Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
type: channel
description: PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud (Thinking in / about motion: Journal on Exercise and Health Sciences): is an international scientific journal from the School of Physical Education and the Human Movement Science Research Center of the University of Costa Rica, addressed to all professionals and specialized readers in this area. Its goal is to promote universal research on Human Movement and Health Sciences. Key words: Exercise Physiology, Biomechanics, Sports Psychology, Sports Nutrition, Motor Learning, Sports Medicine. OAI protocol from this journal: https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rpem/oai
publisher: Universidad de Costa Rica
language: en
publication name: Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
issn: 1659-4436
items: Database of Where the game begins: home court advantage and performance contexts in female youth basketball leagues
items: Data base of Variability in resting heart rate in older women practicing Tai Chi Chuan versus non-exercising controls: a cross-sectional comparative study
items: Data base of Acute changes in metabolic and cardiovascular variables resulting from sedentary behavior exposure: a systematic review
items: Consolidation of human movement science as a STEM discipline
items: [Spanish translation] Influence of Physical Complaints on Workload and Readiness-to-Train in U23 Footballers: A Preparatory Period for The Olympic Games
items: [English original] Variability in resting heart rate in older women practicing Tai Chi Chuan versus non-exercising controls: a cross-sectional comparative study
items: [English original] Isokinetic evaluation and treatment in the postoperative period of rotator cuff disease: a case report
items: [Spanish translation] Variability in resting heart rate in older women practicing Tai Chi Chuan versus non-exercising controls: a cross-sectional comparative study
items: A reflection on sport as a catalyst for positive development in vulnerable youth
items: Variación de la velocidad y la frecuencia cardiaca durante un maratón en un ambiente caluroso
items: Acute effect of trampoline training on stability, jump height, and speed in 20-meter sprints in cheerleaders
items: [Original en español] Science fatigue
items: Influence of two types of warm-ups on the explosive force of the lower body in physical education students
items: [Portuguese Translation] Limitations of Temporal (Forehead) Temperature Readings as a Screening Method for Covid-19
items: Data base of Power and electromyographic activity in college volleyball players
items: Data base of Efecto agudo de las bebidas energéticas en el rendimiento anaeróbico: un metaanálisis
items: Data base of Percepción de la sed durante el ejercicio y en la rehidratación ad libitum post ejercicio en calor húmedo y seco
items: Data base of Refining music tempo for an ergogenic effect on stationary cycling exercise
items: Data base of Thirst response to post-exercise fluid replacement needs and controlled drinking
items: Data base of Contextual interference in motor skills performance: a meta-analysis review
items: Gimnasia de competición en la trayectoria escolar de estudiantes ingresantes a la licenciatura en educación física en Paraná - Brasil
items: Costa Rica without Borders #21
items: Effect of active warm-ups and different recovery intervals on swimming performance
items: Effect of mental and physical practice in the motor performance and muscle electrical activity in healthy students
items: A walking intervention for sedentary employees: effects on self-regulation and self-efficacy
items: Meta-analysis: effects of mental preparation techniques based on imagery - hypnosis on flow states and athletic performance
items: Assessment of school physical education learning
items: Power and electromyographic activity in college volleyball players
items: Speed and heart rate variation during marathon running in a hot environment
items: Competitive gymnastics in the school trajectory of freshman students in physical education programs in Paraná – Brazil

Database of Where the game begins: home court advantage and performance contexts in female youth basketball leagues
type: item
description: The purpose of this study was to research on the extent of home court advantage (HA) and the percentage of home wins (HW), and to compare both metrics between different age categories (U14, U16 and U18) and the levels of ability in female youth basketball teams. Data were gathered from the Madrid Basketball Federation over five seasons (2018–2019 through 2023–2024), analyzing a total 545 teams over three age categories: 178 U14 teams, 183 U16 teams and 184 U18 teams. Games without audience and the 2020–2021 season were not taken into account. Through a two-step cluster analysis, teams were classified according to ability into five groups: Foundational, Development, Competitive, High Performance, and Élite. The team’s ability had significant impact both on HA and HW (p < 0.001). Foundational teams showed significantly lower values of HA (50.0%) and HW (10.0%) when compared to groups of greater ability, whereas Élite teams reached the highest HW values (88.8%). Across categories, significant differences were observed in HA, with values increasing from U14 (50.0%) to U16 (53.9%) and U18 (54.2%), which indicates a small increase consistent with age, whereas no significant differences were found in HW. The team’s ability, rather than the age category, was identified as the major factor impacting HA and HW. Foundational teams showed the lowest HA and HW values; Development teams reached the highest HA, and Élite teams achieved the highest HW. These findings indicate that the team’s ability plays a decisive role in the two performance results under study, whereas age category has only a limited influence.
subject: Databases, novel methods and other complementary files
  topic: section
subject: desempeño
  topic: keywords
subject: análisis estadístico en deportes
  topic: keywords
subject: juegos de básquetbol
  topic: keywords
subject: deportes grupales
  topic: keywords
creator: Adrián López-García
creator: Rafael Manuel Navarro
creator: Enrique Alonso-Pérez Chao
creator: Sergio L. Jiménez-Sáiz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
doi: 10.15517/7h2qd303

Data base of Variability in resting heart rate in older women practicing Tai Chi Chuan versus non-exercising controls: a cross-sectional comparative study
type: item
description: PURPOSE: The study compared Resting Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in elderly women practicing Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) versus non-exercising controls to evaluate its impact on heart autonomic modulation. METHODOLOGY: Twenty elderly women were allocated into two groups: TCC practitioners (n=10) and non-exercising controls (n=10). The groups were similar in baseline characteristics, including age (TCC: 64.6 ± 3.3 yrs; control: 66.5 ± 7.3 yrs), body mass (TCC: 60.8 ± 4.3 kg; control: 65.5 ± 12.1 kg), height (TCC: 1.52 ± 0.07 m; control: 1.50 ± 0.05 m), and BMI (TCC: 26.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2; control: 28.9 ± 4.3 kg/m2). HRV was assessed using a heart rate monitor and symbolic analysis, focusing on 0V% (sympathetic activity) and 2ULV% (parasympathetic activity). RESULTS: For sympathetic modulation (0V%), the TCC group exhibited significantly lower values at moment 1 (TCC: 28.7 ± 7.9 vs. control: 41.6 ± 8.6, p = 0.003, 95%CI: -20.74 to -5.07; d = -1.56) and moment 2 (TCC: 27.0 ± 12.0 vs. control: 38.9 ± 11.7, p = 0.038, 95%CI: -23.09 to -0.72; d = -1.00), indicating reduced sympathetic dominance among TCC practitioners. In contrast, parasympathetic modulation (2ULV%) was significantly higher in the TCC group at moment 1 (TCC: 13.9 ± 3.5 vs. control: 10.6 ± 2.5, p = 0.032, 95%CI: 0.31 to 6.17; d = 1.08) and moment 2 (TCC: 14.4 ± 3.5 vs. control: 10.5 ± 3.3, p = 0.021, 95%CI: 0.67 to 7.21; d = 1.15). CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the benefits of regular TCC practice, demonstrating its potential to enhance parasympathetic activity and reduce sympathetic activity, thus contributing to autonomic balance and possible cardiovascular protection. Despite limitations like the small sample size and cross-sectional design, TCC is identified as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for cardiovascular health improvement in elderly women, with symbolic analysis effectively capturing patterns of autonomic regulation.
subject: Databases, novel methods and other complementary files
  topic: section
subject: physical activity
  topic: keywords
subject: elderly people
  topic: keywords
subject: health
  topic: keywords
subject: tai chi chuan
  topic: keywords
creator: Lucas Camilo Pereira
creator: Júlio Cesar Barbosa de Lima Pinto
creator: Renêe de Caldas Honorato
creator: Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy
creator: André Igor Fonteles
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
doi: 10.15517/a4s3cn26

