life. However, FMS findings among preschoolers are mixed. The objective of this study is to describe the categorization of the scores obtained in the FMS test, as well as to clarify the differences by sex and age. A cross-cutting design study was carried out with 145 preschool children (84 of them boys) of ages 4 to 6 (5.44 ± 0.58 years old) participating in a national program of the Ministry of Sports. FMS were measured by using the gross motor development test (second edition). For the category analysis of the FMS, the scores obtained in the test were converted to percentiles, presented through frequency tables. In order to analyze sex and age differences, U of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were used for those without normal distribution, and the Student t and one-way ANOVA analyses for variables with normal distribution. The main outcomes indicate that preschoolers mostly obtain scores above the ≥p50 percentile. Boys showed higher ≥p50 scores in locomotion skills, object control (p = 007) and total FMS than girls. Boys and girls showed higher ≥p50 scores with increase in age in locomotion skills (p = .002), object control (p <.001) and total FMS (p <.001). In conclusion, Chilean preschoolers show fair performance in FMS, and manifest significant differences by sex and age, mainly in object control.
Copyright (c) 2022 Paz Belén Fernández-Valero, Johana Soto-Sánchez