Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075, Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

Carbon capture in Chondracanthus chamissoi (Gigartinaceae)

algal meadows: a case study on the Peruvian coast

Ariana Cerna-Arrue1*; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-682X

Héctor Aponte1; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5249-9534

Stephany Torres-Galarza1; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1602-1645

1. Carrera de Biología Marina, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú; arianacerna98@gmail.com (*correspondence),

haponte@cientifica.edu.pe, pam94tg@gmail.com

Received 09-XI-2024. Corrected 17-II-2025. Accepted 17-VI-2025.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Algal meadows can significantly contribute to carbon (C) capture; nevertheless, few studies on

Peruvian coast reserves are available. Evaluation of these stocks allows proposing better measures for the sustain-

able use of these habitats and maintaining their ecosystem services.

Objective: To estimate biomass distribution and quantify the C captured as standing stock biomass in natural

algal meadows of red algae Chondracanthus chamissoi on the Laguna Grande coastal lagoon (Ica-Peru), place of

main extraction of these economically important algae.

Methods: To calculate the biomass, the area occupied by each patch of algae in each sampling zone was delimited

and transects perpendicular to the coast were used in randomly located plots. In the laboratory, the dry biomass

and C content were measured (the latter using an elemental analyzer).

Results: Monthly variation in the distribution and area was identified. September 2021 presented the highest

total biomass (50 416.4 kg; 50.4 t) and C captured (13 t C or 47.58 t CO2) while from February to June no algal

biomass was found. Differences were found in the biomass and C capture in the sampling zones, the months of

C capture, and the interaction between these two variables. C capture decreases with warm months and more

intensive anthropogenic extraction of algae.

Conclusions: This study highlights the interaction between the anthropogenic extraction of C. chamissoi and

seasonal environmental changes, alongside the net contribution of macroalgal biomass.

Key words: assimilation of carbon; blue carbon; red algae; sustainable extraction.

RESUMEN

Captura de carbono en praderas algales de Chondracanthus chamissoi (Gigartinaceae):

un estudio de caso en la costa peruana

Introducción: Las praderas algales pueden contribuir significativamente a la captura de carbono (C); sin embar-

go, hay pocos estudios disponibles sobre reservas costeras peruanas. La evaluación de la biomasa de estas algas

permite proponer mejores medidas para el uso sostenible de estos hábitats y el mantenimiento de sus servicios

ecosistémicos.

Objetivo: Estimar la distribución de biomasa y cuantificar el C capturado por la biomasa en pie de praderas

algales naturales del alga roja Chondracanthus chamissoi en la laguna costera Laguna Grande (Ica-Perú), lugar de

principal extracción de estas algas de importancia económica.

https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73i1.61403

CONSERVATION

2Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075 Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

INTRODUCTION

The increase of greenhouse effect gases

such as CO2, as a result of human activities

represents one of the most critical problems

of this century (Dai et al., 2017). The Inter-

governmental Panel on Climate Change has

proposed nature-based solutions with a criti-

cal approach for its mitigation and reduction

(Cohen-Shacham et al., 2016). These solutions

include care, restoration, and sustainable use of

environments that serve as carbon storage and

capture (Pendleton et al., 2012). Carbon cap-

ture implies the retention of carbon in biomass

(inside the body of organisms) through pho-

tosynthetic assimilation (Barnes et al., 2021)

for a short time as part of an organism cycle

(Duarte et al., 2005) as well as the transfer of

atmospheric carbon dioxide to other long-lived

reserves, such as oceanic, pedological, biotic

and geological sediments (Lal, 2008), which

can remain for thousands of years (Nellemann

et al., 2009; Vierros, 2017). Vegetated marine-

coastal ecosystems, including mangroves, kelp

beds, seagrasses, and salt marshes, store and

sequester large amounts of carbon, called “blue

carbon” (Barbier et al., 2011).