Data base of Acute changes in metabolic and cardiovascular variables resulting from sedentary behavior exposure: a systematic review
type: item
description: PURPOSE: This review aimed to analyze possible acute effects resulting from prolonged exposure to sedentary behavior on metabolic and cardiovascular variables. METHODOLOGY: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Virtual Health Library databases between March 4 and April 16, 2024, identifying 21 experimental studies for the final qualitative synthesis. RESULTS: The main outcome variables reported were the area under the glucose and insulin curve, blood pressure, blood flow, and flow-mediated dilation. Regarding metabolic variables, reductions in glucose and insulin concentrations and increases in triglycerides while sitting were observed over time. For cardiovascular variables, the studies analyzing blood pressure showed conflicting results; however, endothelial variables showed deleterious changes during prolonged sitting. CONCLUSION: The studies included focused mainly on strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of sedentary behavior, highlighting a lack of research specifically aimed at addressing real-time effects during uninterrupted sedentary sessions. Therefore, standardized approaches and dose–response analyses are essential to enhance understanding of the impacts of prolonged sedentary behavior on health and metabolism.
subject: Databases, novel methods and other complementary files
  topic: section
subject: sedentary behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: metabolism
  topic: keywords
subject: disease risk factors
  topic: keywords
subject: health
  topic: keywords
creator: Jonas Ribeiro Gomes da Silva
creator: José Humberto Alves
creator: Antônio Ribeiro Neto
creator: Dernival Bertoncello
creator: Ciro José Brito
creator: Jair Sindra Virtuoso Júnior
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
date: 2026-04-22
publication date: 2026-04-22
doi: 10.15517/rb0z5265

Consolidation of human movement science as a STEM discipline
type: item
description: The recognition of Human Movement Science (HMS) as a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) discipline involves a strategic step towards the scientific and technological consolidation of HMS professionals in Costa Rica. This article examines the curricular, methodological and epistemological structures of HMS to validate its alignment with the STEM criteria set forth by international organizations such as UNESCO. On the basis of a study of Costa Rican university programs and international references, the article proves that HMS includes foundations of biology, physics, mathematics and applied engineering, using advanced technological tools, data analysis and the analysis of complex biological systems. Likewise, the concept of “human body engineering” is proposed as the articulation of the four STEM axes in HMS. Future actions are proposed for strengthening its formal recognition, curricular harmonization, the promotion of interdisciplinary research, technological development, teacher training and political university management. Not regarding HMS as a STEM discipline would involve perpetuating a reductionist view that ignores the role of this discipline as a bridge between science, technology, data analysis, sports and health. Finally, it is concluded that HMS integrates a model of interdisciplinary applied science with a high potential for driving innovation, scientific literacy and the sustainability of knowledge in health and sports.
subject: News in Motion
  topic: section
subject: educational innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: biomedical technology
  topic: keywords
subject: curriculum
  topic: keywords
subject: university pedagogy
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Rojas-Valverde
creator: Esteban Sibaja-Marín
creator: Dionela Cásares-Mighty
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
date: 2026-02-20
publication date: 2026-02-20
starting page: e4456
ending page: e4456
doi: 10.15517/1094xm08

[Spanish translation] Influence of Physical Complaints on Workload and Readiness-to-Train in U23 Footballers: A Preparatory Period for The Olympic Games
type: item
description: PURPOSE: This study examined the relationship between physical complaints on training load and readiness-to-train in footballers during shock microcycles and tapering periods leading up to the Olympic Games. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-six under-23 footballers from the Honduras National Team participated (age: 22.5 ± 1.8 years). The external load was evaluated using global positioning system, and maximal speed (km/h), sprinting distance (>24.1 km/h), very high-intensity running distance (18.1-24 km/h), high-intensity running distance HID (15.1-18 km/h), player load, number of accelerations (+2.5 m/s²) and decelerations (-2.5 m/s²) were obtained. In addition, subjective measures such as the perceived rating exertion and the total quality of recovery scale were performed. A readiness-to-train questionnaire, encompassing mood, sleep quality, energy levels, muscle pain, nutrition, stress, and health was administered. RESULTS: Physical complaints were identified using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire. The findings show the presence of physical complaints in both the load accumulation and the tapering periods. Footballers who experienced physical complaints showed lower perceived exertion, higher muscle soreness and poorer sleep quality, health, and motivation. Also, lower performance was demonstrated in maximal speed, sprinting, accelerations, and decelerations. CONCLUSION: Sports scientists should closely monitor physical complaints in national football teams and prevent injuries before long-duration events such as the Olympic Games.
subject: Science and Football
  topic: section
subject: sports injury prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: sports performance
  topic: keywords
subject: team sports
  topic: keywords
subject: football training
  topic: keywords
creator: Aldo Alfonso Vasquez Bonilla
creator: Sebastián Urrutia de Freitas
creator: José Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez
creator: Luis Enrique Carranza García
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
date: 2026-05-13
publication date: 2026-05-13
starting page: e8064
ending page: e8064
doi: 10.15517/sa0dh792

[English original] Variability in resting heart rate in older women practicing Tai Chi Chuan versus non-exercising controls: a cross-sectional comparative study
type: item
description: PURPOSE: The study compared Resting Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in elderly women practicing Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) versus non-exercising controls to evaluate its impact on heart autonomic modulation. METHODOLOGY: Twenty elderly women were allocated into two groups: TCC practitioners (n=10) and non-exercising controls (n=10). The groups were similar in baseline characteristics, including age (TCC: 64.6 ± 3.3 yrs; control: 66.5 ± 7.3 yrs), body mass (TCC: 60.8 ± 4.3 kg; control: 65.5 ± 12.1 kg), height (TCC: 1.52 ± 0.07 m; control: 1.50 ± 0.05 m), and BMI (TCC: 26.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2; control: 28.9 ± 4.3 kg/m2). HRV was assessed using a heart rate monitor and symbolic analysis, focusing on 0V% (sympathetic activity) and 2ULV% (parasympathetic activity). RESULTS: For sympathetic modulation (0V%), the TCC group exhibited significantly lower values at moment 1 (TCC: 28.7 ± 7.9 vs. control: 41.6 ± 8.6, p = 0.003, 95%CI: -20.74 to -5.07; d = -1.56) and moment 2 (TCC: 27.0 ± 12.0 vs. control: 38.9 ± 11.7, p = 0.038, 95%CI: -23.09 to -0.72; d = -1.00), indicating reduced sympathetic dominance among TCC practitioners. In contrast, parasympathetic modulation (2ULV%) was significantly higher in the TCC group at moment 1 (TCC: 13.9 ± 3.5 vs. control: 10.6 ± 2.5, p = 0.032, 95%CI: 0.31 to 6.17; d = 1.08) and moment 2 (TCC: 14.4 ± 3.5 vs. control: 10.5 ± 3.3, p = 0.021, 95%CI: 0.67 to 7.21; d = 1.15). CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the benefits of regular TCC practice, demonstrating its potential to enhance parasympathetic activity and reduce sympathetic activity, thus contributing to autonomic balance and possible cardiovascular protection. Despite limitations like the small sample size and cross-sectional design, TCC is identified as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for cardiovascular health improvement in elderly women, with symbolic analysis effectively capturing patterns of autonomic regulation.
subject: Clinical Studies
  topic: section
subject: physical activity
  topic: keywords
subject: elderly people
  topic: keywords
subject: health
  topic: keywords
subject: tai chi chuan
  topic: keywords
creator: Lucas Camilo Pereira
creator: Júlio Cesar Barbosa de Lima Pinto
creator: Renêe de Caldas Honorato
creator: Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy
creator: André Igor Fonteles
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: e741
ending page: e741
doi: 10.15517/ke199s42

