Variabilidad en corta escala de los ensamblajes de ictioplancton en isla Malpelo, una isla oceánica aislada en el Pacífico Oriental Tropical
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/5h3qkd21Palabras clave:
ictioplancton; , islas oceánicas;, ensamblajes;, diversidad;, migración verticalResumen
Introducción: Las islas oceánicas son elementos biogeográficos clave que influyen en la distribución y diversidad de organismos marinos, especialmente en ecosistemas tropicales. La isla de Malpelo, ubicada a 380 km de la costa pacífica colombiana, es la única isla oceánica del país y constituye un sitio estratégico para evaluar la dinámica del ictioplancton en el Pacífico Tropical Oriental (POT). Objetivo: Caracterizar la composición taxonómica y la estructura ecológica espacial de los ensamblajes de larvas de peces asociados a la Isla de Malpelo, en el Pacífico Oriental Tropical colombiano, bajo las condiciones hidrográficas predominantes. Específicamente, se evalúan las diferencias en la riqueza de especies, la abundancia y la distribución vertical diaria entre sitios insulares y oceánicos adyacentes. Estos patrones se interpretan en el contexto de mecanismos locales de retención larval y comportamientos migratorios verticales, posiblemente modulados por las características oceanográficas insulares. Métodos: Se examinó la variabilidad temporal a corto plazo de los ensamblajes de larvas de peces mediante arrastres verticales de zooplancton realizados en septiembre de 2012 y julio de 2016, en tres estratos de profundidad. Las larvas fueron identificadas al nivel taxonómico más bajo posible, y se obtuvieron perfiles hidrográficos de temperatura y salinidad mediante lanzamientos de CTD. Resultados: Se registraron 26 unidades taxonómicas pertenecientes a ocho órdenes y doce familias. Los ensamblajes cercanos a la isla incluyeron especies epipelágicas y asociadas a arrecifes como Sardinops sagax y Anchoa spp., mientras que las estaciones alejadas estuvieron dominadas por especies mesopelágicas como Diogenichthys laternatus y Vinciguerria lucetia. Aunque no se detectaron diferencias significativas en la abundancia larval entre las estaciones (MW; p = 0.38), la similitud entre ensamblajes fue baja (45 %) y el recambio de especies alto (79 %). Las larvas mostraron migración vertical diurna, ubicándose en estratos profundos (50-100 m) durante el día y ascendiendo a capas superficiales (0-50 m) por la noche, influenciadas por la profundidad local de la termoclina y haloclina. Conclusiones: Estos resultados destacan la singularidad ecológica de la isla de Malpelo y su papel en el mantenimiento de la diversidad larval de peces en ambientes oceánicos tropicales. El estudio aporta datos de referencia esenciales para el monitoreo ecológico y la planificación de conservación en hábitats marinos insulares del POT.
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