Initially, algal meadows were not consid-

ered a possible blue carbon contributor (Duarte

et al., 2005) due to their limited long-term

potential for carbon sequestering (Smale et al.,

2018). However, recent studies have demon-

strated that thanks to the source-sink mecha-

nism (transport of a large amount of algae

biomass from euphotic coastal waters to the

seabed), macroalgae can contribute signifi-

cantly to the vertical flux of organic carbon and

its sequestration in ocean sediment (Hidayah

et al., 2019; Oreska et al., 2018). Occasional

deposits of Macrocystis sp. and Sargassum sp.

on the seabed off the East and West coasts of

the United States and in the Caribbean have

been described (Harrold et al., 1998; Kokubu

et al. 2019).

Currently, it has been proposed to consider

all pathways of the carbon cycle as blue carbon,

based on the “Odum outwelling” hypothesis,

which suggests that lateral flows or horizontal

exports of carbon sustain a large part of biologi-

cal productivity (Odum, 1968). Algae meadows

can also be considered blue carbon contributors

by having exceptionally high rates of primary

production per unit area and transporting dis-

solved and particulate organic carbon (Santos

et al., 2021).

Algal habitats are the most extensive and

productive coastal habitats in the ocean, cover-

ing about 6.06-7.22 million km2, and support a

primary global net production of around 1.32

Pg C yr-1 (Duarte et al., 2022). Carbon capture

studies have been carried out on Macrocystis

pyrifera, obtaining a net annual productivity of

0.0013 t C m-2 (Wheeler & Druehl, 1986). Fur-

thermore, the influence of physical parameters,

such as temperature, on carbon capture has

been described; for example, Laminaria hyper-

borea forests in warm regions of the Northeast

Métodos: Para calcular la biomasa, se delimitó el área ocupada por cada parche de alga en cada zona de muestreo

y se utilizaron transectos perpendiculares a la costa en parcelas ubicadas aleatoriamente. En el laboratorio, se

midió la biomasa seca y el contenido de C (este último utilizando un analizador elemental).

Resultados: Se identificó la variación mensual en la distribución y el área. Septiembre de 2021 presentó la mayor

biomasa total (50 416.4 kg; 50.4 t) y C capturado (13 t C o 47.58 t CO₂), mientras que de febrero a junio no se

encontró biomasa algal. Se encontraron diferencias en la biomasa y la captura de C en las zonas de muestreo, los

meses de captura de C y la interacción entre estas dos variables. La captura de C disminuye en los meses cálidos

y con la extracción antropogénica más intensiva del alga.

Conclusiones: Este estudio resalta la interacción entre la extracción antropogénica de C. chamissoi y los cambios

ambientales estacionales, junto con la contribución neta de la biomasa macroalgal.

Palabras clave: asimilación de carbono; carbono azul; algas rojas; extracción sostenible.

Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075, Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

Atlantic capture less carbon (3.09 t C ha-1) than

in cold areas (9.72 t C ha-1) (Pessarrodona et

al., 2018). Similarly, several studies have inves-

tigated the accumulation of carbon in the bio-

mass of red algae, such as the study by Rozaimi

et al. (2024), in this study, species from the

Florideophyceae family, collected from a tropi-

cal seagrass meadow, were evaluated, including

Gracilaria blodgettii, Gracilaria coronopifolia,

Gracilaria fisheri and Gracilaria textorii, two

zones were sampled: in the Northeastern zone,

the carbon values were 0.44 g C m−2, 8.84 g C

m−2, 1.78 g C m−2, and 0.57 g C m−2, respec-

tively; in the Southwestern zone, the values

were 0.20 g C m−2, 14.07 g C m−2, 0.0045 g C

m−2, and 0.013 g C m−2, respectively, the results

indicated that biological and spatial factors

significantly influence carbon sequestration,

however, they do not include anthropogenic

effects in their results. Furthermore, has been

evaluated the carbon sequestration capacity of

red algae Sarcodia suae cultivated, varied con-

siderably with the season: winter/spring (2.1-

3.9 g C m−2 d−1) and summer (0.09 g C m−2 d−1)

(Weerakkody et al., 2023). Despite this, studies

are limited and most information regarding

carbon stock is focused on seagrasses and man-

groves (Donato et al., 2011; Ricart et al., 2020).