[English original] Isokinetic evaluation and treatment in the postoperative period of rotator cuff disease: a case report
type: item
description: INTRODUCTION: Even with a successful surgical procedure to repair the rotator cuff (RC), immobilization, pain, or muscle atrophy can lead to dysfunction and reduced RC strength, PURPOSE: This study sought to analyze the effects of physiotherapy through isokinetic exercises in these dysfunctions. METHODOLOGY: This is a case report of a 60-year-old male patient diagnosed with subluxation of the humeral head, and full-thickness tear of the supraspinatus tendon, with laceration, and tendinous retraction of approximately 2.4 cm. The patient underwent an open RC repair. After the failure of conventional physiotherapy, the individual was treated with isokinetic exercises. Functional status was evaluated using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and an isokinetic dynamometer was used to evaluate muscle performance in concentric mode, at velocities of 60, 180, and 300 º/s, in flexion/extension and internal/external shoulder rotation movements. The minimum clinically important difference for functional status was reached. RESULTS: The peak torque (PT) for flexors showed improvement at all velocities; the extensor muscles improved only at 180 °/s. The external rotators showed an enhancement in the PT at 60 and 300 º/s. The agonist/antagonist ratio of extensors/flexors at 60 and 300 º/s showed percentages of improvement above 30 %. For internal/external rotators, the PT results also showed improvements in all velocities. CONCLUSION: In this case study, the isokinetic exercises prescribed in the postoperative period, after an open RC repair, resulted in a positive effect on the recovery of functional status and muscle performance.
subject: Clinical Studies
  topic: section
subject: muscle strength
  topic: keywords
subject: rotator cuff injuries
  topic: keywords
subject: shoulder pain
  topic: keywords
subject: torque
  topic: keywords
creator: Pedro Afonso Cazarin Silva
creator: Claudia Karine Silva
creator: Giovana Ribeiro Munaro
creator: Gabriel Vasconcellos Roberto
creator: Fernanda Queiroz Ribeiro Cerci Mostagi
creator: Alexandre Roberto Marcondes Pelegrinelli
creator: Leandro Caetano Guenka
creator: Jefferson Rosa Cardoso
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: e170
ending page: e170
doi: 10.15517/dpykfb50

[Spanish translation] Variability in resting heart rate in older women practicing Tai Chi Chuan versus non-exercising controls: a cross-sectional comparative study
type: item
description: PURPOSE: The study compared Resting Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in elderly women practicing Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) versus non-exercising controls to evaluate its impact on heart autonomic modulation. METHODOLOGY: Twenty elderly women were allocated into two groups: TCC practitioners (n=10) and non-exercising controls (n=10). The groups were similar in baseline characteristics, including age (TCC: 64.6 ± 3.3 yrs; control: 66.5 ± 7.3 yrs), body mass (TCC: 60.8 ± 4.3 kg; control: 65.5 ± 12.1 kg), height (TCC: 1.52 ± 0.07 m; control: 1.50 ± 0.05 m), and BMI (TCC: 26.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2; control: 28.9 ± 4.3 kg/m2). HRV was assessed using a heart rate monitor and symbolic analysis, focusing on 0V% (sympathetic activity) and 2ULV% (parasympathetic activity). RESULTS: For sympathetic modulation (0V%), the TCC group exhibited significantly lower values at moment 1 (TCC: 28.7 ± 7.9 vs. control: 41.6 ± 8.6, p = 0.003, 95%CI: -20.74 to -5.07; d = -1.56) and moment 2 (TCC: 27.0 ± 12.0 vs. control: 38.9 ± 11.7, p = 0.038, 95%CI: -23.09 to -0.72; d = -1.00), indicating reduced sympathetic dominance among TCC practitioners. In contrast, parasympathetic modulation (2ULV%) was significantly higher in the TCC group at moment 1 (TCC: 13.9 ± 3.5 vs. control: 10.6 ± 2.5, p = 0.032, 95%CI: 0.31 to 6.17; d = 1.08) and moment 2 (TCC: 14.4 ± 3.5 vs. control: 10.5 ± 3.3, p = 0.021, 95%CI: 0.67 to 7.21; d = 1.15). CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the benefits of regular TCC practice, demonstrating its potential to enhance parasympathetic activity and reduce sympathetic activity, thus contributing to autonomic balance and possible cardiovascular protection. Despite limitations like the small sample size and cross-sectional design, TCC is identified as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for cardiovascular health improvement in elderly women, with symbolic analysis effectively capturing patterns of autonomic regulation.
subject: Clinical Studies
  topic: section
subject: physical activity
  topic: keywords
subject: elderly people
  topic: keywords
subject: health
  topic: keywords
subject: tai chi chuan
  topic: keywords
creator: Lucas Camilo Pereira
creator: Júlio Cesar Barbosa de Lima Pinto
creator: Renêe de Caldas Honorato
creator: Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy
creator: André Igor Fonteles
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
date: 2026-06-03
publication date: 2026-06-03
starting page: e8570
ending page: e8570
doi: 10.15517/18my8941

A reflection on sport as a catalyst for positive development in vulnerable youth
type: item
description: INTRODUCTION: Multiple studies have highlighted the value of sport as an empowering and activating instrument that contributes to the integral development of youth, particularly in those facing situations of social vulnerability. When sports experiences are structured, properly planned, and guided, they can enhance interpersonal skills, strengthen self-esteem, and promote the mental and physical health of participants. DEVELOPMENT: The effectiveness of sports interventions with young people largely depends on how they are structured and implemented, as well as on the pedagogical support and the quality of the environments where they take place. From a reflective and critical perspective, this study addresses the contributions, limitations, and scope of the Positive Youth Development (PYD) approach, with the aim of understanding how its principles can strengthen the integral development of youth through sport, oriented with pedagogical consistency and intentional accompaniment in various formation processes. Especially in vulnerable contexts, different effects of sports and physical activity programs become evident; therefore, sports intervention becomes a challenge in achieving sustainable and meaningful outcomes in young people's lives. CONCLUSIONS: When sport is approached from a pedagogical framework that is clear, ethical, and adapted to the context, it reveals its transformative potential. In this way, it contributes to the creation of socially just, inclusive, and safe environments that can strengthen both the personal development of young people and social cohesion and fabric.
subject: Essays and reviews
  topic: section
subject: physical activity
  topic: keywords
subject: youth
  topic: keywords
subject: mental health
  topic: keywords
subject: well-being
  topic: keywords
creator: Gloria Inés Ortega Mora
creator: Carlos Alberto Romero Cuestas
creator: Brian Johan Bustos-Viviescas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: e3167
ending page: e3167
doi: 10.15517/ggc4m993

