Heces de depredadores tope: consecuencias conductuales para la coexistencia de las especies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/m5j8t121Palabras clave:
marcas olfativas, detección de heces, conducta animal, carnívoros grandesResumen
Introducción: La deposición de excremento en el ambiente es un comportamiento clave en la ecología de los carnívoros depredadores, que promueve cambios conductuales en los animales, influyendo en la abundancia y distribución de las especies con las que coexisten. Objetivo: Analizar si el excremento de jaguar es detectado por sus conespecíficos y otros mamíferos, y si tiene efectos en el comportamiento de estos. Métodos: Registramos la conducta del jaguar (Panthera onca), puma (Puma concolor), mesocarnívoros (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus wiedii, Herpailurus yagouaroundi) y presas, mediante cámaras trampa, en sitios marcados (con excremento de jaguar; n = 28) y sitios control (sin excremento de jaguar; n = 10). Con los registros analizamos, para lluvias y secas: (1) la detección de los excrementos de jaguar por animales y, (2) si después de detectar los excrementos de jaguar, los animales modifican su comportamiento de exploración, observación, vigilancia y forrajeo. Resultados: Pumas y jaguares detectan el excremento con la misma frecuencia y la detección es mayor en temporada seca. En cuanto a las conductas analizadas, los jaguares exploraron 15 veces más y remarcaron 13 veces más, los sitios marcados que los sitios control. Los pumas exploraron ocho veces más los sitios marcados que los sitios control. Los mesocarnívoros exploraron los sitios marcados 17 veces más que los sitios control. Las presas exploraron 41 veces más y aumentaron su vigilancia 24 veces en los sitios marcados que en los sitios de control. Conclusiones: El excremento del jaguar es detectado por conespecíficos y otras especies de mamíferos y tiene efectos en su conducta. Esto puede desencadenar cambios en la abundancia y distribución de las poblaciones y puede ser una forma en que los carnívoros depredadores moldean los ecosistemas.
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