In the South American Pacific, carbon

capture studies have been carried out on pop-

ulations of Lessonia nigrescens and Lessonia

trabeculata in Chile (during spring was esti-

mated at 11.46 g C m−2 d−1 and 2.46 g C m−2 d−1

respectively; in autumn to 0.66 g C m−2 d−1 and

C m−2, respectively) (Tala & Edding, 2007). In

Peru, greenhouse gas emissions were 210 404.42

Gg CO2eq in 2019, with CO2 accounting for

75.76 % of the total emissions, or 159 395.34 Gg

CO2eq (Ministerio del Ambiente [MINAM],

2019). Therefore, it is crucial to analyze nature-

based solutions that can mitigate the future

impacts of these significant CO2 emissions.

While there is a recognized need for accurate

mapping and effective quantification of the car-

bon sequestered by algal meadows in terms of

their contribution to blue carbon (McKinley et

al., 2019), few studies have been conducted on

this subject. Regarding scientific articles, there

is only the research by Aller-Rojas et al. (2020)

in Lessonia trabeculata forests in San Juan de

Marcona, in which the carbon capture potential

of L. trabeculata is highlighted by presenting a

capture of 4.31 ± 1.56 t C ha-1. Another study

by Cevallos et al. (2024) also in L. trabeculata

in the Reserva National San Fernando in which

the carbon capture potential of L. trabeculata is

1.2-3.5 t C ha -1. These studies suggest that fur-

ther research on the carbon dynamics of marine

algal ecosystems in the Humboldt Ecoregion.

Chondracanthuschamissoi is a benthic

marine red macroalga that is located between

Paita, Peru (5 °S) to Ancud, Chile (42 °S) (Wang

et al., 2012), with a distribution from the lower

intertidal zone, up to 15 m deep (Bulboa &

Macchiavello, 2006). This species is considered

one of the most important due to its potential

use to obtain carrageenan (Bulboa et al., 2005).

In the Ica region, mainly in shallow areas of the

coast, its extraction is carried out by artisanal

fishermen as an economic sustenance activity,

with biomasses of 180 t, 30.1 t, and 2.1 t having

been reported for the Atenas, Puerto Nuevo,

and Lobería beaches, respectively (autumn of

2010) and registered reductions in the last two

prairies compared to 2007 due to the intensifi-

cation of extractive activity (Flores et al., 2015).

Laguna Grande coastal lagoon is one of the

main extraction sites of C. chamissoi. Intensified

and disorderly extraction is the potential cause

of resource decline, and this may be aggravated

by the effects of climate change and phenomena

such as “El Niño” and “La Niña” (Vivanco et al.,

2014). The reduction of algal biomass affects

carbon capture in ecosystems (Macreadie et

al., 2013) and, thus, the carbon cycle; for this

reason, it is essential to ensure sustainable use

of the resource that allows maintaining the

ecosystem services that algal meadows provide

(McKinley et al., 2019). In this context, the

objective of this research was to describe the

distribution of algal biomass in algal mead-

ows in C. chamissoi between August 2021 and

September 2022 and to estimate its biomass

per unit area and carbon capture as standing

stock biomass, it also relates these results with

climatic seasons and anthropogenic extractive

4Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075 Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

processes, in the Laguna Grande coastal lagoon

(Ica-Peru) located within the Paracas Protected

Natural Area, zone protected by the Peruvian

state, which is one of the areas of high interest

as it serves as the primary extraction center

for this species. The results of carbon capture

may provide potential mitigation strategies for

climate change (Cuba et al., 2022).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area: The study was conducted in

Ica-Peru in the province of Pisco, located South

of Lima (Fig. 1). The research focused on the

Laguna Grande coastal lagoon, which has a

semi-enclosed formation that covers 299.29 ha

(Quispe et al., 2010). Four sampling zones were

chosen for the main extraction points of C.

chamissoi: Bocana, La Isla, Bajada de León, and

Criadero. This area presents a textured bottom

of the coarse sand type, with rock fragments,

shell remains, and fan shells (Velazco & Solís,

2000), which allow the fixation of C. chamissoi.