Variación de la velocidad y la frecuencia cardiaca durante un maratón en un ambiente caluroso
type: item
description: El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la variación de la velocidad de carrera y la frecuencia cardíaca en corredores aficionados durante un maratón en un entorno de alto índice térmico. Dieciocho corredores aficionados (peso: 65.2 ± 12.21 kg, altura: 168.4 ± 10.6 cm, VO2max: 52.9 ± 7.1 ml/kg/min) corrieron un maratón (42 195 m) en cercanía al mar bajo un índice térmico de 27.8 ± 3.52ºC y con recorrido de 0-80 m.s.n.m. La prueba de Pearson mostró una correlación significativa entre el aumento del índice de estrés termal (TGBH) y la variación de la velocidad (r = 0.168, p = 0.049). En este sentido, la duración total de la carrera presentó una relación directa con la velocidad (r = 0.675, p = 0.003) y la variación de la frecuencia cardíaca (r = 0.631, p = 0.007). El tiempo final de carrera se explicó en un 61.6% y 37% por la variación de la velocidad de 26 a 30 km (r 2= 0.61; F = 26.17; p < 0.001) y por la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en el lapso de 31 a 35 km (r 2= 0.37; F= 10.38; p < 0.001) respectivamente. En conclusión, el índice térmico provoca una disminución en el ritmo de la velocidad, este efecto mayor en la segunda mitad de la carrera. Por lo anterior, entrenadores deben planificar entrenamientos y estrategias para mitigar el impacto de estas condiciones en el desempeño físico y fisiológico de los corredores amateur.
subject: Descriptive, Correlational and Qualitative studies
  topic: section
subject: maratón
  topic: keywords
subject: índice de estrés termal
  topic: keywords
subject: ritmo
  topic: keywords
subject: resistencia
  topic: keywords
subject: carga interna
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Rojas-Valverde
creator: Braulio Sánchez-Ureña
creator: Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez
creator: Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
creator: José Pino-Ortega
creator: Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Braulio Sánchez-Ureña, Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez, Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona, José Pino-Ortega, Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
date: 2020-06-04
publication date: 2020-06-04
starting page: e42155
ending page: e42155
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.42155

Acute effect of trampoline training on stability, jump height, and speed in 20-meter sprints in cheerleaders
type: item
description: A total of 53 subjects were recruited (18 men and 35 women) belonging to the Pura Vida Athletics Cheerleading program (Tibás, Costa Rica). Three groups were randomly formed: Trampoline Group (GT), Control Group (GC), and Normal Training Group (GEN). GT followed a traditional ET treatment (approximate duration 45 min; intensity 75-85% of maximum heart rate). Pre-test and post-test measurements of stability (pressure center), speed ​​in 20-m sprints, and jump height (CMJ) were conducted. Regarding stability, GT significantly worsened (p<0.05*) in a bipedal stance compared to GC and, in Liberty, Awesome, and Arabesque stunts GT worsened significantly (p<0.05*) compared to GC and GEN. Height of CMJ of GT was significantly lower (p<0.05*) with respect to GEN, but not with respect to GC. Speed ​​in 20-m sprints of GT decreased significantly (p<0.05*), while GC (p>0.05) and GEN (p>0.05) did not have a significant change. In conclusion, there was a significant decrease in stability of GT in a bipedal stance and in Liberty, Awesome and Arabesque stunts. Height of CMJ of GT had a non-significant decrease, while speed in 20-m sprints of GT was significantly lower after ET.
subject: Experimental Research and Metaanalysis
  topic: section
subject: trampoline
  topic: keywords
subject: stability
  topic: keywords
subject: vertical jump
  topic: keywords
subject: speed
  topic: keywords
subject: cheerleading
  topic: keywords
creator: Paul Ulloa Sánchez
creator: Jessenia Hernández Elizondo
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Paul Ulloa Sánchez, Jessenia Hernández Elizondo
date: 2020-02-11
publication date: 2020-02-11
starting page: e38560
ending page: e38560
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.38560

[Original en español] Science fatigue
type: item
description: This editorial uses the image of fatigue in physically active people and athletes to briefly analyze some current challenges to science in general, and human movement science in particular. It offers practical and realistic solutions that could help science regain its vitality.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: science communication
  topic: keywords
subject: scientific journals
  topic: keywords
subject: research
  topic: keywords
creator: Luis Fernando Aragón Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud
date: 2026-03-05
publication date: 2026-03-05
starting page: e5849
ending page: e5849
doi: 10.15517/b7ydz650

Influence of two types of warm-ups on the explosive force of the lower body in physical education students
type: item
description: The present study aimed to determine the possible influences of two types of warm-ups (traditional and specific) on the explosive strength of the lower body. Two tests were conducted (Counter Movement Jump-CMJ and 5-meter sprint) in three groups: a group without warm-up (GSC), a group with traditional warm-ups (GCT) including articulated mobility, continuous running, and static stretching; and another group with specific warm-ups (GCE), including articulated mobility, continuous running, dynamic stretching, and plyometric exercises. A pre and post-test was conducted, and ANOVA was used to compare the influence of the type of warm-ups on tests between groups. Subsequently, the effect size was calculated using Hedges' g. Results showed statistically significant differences between the pre and post-test in GCT and in GCE; furthermore, statistically significant differences (p < .05) were found in CMJ test between GSC and GCE, in the post-test. Performing dynamic stretching and plyometric exercises as part of the warm-ups seems to positively influence the ability to jump vertically. Data suggests that physical education coaches should use warm-ups with dynamic stretching and plyometric exercises to enhance performance in activities that include jumping.
subject: Experimental Research and Metaanalysis
  topic: section
subject: stretching
  topic: keywords
subject: warm-up
  topic: keywords
subject: CJM
  topic: keywords
subject: sprint test
  topic: keywords
creator: Alfonso Ruiz Garrigós
creator: Álvaro de Vicente Durán
creator: Alejandro Sánchez-Pay
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Alfonso Ruiz Garrigós, Álvaro de Vicente Durán, Alejandro Sánchez-Pay
date: 2020-03-06
publication date: 2020-03-06
starting page: e34705
ending page: e34705
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.34705

[Portuguese Translation] Limitations of Temporal (Forehead) Temperature Readings as a Screening Method for Covid-19
type: item
description: As the Covid-19 pandemic continues to evolve, many countries are in the process of reopening schools, churches, and businesses. In an effort to screen for potentially infected individuals, temporal artery (forehead) temperature is measured in thousands of people each day. This editorial discusses some of the major limitations of this procedure as a screening method for Covid-19 and warns against the danger of the false sense of security that this practice may cause
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: pandemic control measures
  topic: keywords
subject: exercise
  topic: keywords
subject: thermoregulation
  topic: keywords
subject: fever
  topic: keywords
creator: Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas
date: 2026-07-27
publication date: 2026-07-27
starting page: e42506
ending page: e42506
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.42506