Criadero, Bocana, and La Isla are shallow areas

with depths between one and three m, while

Bajada de León is an area with a depth between

four and eight meters (Quispe et al., 2010).

The study was conducted between August

2021 and September 2022, performing monthly

sampling (except for July and August 2022,

when logistical conditions did not allow

sampling).

The distribution and area of each sam-

pling zone: Each sampling zone was delimited

according to the presence of C. chamissoi and a

motorboat was used to delimit every contour.

Furthermore, a freediver validated the presence

or absence, and the limits were georeferenced

with the help of a GPS (Garmin model GPS-

MAP 64sx) receiver. Finally, considering these

limits, polygons were built, and then the area of

each sampling zone was calculated using QGIS

Desktop 3.16.5 software (Sherman, 2022).

Fig. 1. The location of Laguna Grande in A. Peru and B. the Ica Region. In C., the sampling area is shown, indicating the

four sampling zones: Bocana (BO), La Isla (LI), Bajada de León (BL), and Criadero (CR).

Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075, Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

Biomass in each sampling zone: To deter-

mine the biomass in each sampling zone, a tran-

sect was carried out parallel to the coast that

crossed the C. chamissoi population through

the central part and from end to end. The

length of each transect was determined with

GPS and was conditioned to biomass variations

(increase or decrease over time). Algal biomass

was recorded in PVC quadrats of 25 x 25 cm,

randomly placed along each transect by a scuba

diver. Since the area of each sampling zone dif-

fered, between 12 and 32 points were made for

each transect, verifying that it was representa-

tive of the population using a performance

curve (Elzinga et al., 1998). In each quadrant,

the algae were extracted from the substrate and

excess water was removed with blotting paper.

Subsequently, the biomass was weighed on an

electronic balance (FERRAWYY brand model

BAG030-YJ; 5 g precision). This procedure was

carried out in each month evaluated. Finally,

each month the values of the sampling zones

were added to determine the biomass of the

total monthly algal population.

Percentage of dry biomass and percent-

age of carbon: To calculate the dry weight

percentage, three samples of C. chamissoi

were taken to the Algaex S.A. laboratories and

weighed (wet weight). They were subsequently

dried in a dehydrator at 38 °C for 48 hours. A

moisture analyzer (MX-50, 0.005 g precision)

was used to verify that the moisture percentage

was null. The difference between the wet and

dry weights indicated the percentage of dry bio-

mass (DB), corresponding to the average results

obtained from the three samples.

Three additional samples were collected

and processed in the ELTRA CS-2000 elemen-

tal analyzer in the Soldexa S.A. laboratories

to know the percentage of carbon in the bio-

mass. The elemental analyzer measures the

carbon concentration through combustion in

an induction furnace and the subsequent analy-

sis of the gaseous combustion products carbon

dioxideand sulfur dioxide. The average result

in the three samples was used as the carbon

percentage of the biomass.

Calculation of carbon capture in each

sampling zone: To calculate the average carbon

capture in each sampling zone (C), the average

biomass of the quadrats of each population (B)

was multiplied by the percentage of dry bio-

mass (% DB) and by the percentage of carbon

in the biomass (% C), following formula 1:

C = B x % DB x % C (1)

This value was multiplied by the area of

each sampling zone, showing the total carbon

capture of each sampling zone in each month

evaluated. Finally, the values obtained for each

sampling zone were added to determine the

total carbon capture of each month in the study

area. This study refers to carbon captured as

standing stock biomass.

Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistical

analysis (means and standard deviations) was

performed for the biomass values of the plots

in each sampling zone. Graphs and tables were

made with these values. All this was done in

Excel software (Microsoft Corporation, 2021).

To compare the carbon capture of each sam-

pling zone over time, a PERMANOVA test

was carried out. This test allows evaluating the

dependent variable (carbon capture as standing

stock biomass) based on two or more indepen-

dent variables (in this case, the sampling area,

and the sampling month), verifying the rela-

tionship between the dependent variable and

the interaction between the independent vari-

ables. This test was chosen since the dependent

variable did not meet the normal distribution

(p < 0.05 for the Shapiro-Wilk test). This analy-

sis was performed in the PAST 3.17 software

(Hammer et al., 2001).

RESULTS

Distribution and area of each sampling

zone: The locations of the sampling areas were

the same in August and September 2021 (Fig.

2A). In October 2021 (compared to Septem-

ber), an increase in area was evidenced in 64 %

and 29 % of the sampling areas of Criadero and

6Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075 Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

the Island respectively, while the area in Bocana

decreased by 57 % and the area in Bajada de

León was maintained (Fig. 2B and MST 1). On

the other hand, in November 2021 (compared

to October), the sampling areas of Criadero and

La Isla, decreased by 93 % and 53 %, respec-

tively, while Bocana increased by 27 % and the

area in Bajada de León was maintained (Fig. 2C

and MST 1). In the December 2021 sampling,

the Criadero sampling zone increased by 236 %

and La Isla decreased in area by 98 %, while the

Bocana algal population disappeared (Fig. 2D

and MST 1). In the sampling of January 2022,

the distribution of the sampling areas of the

first sample was used (the low density did not

allow clearing the established limits). In that

month, there was no record of algal biomass

in Criadero (Fig. 2D and MST 1). There was

no record of algal biomass in February, March,

April, May, June, or July 2022. Finally, in the

September 2022 sampling, only the La Isla,

Criadero, and Bocana patches were identified,

Fig. 2. Distribution and area of the orange Bocana (BO), green La Isla (LI), blue Bajada de León (BL), and yellow Criadero

(CR) sampling zones. A. Sampling of August and September 2021. B. Sampling of October 2021. C. Sampling of November

2021. D. Sampling of December 2021. E. Sampling of January 2022. F. Sampling of September 2022. The samplings that do

not appear in the figures are those without algal biomass.

Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075, Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

with the distribution and areas being different

from those found in September 2021 (Fig. 2E

and MST 1).

Biomass in each sampling zone: The aver-

age wet biomass in the Bocana algal popula-

tion was higher in November 2021 with 4.44

± 2.33 kg m−2 with an estimated this biomass

of 14 389.38 kg. Between December 2021 and

June 2022, there was no algal recorded. Regard-

ing the algal population of La Isla, the highest

wet biomass was also recorded in November

2021 with 4.85 ± 2.96 kg m−2 and an estimated

total biomass of 57 258.51 kg, with no record of

algal biomass between February and June 2022.

Regarding Bajada de León, in September 2021,

the highest value of wet biomass was obtained

with 15.52 ± 7.91 kg m-2 and an estimated total

biomass of 38 1431.62 kg. This value was the

highest achieved compared to the remaining

sampling areas. Finally, like Bajada de León,

Criadero registered the highest wet biomass in

September 2022 with 6.20 ± 3.65 kg m-2, and an

estimated total biomass of 53 109.60 kg. Janu-

ary was the month with the lowest registered

wet biomass in all the sampling areas with

zero kg m−2, 0.17 ± 0.89, 0.12 ± 0.17 and 0.16

± 0.1 for Bocana, La Isla, Bajada de León, and

Criadero, respectively (Fig. 3).

Carbon capture in the sampling zone

and statistical analysis: The general average of

% DB was ten ± 0.01 and the % C was 25.83 ±

0.57. The highest value of DB was found in Sep-

tember 2021 (in an area of 52 030.4 m2) with a

value of 50.42 t and a carbon capture of 13 t C

(47.58 t CO2) with an equivalence of 7.46 t C

ha-1 and the lowest non-zero value in January

2022 (in an area of 52 030.4 m2) with a value

of 6.6 t and a carbon capture of 0.17 t C (6.22 t

CO2) with an equivalence of 0.12 t C ha-1 (Fig. 4

and MST 1). In addition, the results indicate a

peculiarity, where in September 2022, biomass

as high as September 2021 is not reached. In

addition, it was noted that the biomass obtained

in September 2022 was not as high as that

achieved in September 2021.

On the other hand, the most significant

extraction of C. chamissoi occurred between

July and October (cold months) while

between January and May (warm months), the

activities ceased.

The extraction cycle is directly related

to the maximum algal biomass reached by C.

chamissoi during winter and spring (Fig. 4).