Data base of Power and electromyographic activity in college volleyball players
type: item
description: Aedo-Muñoz, E., Tamayo Contreras, V., Rojas Reyes, C., Hernández Wimmer, C., Brito, C., Miarka, B., Arghoty Bucheli, R., Dal Bello, F & Herrera Valenzuela, T. (2020). Power and electromyographic activity in college volleyball players. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-14. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative power of lower limbs and the surface electromyographic activity (EMG) of the gluteus maximus (GM), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and lateral gastrocnemius (GASLAT) during a countermovement jump (CMJ) and an Abalakov jump (ABK). Twenty-four college volleyball players were divided into two equal groups assigned by division: Group 1 (G1), comprised of volleyball players from the 1st university division, and Group 2 (G2), comprised of volleyball players from the 2nd university division. Both groups took two simultaneous EMG and power assessments. For the power assessment, a 2D recording system was used to track the greater trochanter with a 250fps camera. The video was analyzed with the Tracker 4.96 software to obtain absolute power values. The EMG activity was measured using a Delsys Trigno® electromyograph in the GM, VM, VL, and GASLAT muscles. Significant differences were found in %PeakRMS of VL (G1=65.210.2; G2=54.0±11.7 %PeakRMS; p<0.05) for CMJ, as well as in VL (G1=69.6±17.3; G2=55.1±12.3 %PeakRMS; p<0.05) for ABK and GASLAT (G1=61.4±13.4; G2=50.6±7.2 %PeakRMS; p<0.05). Regarding relative power, no significant differences were present between CMJ (p> 0.05) and ABK (p>0.05).
subject: Databases, novel methods and other complementary files
  topic: section
subject: surface electromyography
  topic: keywords
subject: power
  topic: keywords
subject: vertical jump
  topic: keywords
subject: volleyball
  topic: keywords
creator: Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
creator: Valentin Tamayo Contreras
creator: Cristian Rojas Reyes
creator: Cristian Hernández Wimmer
creator: Ciro Brito
creator: Bianca Miarka
creator: Rodrigo Arghoty Bucheli
creator: Fabio Dal Bello
creator: Tomás Herrera Valenzuela
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Esteban Aedo-Muñoz, Valentin Tamayo Contreras, Cristian Rojas Reyes, Cristian Hernández Wimmer, Ciro Brito, Bianca Miarka, Rodrigo Arghoty Bucheli, Fabio Dal Bello, Tomás Herrera Valenzuela http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2020-06-23
publication date: 2020-06-23
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.42436

Data base of Efecto agudo de las bebidas energéticas en el rendimiento anaeróbico: un metaanálisis
type: item
description: Arias-Oviedo, G.M.; Castillo-Hernández, I. y Jiménez-Díaz, J. (2019). Acute effect of energy drinks on anaerobic performance: A meta-analysis. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 17(2), 1-23. The consumption of energy drinks (ED) has been increasing in students, active individuals, and athletes due to their probable ergogenic effect. In addition to calories, energy drinks contain caffeine and other ingredients such as taurine, carnitine, and B-complex vitamins. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ED consumption on anaerobic performance using a meta-analytic approach. A literature search was conducted on five electronic database searchers: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest, and Science Direct. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected, i.e: experimental studies that assessed anaerobic performance using EDs as a treatment in humans, reporting descriptive statistics, and published in English or Spanish. 15 studies representing 37 effect sizes (ES) with a total of 253 participants (male and female: 21.7±3.7 years old) met the inclusion criteria. Using a random-effects model and a between-group design, an overall 0.123 ES was found (p = 0.009; CI95% = 0.01 to 0.23; Q = 19.5; p= 0.98; I2 = 0.00%). No relationship or difference was found in the moderator variables. In general, the overall ES indicated that there is a significant difference between consuming ED or a placebo for specific anaerobic jump tests.
subject: Databases, novel methods and other complementary files
  topic: section
subject: physical performance
  topic: keywords
subject: energy drinks
  topic: keywords
subject: sports
  topic: keywords
subject: systematic review
  topic: keywords
creator: Gabriela María Arias Oviedo
creator: Isaura Castillo Hernández
creator: Judith Jiménez Díaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Gabriela María Arias Oviedo, Isaura Castillo Hernández, Judith Jiménez Díaz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2020-06-23
publication date: 2020-06-23
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.42433

Data base of Percepción de la sed durante el ejercicio y en la rehidratación ad libitum post ejercicio en calor húmedo y seco
type: item
description: Capitán-Jiménez, C. & Aragón-Vargas, L.F. (2018). Thirst perception during exercise and post exercise ad libitum rehydration in dry and humid heat. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), 1-18. This experimental study was designed to evaluate whether subjective perceptions of thirst and heat and voluntary water intake are different in two distinct environmental conditions but equivalent in terms of the thermal stress index, during exercise and post-exercise ad libitum rehydration. Methods: 14 participants exercised twice in a climate controlled room (WBGT≈28.5°C): once for dry heat (DRY, DBT=33.8°C, RH=53%) and once for humid heat (HUM, DBT=32.1°C and RH=67%), without fluid intake, until reaching dehydration equivalent to 4% BM. Perceptions of thirst, heat, fullness and colic were measured every 30 min during exercise. Subsequently, participants ingested water ad libitum for 90 minutes. Voluntary intake of water was also measured. Results: During exercise, thirst perception was the same for both conditions (DRY 64.44±23.38, HUM 67.32±20.41mm, p=0.409); however, it increased over time (p=0.0001). The same situation happened with heat perception: there was no difference between conditions (DRY 6.34±0.50, HUM 6.40±0.37ua, p=0.423), but it also increased over time (p=0.001). At the end of rehydration, heat perception was greater for dry heat (5.3 ± 0.2ua) than for moist heat (4.7 ± 0.2ua, p=0.006). At the end of the exercise, thirst (85.8 ± 19.4mm) showed no significant correlation with actual dehydration (3.82 ± 0.18% BM, r=-0.14, p=0.48) or with voluntary water intake (1843 ± 587 ml, r=-0.04, p=0.85). There was no correlation between the actual sweat loss (2766 ± 700 ml) and the voluntary water intake (r=0.16, p=0.42). Ratio between net fluid balance and thirst perception was R2a=0.70 (p=0.001). Conclusions: thirst and heat perceptions were the same when exercising in two different environmental conditions with the same level of heat…
subject: Databases, novel methods and other complementary files
  topic: section
subject: dehydration
  topic: keywords
subject: thirst perception
  topic: keywords
subject: thermal stress
  topic: keywords
subject: voluntary intake
  topic: keywords
creator: Catalina Capitán-Jiménez
creator: Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Catalina Capitán-Jiménez, Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2020-06-23
publication date: 2020-06-23
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.42432