Furthermore, the maximum biomass is directly

proportional to carbon capture (Fig. 4).

There were significant differences in

carbon capture between the sampling areas,

months, and the interaction between these last

two variables (PERMANOVA, area: F(3) = 6.28,

p = 0.0003; month: F(6) = 55.24, p = 0.0001;

interaction: F(3.6) = 8.98, p = 0.0001) on ana-

lyzing the carbon capture of the four sample

areas studied (Bocana, La Isla, Bajada de León,

and Criadero) and the months studied.

DISCUSSION

Distribution and area of each sampling

zone: The differences registered in the distribu-

tion and area of the algal population during the

sampling months (Fig. 3) are related to bathy-

metric factors and extraction of the resource.

Criadero, Bocana, and La Isla are shallow areas,

while Bajada de León is a deeper area (Quispe

et al., 2010). The characteristics of the latter

area make it less accessible; therefore, compared

to the other areas, its extraction is less inten-

sive, and the area is maintained over time. In

contrast, Bocana, which is a few meters from

the shore, has more significant extractive pres-

sure, and therefore, its area decreases monthly

from August 2022 until it disappears. La Isla

and Criadero are at a midpoint regarding access

to extraction, which makes them moderate

regions chosen for extraction purposes.

Percentage of dry biomass and percent-

age of carbon: No similar studies regarding

the % DB and % C of C. chamissoi are available.

However, the results of the present study are

similar to those registered in the macroalgae L.

trabeculata in which the % DB is 12.99 ± 0.65

and the % C is 28.84 ± 4.59 (Aller-Rojas et al.,

8Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075 Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

Fig. 3. Boxplot chart of the wet biomass (kg/m2) was found in the four sampling areas. A. Bocana. B. The Island. C. Bajada

de León. D. Criadero. Error bars indicate standard deviation.

Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075, Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

2020) and in L. nigrescens in which the % C =

27.23 ± 1.07 in spring and % C = 23.44 ± 1.92

to 22.32 % in Autumn.

In relation to other species of vegetated

marine-coastal ecosystems, the % C values

reported for C. chamissoi are lower than those

reported for the seagrass Thalassia testudinum

with which % C is equal to 35 % (Acosta-Chap-

arro et al., 2022) or for wetland species with a

% C of 33.77 % ± 7.05 having been recorded

in succulent plants, 39.25 % in floating aquatic

plants and 48.97 % ± 9.32 in amphibian herbs

(Aldave & Aponte, 2019).

These results could be related to the fact

that most woody and slow-growing plants

require a greater investment of C at the cellular

level to synthesize lignin (a polymer that allows

the formation of support structures such as

thallus) (Nielsen et al., 1996; Ma et al., 2018).

In contrast, species with a high growth rate and

less complex structures lead to less demand

for C (Johnson et al., 2007), as is the case of

C. chamissoi.

Biomass of each sampling zone and car-

bon capture: Temperature fluctuations could

explain the differences between sampling areas

and their relationship with specific months. It

has been shown that temperature is a control-

ling factor for C. chamissoi growth (Bulboa &

Macchiavello, 2001). This is attributed to the

fact that lower temperatures favor C. chamis-

soi growth in situ (Bulboa & Macchiavello,

2001), while during the warm months, there is

an increase in grazing, epiphyte proliferation,

and excess radiation, which generate bleaching,

detachment, and destruction of fronds (Mac-

chiavello et al., 2006), further studies consid-

ering epiphytes could help understand their

effect on the growth of this species (Uribe et al.,

2020). This would explain the highest biomass

recorded in September 2021, the month with

the lowest recorded sea surface temperatures

(18.9 °C), and the zero-biomass recorded in

March 2022 (24.8 °C), the month with the high-

est recorded temperature.

Oceanographic conditions could also have

contributed to the differences in biomass and

carbon capture between September 2021 and

2022. In May 2022, shallow subtropical waters

appeared near the coast between Pisco and San

Juan de Marcona (Instituto del Mar del Perú

Fig. 4. Total carbon capture (t C), dry biomass (t) of C. chamissoi and its relationship with the seasons of the year, the

extractive processes of the resource, and the sea surface temperature (SST).

10 Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075 Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

[IMARPE], 2022), potentially causing stratifi-

cation, changes in settlement, and alterations in

biomass growth.

Extraction pressure and its relationship

with bathymetry also seem to be key factors

explaining the differences between sampling

areas (Quispe et al., 2010; Flores et al., 2015), as

explained in the section on the distribution and

area of each sampling zone. No carbon capture

occurs during the warm months because maxi-

mum biomass extraction happens in winter-

spring, a pattern also observed in C. chamissoi

meadows in La Libertad (Uribe et al., 2020).

When algae are completely extracted from the

area, no biomass remains during the summer

months until new recruitment and germina-

tion occurs in winter-spring (Pariona & Gil-

Kodaka, 2011). These factors also influence

carbon capture, as algae biomass is harvested

along with carbon.

However, something peculiar occurs with

Bajada de León has lower extraction pressure

and is the deepest zone, and in some cases, its

average biomass per unit area is lower than

that of other sampling zones. This may be due

to its greater depth, which results in reduced

light availability, thus limiting the algae’s pro-

liferation and photosynthetic activity (Yu et

al., 2013). These results coincide with similar

studies that described a decrease in biomass at

greater depth, demonstrating the growth pref-

erence for C. chamissoi at depths between one

and four meters (Bulboa et al., 2005; Macchia-

vello et al. 2018), and at high levels of irradiance

(Bulboa & Macchiavello, 2001).

Species from various coastal marine eco-

systems have been studied, reporting carbon

captures of 3.09 t C ha-1 for the macroalgae L.

hyperborea in warm regions and 9.72 t C ha-1

in cold regions (Pessarrodona et al., 2018),

4.31 ± 1.56 t C ha-1 for the macroalga L. tra-

beculata (Aller-Rojas et al. 2020) and 1.2-3.5

t C ha -1 in another population of Lessonia

trabeculate (Cevallos et al., 2024), while the sea-

grass Thalassia testudinum recorded a capture

between 4.6 t C/ ha-1 and 3.5 t C ha-1 (Acosta-

Chaparro et al., 2022). On the other hand, the

carbon captures of coastal wetland species, such

as Schoenoplectus californicus “totora” were 28.9

t C ha-1, 18.6 t C ha-1 for Scirpus americanus

“junco”, 17 t C ha-1 for Paspalum vaginatum

“grass salt” stores and 6.1 t C/ha for Salicornia

fruticosa “salicornia” (Contreras & Carranza,

2007). According to our study, C. chamissoi had

a maximum potential catch of 1.86 t C ha-1, a

value lower than that found in the species men-

tioned above and the dynamics of which differ

from our species, since the above species do not

present extraction cycles.

In Peru, C. chamissoi is periodically

extracted, with the capture of carbon over a

period (related to its life cycle, maturity, and

extraction). Despite this, they do not contribute

to carbon sequestration since this element does

not end up on the seabed. In this context, it is

important to study the carbon transport that

was once part of the macroalgae biomass. Cur-

rently, there is no industrial use of this algae, as

there are no companies extracting carrageenan;

therefore, it is exported as raw material and

imported in the form of carrageenan (Arbaiza

et al., 2019). In 2020, Peru exported 97.95 t of

C. chamissoi (dry biomass) for industrial pur-

poses, (mainly carrageenan extraction), with

the United States, France, and Canada being the

main destinations. Likewise, 5.3 t of DB were

exported for direct human consumption, with

the main destinations being China, Taiwan, and

Japan (Avila-Peltroche & Villena-Sarmiento,

2022). Locally, this resource is in high demand

as it has been part of the Peruvian diet since

pre-Inca times (Acleto, 1986) and is a main

component of highly consumed seafood dishes

in the country (Diaz et al., 2021).

The carbon captured by C. chamissoi

returns to us either converted into carrageenan

or through direct consumption. Subsequently,

due to our physiological processes, it is elimi-

nated as CO2 into the atmosphere, returning to

the carbon cycle. Then, the algal populations or

other ecosystems that serve as a carbon sink fix

the CO2 again, thus generating a cycle that is

repeated periodically. After this process, it is no

longer considered blue carbon.