Data base of Refining music tempo for an ergogenic effect on stationary cycling exercise
type: item
description: Aburto-Corona, J. & Aragón-Vargas, L.F. (2017). Refining music tempo for an ergogenic effect on stationary cycling exercise. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 15(2), 1-12. The effect of music on exercise performance has been studied from many perspectives, but the results have not been as clear as expected, probably due to a lack of appropriate controls. The purpose of this study was to measure stationary cycling performance in a warm environment under carefully controlled conditions, modifying only the presence of music and its tempo. Ten physically active students, 24.5±3.6 years (mean±SD) selected their favorite exercise music and performed a maximum cycling test. During subsequent visits to the laboratory, they pedaled at their preferred speed against a constant resistance (70% of maximum) in an environmentally controlled chamber (28.6±0.5 °C db and 65±3% rh) for 30 min, on three different days, without music (NM), medium tempo music (MT-120 bpm) or fast tempo music (FT-140 bpm), in random order. Perceived exertion (PE), heart rate (HR) and total work performed (W) were recorded. There was no significant difference among conditions for PE (4.47±1.52; 4.22±1.5; 3.83±2.06 a.u. for NM, MT and FT, respectively, p=.162) or HR (142.4±24.53; 142.6±24.37; 142.9±18.36 bpm for NM, MT and FT, respectively, p=.994), but W was different (43.4±19.02; 46.1±20.34; 47.1±20.97, kJ for NM, MT and FT, respectively, p=.009); post-hoc analysis showed that the W difference was only between FT and NM. Using individually selected preferred music in a carefully controlled environment, participants improved their spontaneous cycling performance only when the music had a fast tempo of 140 bpm.
subject: Databases, novel methods and other complementary files
  topic: section
subject: rhythm
  topic: keywords
subject: endurance
  topic: keywords
subject: beats
  topic: keywords
subject: exercise performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Jorge Alberto Aburto Corona
creator: Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Jorge Alberto Aburto Corona, Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2020-06-23
publication date: 2020-06-23
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.42430

Data base of Thirst response to post-exercise fluid replacement needs and controlled drinking
type: item
description: Capitán-Jiménez, C. & Aragón-Vargas, L.F. (2016). Thirst Response to Post-Exercise Fluid Replacement Needs and Controlled Drinking. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 14(2), 1-16. Perceived thirst (TP) was evaluated as a dependent variable: can it distinguish among several levels of acute dehydration, is it reliable, and how does it respond to the ingestion of a fixed water volume post exercise? In a repeated-measures design, eight physically active students (24.5±3.6 years, mean±SD), reported to the laboratory on four non-consecutive days. They remained at rest or exercised at 32±3°C db and 65±6% rh to a randomly assigned dehydration equivalent to 1, 2, and 3% of body mass (BM). Following exercise, participants ingested a fixed water volume of 1.20% BM in 30 minutes; urine output, TP and plasma volume changes were assessed every 30 minutes over 3 hours. Post-exercise TP was not different before and after showering (p = 0.860), but it was significantly different among conditions (TP = 2.50 ± 0.45, 4.44 ± 0.72, 6.38 ± 0.82, and 8.63 ± 0.18 for 0, 1, 2, and 3% BM, p = 0.001). TP was associated with net fluid balance (rpart = -0.62, p < 0.0001) but, soon after drinking, TP was the same regardless of dehydration (p > 0.05). Thirst perception is valid and reliable in the absence of drinking but it responds inappropriately to water intake.
subject: Databases, novel methods and other complementary files
  topic: section
subject: dehydration
  topic: keywords
subject: fluid intake
  topic: keywords
subject: thirst perception
  topic: keywords
subject: water-electrolyte balance
  topic: keywords
subject: humans
  topic: keywords
creator: Catalina Capitán-Jiménez
creator: Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Catalina Capitán-Jiménez, Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2020-06-23
publication date: 2020-06-23
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.42429

Data base of Contextual interference in motor skills performance: a meta-analysis review
type: item
description: This study expands a meta-analysis research done recently examining the Contextual Interference (CI) Effect using a meta-analytic technique. After a literature review in eleven digital databases and references, 25 research accomplished with the established inclusion criteria for the intra-group analysis while 21 corresponded for the inter-groups. Based on random practice models (RP), it was found 150 individual Effect Size (ES) for the intra- group design. It was also found that the blocked practice (BP) improved its acquisition skills (ES= 0.69; n= 39; IC95%= 0.40 a 0.97) and decreased in retention (ES= 0.12; n= 37; IC95%= -0.12 a 0.38). For the inter-group design, we had a total of 68 individual ES finding that in acquisition the BP revealed a better performance than RP (ES = -0.15; n= 31; IC95%= -0.32 a -0.01) and in retention both groups had similar performance (ES = -0.02; n= 37; IC95%= -0.20 a 0.26). Results support (CI) effect in acquisition. The presence of moderate variables (participants ‘age, number of attempts, type of skill and research´s external validity) confirm that this effect can be generalized.
subject: Databases, novel methods and other complementary files
  topic: section
subject: random practice
  topic: keywords
subject: blocked practice
  topic: keywords
subject: meta-analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: motor learning skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Judith Jiménez Díaz
creator: Walter Salazar-Rojas
creator: María Morera-Castro
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Judith Jiménez Díaz, Walter Salazar-Rojas, María Morera-Castro http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2020-06-23
publication date: 2020-06-23
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.42427

Gimnasia de competición en la trayectoria escolar de estudiantes ingresantes a la licenciatura en educación física en Paraná - Brasil
type: item
description: El objetivo fue analizar las experiencias vivenciadas por los estudiantes que ingresaron a cursos de Licenciatura en Educación Física en el Estado de Paraná (Brasil) con la gimnasia de competición durante la Educación Primaria y Secundaria. La investigación se caracterizó como descriptiva con abordaje cualitativo y cuantitativo. Participaron 168 estudiantes que ingresaron en el año 2017 en cursos de Licenciatura en Educación Física de cuatro universidades públicas de Paraná. Fue utilizado un cuestionario con información sociodemográfica, preguntas abiertas y cerradas sobre la experiencia del contenido de gimnasia de competición en el contexto escolar. Para analizar las preguntas abiertas fue utilizado el análisis de contenido. En el análisis de información sociodemográfica y preguntas cerradas se usó estadística descriptiva. Se evidenció escasa experiencia por parte de los estudiantes con las modalidades de gimnasia de competición y falta de oportunidad de estos alumnos de vivenciar y reflexionar sobre la gimnasia en la Educación Física escolar.
subject: Descriptive, Correlational and Qualitative studies
  topic: section
subject: educación física escolar
  topic: keywords
subject: licenciatura
  topic: keywords
subject: formación profesional
  topic: keywords
subject: gimnasia
  topic: keywords
creator: Bruna Sontag
creator: Verónica Gabriela Silva Piovani
creator: Ademir Faria Pires
creator: Eliane Josefa Barbosa Dos Reis
creator: Ieda Parra Barbosa Rinaldi
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Bruna Sontag, Verónica Gabriela Silva Piovani, Ademir Faria Pires, Eliane Josefa Barbosa Dos Reis, Ieda Parra Barbosa Rinaldi
date: 2020-06-04
publication date: 2020-06-04
starting page: e42148
ending page: e42148
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.42148