Currently, there is a Fisheries Management

Regulation for macroalgae, but there is no

Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075, Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

specific regulation for C. chamissoi. The results

of this study can help evaluate the sustainabil-

ity of this resource, considering its availability

and use (Magill et al., 2019). The Ministry of

Production, along with the Regional Director-

ate of Production of Ica and the Institute of the

Sea of Peru, can use these findings to develop

sustainable extraction schemes, particularly in

the Protected Natural Area of Paracas.

This study explores the potential of algal

meadows in carbon capture as a mitigation

measure against climate change (Cuba et al.,

2022). Non-extracted algal populations could

be included in future carbon inventories pre-

pared by the Ministry of the Environment of

Peru. This inclusion will be conditioned by the

limited and sustainable resource extraction,

as well as the quantification of algae extrac-

tion and its reincorporation in the calculation.

This research responds to strategies previously

identified for the development of the blue econ-

omy in Peru (McKinley et al., 2019), and the

data will be added to those recently obtained

in other vegetated marine-coastal ecosystems

(Aller-Rojas et al., 2020) for the better under-

standing of these ecosystems.

The methodology used in this study did

not differentiate between reproductive phases

and sizes when calculating biomass and carbon

capture. It assumed that the carbon percentage

remains constant throughout the year, without

considering seasonal influences (such as envi-

ronmental variables). It has been confirmed

that there are significant differences in density

and weight between vegetative plants and those

with carpospores (Uribe et al., 2020). Addition-

ally, it has been observed that environmental

variables influence carbon storage in kelp beds

(Aller-Rojas et al., 2020). Therefore, future

studies should consider factors such as plant

height, sexual proportions, and physical param-

eters. This study is the first to characterize

the algal population and carbon capture of C.

chamissoi under the context of massive extrac-

tion dynamics in Peru, laying the groundwork

for future investigations.

In conclusion, the distribution and area of

each sampling zone identified varied monthly.

The highest algal biomass was reported in Sep-

tember 2021 with 504.2 t of wet biomass, with

the % DB being 10 ± 0.01 and the % C was 25.83

± 0.57. The Laguna Grande coastal lagoon pres-

ents a dynamic in which the cyclical processes

of total extraction of the algal biomass explain

the carbon capture, which was highest in Sep-

tember 2021 with 13 t C. Significant differences

were found in the capture of carbon, between

the sampling areas, months of the year and the

interaction between these last two variables.

The results of this study enable us to assess

the availability of the resource over the course

of one year and propose sustainable extraction

schemes. These results highlight the interaction

between the anthropogenic extraction of C.

chamissoi and seasonal environmental changes,

alongside the net contribution of macroal-

gal biomass. Additionally, estimating carbon

as a permanent stock within this resource

could redirect interest in this alga, promoting

its inclusion in regional strategies for climate

change adaptation and mitigation, provided

that the long-term sustainability of the ecosys-

tem is carefully evaluated. Overall, this study

enhances our understanding of how physical,

environmental, and anthropogenic processes

can influence both the biomass and carbon

capture, as standing stock, of algal meadows

with economic value.

Ethical statement: The authors declare

that they all agree with this publication and

made significant contributions; that there is no

conflict of interest of any kind; and that we fol-

lowed all pertinent ethical and legal procedures

and requirements. All financial sources are fully

and clearly stated in the acknowledgments sec-

tion. A signed document has been filed in the

journal archives.

See supplementary material

a41v73n1-suppl1

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks are due to ALGAEX S.A. for giv-

ing us the necessary resources to develop this

12 Revista de Biología Tropical, ISSN: 2215-2075 Vol. 73: e61403, enero-diciembre 2025 (Publicado Jul. 29, 2025)

research and the fishermen Eloy, Eliseo, and

Vladimir for accompanying us during the sam-

pling. Finally, we thank the DGIDI (Univer-

sidad Científica del Sur) for supporting the

language style review of this manuscript.

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