Costa Rica without Borders #21
type: item
description: En esta sección se publican los resúmenes en español de artículos que han sido publicados por investigadoras/es de universidades costarricenses en otras revistas en el mundo, con su debida referencia al trabajo original, y con una breve explicación de dónde se realizó la investigación. Los artículos originales han sido publicados en otros idiomas; las revistas tienen consejo editorial y manejan un proceso de revisión por pares. Los resúmenes corresponden a estudios relacionados con las ciencias del ejercicio y la salud, que se conforman a los criterios generales de la revista, esto es, se trata de “... estudios experimentales o que hagan recomendaciones concretas para solucionar problemas o preguntas relevantes (...) trabajos originales o de meta-análisis.” Solicitamos a quienes hayan publicado este tipo de trabajos en otros idiomas que no los hagan saber, para incluir sus resúmenes en futuras entregas de esta sección.
subject: Costa Rica without Borders
  topic: section
subject: lipidoma plasmático
  topic: keywords
subject: resistencia a la insulina
  topic: keywords
subject: curva de tolerancia a la glucosa
  topic: keywords
subject: diabetes
  topic: keywords
creator: Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Luis Fernando Aragón-Vargas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2020-05-19
publication date: 2020-05-19
starting page: e41898
ending page: e41898
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.41898

Effect of active warm-ups and different recovery intervals on swimming performance
type: item
description: The purpose of the paper was to determine the effect of active warm-ups with different recovery intervals in sport performance in 50m and 200m freestyle swimming. Seventeen athletes (13.5 ± 2.18 years old) registered with the Costa Rican Federation of Water Sports, with training and competition experience of 4.47 ± 1.28 years participated in this study. Before the 50m and 200m freestyle swimming tests, four experimental conditions were conducted: Control (without warm-up), Warm-up (960m) + 20 min rest, Warm-up (960m) + 10 min rest, Warm-up (960m) without rest. The order of the tests (50m and 200m freestyle) and the experimental conditions were randomly assigned. The statistical analysis used a one-way ANOVA of repeated measures, p < .05. No significant difference was found in performance in 50m or 200m freestyle swimming tests (F = 0.83, p = .48) (F = 0.88, p = .46), respectively, when using active warm-ups or not. Neither was there an effect of the different recovery times on performance in both swimming tests. Different patterns of individual responses were observed in the experimental conditions. It is concluded that, as a group, an active warm-up before 50m and 200m freestyle swimming tests does not improve the performance of young inexperienced swimmers. However, the coach is recommended to pay attention to individualized responses to select the best protocol (having warm-up or not) to improve athletes’ performance
subject: Experimental Research and Metaanalysis
  topic: section
subject: warm-up
  topic: keywords
subject: swimming
  topic: keywords
subject: performance
  topic: keywords
subject: freestyle
  topic: keywords
creator: Armando Quirós Vásquez
creator: Elizabeth Carpio-Rivera
creator: Walter Salazar-Rojas
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Armando Quirós Vásquez, Elizabeth Carpio-Rivera, Walter Salazar-Rojas
date: 2020-06-02
publication date: 2020-06-02
starting page: e40846
ending page: e40846
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.40846

Effect of mental and physical practice in the motor performance and muscle electrical activity in healthy students
type: item
description: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of mental practice (MP), physical practice (PP), and their combination (CP) in the performance of the dribbling skill in field hockey, and the brachioradialis muscle electrical activity (MEA) of the dominant forearm. A total of 27 freshmen enrolled in the Human Movement Science program with no experience in the skill was randomly assigned to one of the three groups (MP, PP, and CP). Skill performance was assessed by total time using Smartspeed Pro photocells, while MEA was tested with an electromyogram using Noraxon M400. Research was conducted in two sessions. In the first session, the pretest, experimental practice by group, post test, and MEA were conducted. In the second session, held a week later, a retention test was conducted. After a two-way mixed ANOVA [group (3) x measurement (3)], the acquisition and retention test performance improved significantly in the three groups. The two-way mixed ANOVA [group (3) x measurement (2)] showed no significant differences in MEA. PP, MP, and CP enhanced skill learning; however, no significant changes were found in the brachioradialis muscle electrical activity of the dominant forearm.
subject: Experimental Research and Metaanalysis
  topic: section
subject: motor learning
  topic: keywords
subject: acquisition
  topic: keywords
subject: retention
  topic: keywords
subject: field hockey
  topic: keywords
creator: Alfredo Urcuyo Ovares
creator: Jefferson Ávila Chaverri
creator: Judith Jimenez Diaz
creator: Bryan Montero Herrera
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Alfredo Urcuyo Ovares, Jefferson Ávila Chaverri, Judith Jimenez Diaz, Bryan Montero Herrera
date: 2020-06-11
publication date: 2020-06-11
starting page: e40368
ending page: e40368
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.40368

A walking intervention for sedentary employees: effects on self-regulation and self-efficacy
type: item
description: A 10-week walking intervention was designed to examine how physical activity affects self-regulation and self-efficacy in sedentary employees. The intervention was completed by 68 participants randomly assigned to three groups: intermittent walking, continuous walking, or control. Self-regulation, self-efficacy and walking behavior were measured at baseline, week-6, and week-11. Walking activity significantly (p<.05) increased for the continuous walking group from baseline to week-6 (p=.033), the percentage of change was significantly higher compared to the control group from baseline to week-11 (p=0.042). Significant improvements on self-regulation were observed with the continuous group from baseline to week-6 and week-11 (p<0.05). However, self-efficacy decreased from baseline to week-6 (p=.047) and week-11 (p=.008) for all groups. Sedentary employees may benefit more from a continuous walking program due to enhanced self-regulatory skills. Intermittent walking activity may be also a feasible approach to reduce sedentary behavior, however more research is needed to test whether or not sedentary employees can meet daily physical activity recommendations. It is also important to review in future research, the link between physical activity and self-efficacy.
subject: Experimental Research and Metaanalysis
  topic: section
subject: self-regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: self-efficacy
  topic: keywords
subject: sedentary behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: walking activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Mynor G. Rodríguez-Hernández
creator: Danielle Wadsworth
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Mynor G. Rodriguez-Hernandez, Danielle Wadsworth
date: 2020-05-26
publication date: 2020-05-26
starting page: e40408
ending page: e40408
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.40408

Meta-analysis: effects of mental preparation techniques based on imagery - hypnosis on flow states and athletic performance
type: item
description: The present study aims to examine the effectiveness of psychological mental preparation techniques based on imagery or hypnosis on the state of flow, sports performance, and their relationship using the meta-analytic technique. A literature review was conducted in ten databases from August to October 2017, which resulted in 17 studies related to sports activities with pretest-posttest measurements. The Effect Size (ES) of mean difference was analyzed using a random model. A total of 53 ESs and 62 ESs were obtained for flow states and performance, respectively. A positive ES was found for the flow state (ES = .782, n = 52, p <.001) and for performance (ES = .339; n = 60; p <.05), and a positive relationship was verified between the two variables (ρ = .312, p <.05). The most relevant variables that moderate the effect size of the flow state and performance are age, years of sports experience, and sex. It is concluded that imagery is the most effective psychological technique to increase the state of flow and performance. Further research with a pure experimental design considering the multi-dimensional measurement of the state of flow is recommended.
subject: Experimental Research and Metaanalysis
  topic: section
subject: flow state
  topic: keywords
subject: performance
  topic: keywords
subject: imagery
  topic: keywords
subject: hypnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: meta-analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Julián Camilo Garzón Mosquera
creator: Gerardo Alonso Araya Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Julián Camilo Garzón Mosquera, Gerardo Alonso Araya Vargas
date: 2020-03-06
publication date: 2020-03-06
starting page: e39287
ending page: e39287
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.39287

Assessment of school physical education learning
type: item
description: This study analyzed the characteristics and outlines of the assessment process of school physical education learning. To this end, forty-six physical education coaches in the Paraná public school system completed a semi-structured questionnaire with open questions about the student assessment process. Data revealed that coaches assessed the cognitive, physical-kinesthetic, and socio-affective skills of students, using the following criteria: retention of information, understanding and application of concepts, individual evolution, physical/technical performance, cooperation, participation and behavior, through theoretical tests, assignments, and observations.
subject: Descriptive, Correlational and Qualitative studies
  topic: section
subject: assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: pedagogical practice
  topic: keywords
subject: physical education
  topic: keywords
creator: Evandra Hein Mendes
creator: Ieda Parra Barbosa Rinaldi
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Evandra Hein Mendes, Ieda Parra Barbosa Rinaldi
date: 2020-02-25
publication date: 2020-02-25
starting page: e38295
ending page: e38295
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.38295

Power and electromyographic activity in college volleyball players
type: item
description: The purpose of this study was to determine the relative power of lower limbs and the surface electromyographic activity (EMG) of the gluteus maximus (GM), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and lateral gastrocnemius (GASLAT) during a countermovement jump (CMJ) and an Abalakov jump (ABK). Twenty-four college volleyball players were divided into two equal groups assigned by division: Group 1 (G1), comprised of volleyball players from the 1st university division, and Group 2 (G2), comprised of volleyball players from the 2nd university division. Both groups took two simultaneous EMG and power assessments. For the power assessment, a 2D recording system was used to track the greater trochanter with a 250fps camera. The video was analyzed with the Tracker 4.96 software to obtain absolute power values. The EMG activity was measured using a Delsys Trigno® electromyograph in the GM, VM, VL, and GASLAT muscles. Significant differences were found in %PeakRMS of VL (G1=65.210.2; G2=54.0±11.7 %PeakRMS; p<0.05) for CMJ, as well as in VL (G1=69.6±17.3; G2=55.1±12.3 %PeakRMS; p<0.05) for ABK and GASLAT (G1=61.4±13.4; G2=50.6±7.2 %PeakRMS; p<0.05). Regarding relative power, no significant differences were present between CMJ (p> 0.05) and ABK (p>0.05).
subject: Descriptive, Correlational and Qualitative studies
  topic: section
subject: surface electromyography
  topic: keywords
subject: power
  topic: keywords
subject: vertical jump
  topic: keywords
subject: volleyball
  topic: keywords
creator: Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
creator: Valentin Tamayo Contreras
creator: Cristian Rojas Reyes
creator: Cristian Hernández Wimmer
creator: Ciro Brito
creator: Bianca Miarka
creator: Rodrigo Arghoty Bucheli
creator: Fabio Dal Bello
creator: Tomás Herrera Valenzuela
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Esteban Aedo-Muñoz, Valentin Tamayo Contreras, Cristian Rojas Reyes, Cristian Hernández Wimmer, Ciro Brito, Bianca Miarka, Rodrigo Arghoty Bucheli, Fabio Dal Bello, Tomás Herrera Valenzuela
date: 2020-03-04
publication date: 2020-03-04
starting page: e37753
ending page: e37753
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.37753

Speed and heart rate variation during marathon running in a hot environment
type: item
description: The purpose of the study was to analyze the variation of running speed and heart rate in amateur runners during a marathon in a hot environment. Eighteen runners (weight: 65.2 ± 12.21 kg, height: 168.4 ± 10.6 cm, VO2max: 52.9 ± 7.1 ml/kg/min) took part of a beach-side marathon (42195 m) under a temperature of 27.8 ± 3.52 ºC and at 0-80 m altitude. Pearson’s correlation showed a significant linear relationship between the increase in thermal stress index (WGBT) and the speed variation (r= 0.168, p= 0.049). In this respect, the total duration of the race revealed a direct relationship with speed (r= 0.675, p= 0.003) and heart rate (r= 0.631, p= 0.007) variation. Multiple regressions analysis showed that 61.6% of the final race time was explained by the speed variation in the 26 to 30 km course section (r2= 0.61; F= 26.17; p< 0.001) and 37% by the heart rate variation in the 31 to 35 km section (r2= 0.37; F= 10.38; p< 0.001). In conclusion, an increase in the environmental temperature provoked a decrease in running pacing, with a stronger effect in the second half of the race. Therefore, coaches should take these aspects into account in training and strategies to mitigate the impact of these conditions on the physical and physiological performance of amateur runners.
subject: Descriptive, Correlational and Qualitative studies
  topic: section
subject: marathon
  topic: keywords
subject: thermal stress index
  topic: keywords
subject: passing
  topic: keywords
subject: endurance
  topic: keywords
subject: internal load
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Rojas-Valverde
creator: Braulio Sánchez-Ureña
creator: Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez
creator: Carlos D Gómez-Carmona
creator: José Pino-Ortega
creator: Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Braulio Sánchez-Ureña, Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez, Carlos D Gómez-Carmona, José Pino-Ortega, Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
date: 2026-07-27
publication date: 2026-07-27
starting page: e37602
ending page: e37602
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.37602

Competitive gymnastics in the school trajectory of freshman students in physical education programs in Paraná – Brazil
type: item
description: The aim of this paper was to analyze the experiences of freshman students of the Physical Education Program in the State of Paraná (Brazil) regarding competitive gymnastics during their Primary and Secondary Education. The research was descriptive with a qualitative and quantitative approach. Participants included 168 students who entered the Physical Education Program in four public universities in Paraná in 2017. The questionnaire used included socio-demographic information, with open and closed questions about the participants’ previous experience in competitive gymnastics in school. Open questions were analyzed by content analysis, while socio-demographic information and close questions were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results evidenced that students had little experience in competitive gymnastics and lacked opportunities to experience and reflect on gymnastics in school Physical Education.
subject: Descriptive, Correlational and Qualitative studies
  topic: section
subject: school physical education
  topic: keywords
subject: physical education program
  topic: keywords
subject: professional training
  topic: keywords
subject: gymnastics
  topic: keywords
creator: Bruna Sontag
creator: Verónica Gabriela Silva Piovani
creator: Ademir Faria Pires
creator: Eliane Josefa Barbosa dos Reis
creator: Ieda Parra Barbosa Rinaldi
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Bruna Sontag, Verónica Gabriela Silva Piovani, Ademir Faria Pires, Eliane Josefa Barbosa dos Reis, Ieda Parra Barbosa Rinaldi
date: 2020-01-01
publication date: 2020-01-01
starting page: e37302
ending page: e37302
doi: 10.15517/pensarmov.v18i1.37302