Revista de Biología Tropical / International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, es una revista de acceso abierto completo de la Universidad de Costa Rica centrada en la biología tropical y la conservación. Todos los números, desde 1953 hasta la actualidad, están disponibles para su descarga gratuita. aquí. NUESTRO ENFOQUE (Objetivo) Nuestra revista publica artículos científicos que aumentan nuestra comprensión de la biología, la conservación y las ciencias biomédicas de la vida en los trópicos. Los criterios de selección son la cantidad y calidad de la nueva información y su interés potencial tanto para el público en general como para los especialistas. Los ecosistemas estudiados, o al menos los organismos, deben ser tropicales. COBERTURA TEMÁTICA Números regulares Damos preferencia a artículos de fondo que incluyen preguntas de estudio comprobables, por ejemplo, estudios con un diseño experimental que evalúe factores que influyen en variables biológicas, o estudios que explican los mecanismos subyacentes a fenómenos biológicos o biomédicos como, por ejemplo, el comportamiento o la fisiología. Los estudios de campo deben presentar patrones temporales o espaciales. También damos la bienvenida a estudios sistemáticos o filogenéticos por encima del nivel de especies, metanálisis y estudios bibliométricos que examinan críticamente lo que se conoce y lo que queda por hacer en cualquier campo de la biología tropical. Los artículos de revisión se publican en su mayoría por invitación del Consejo Editorial a autoridades reconocidas. Otros especialistas interesados en enviar una revisión primero deben enviar un esquema de manuscrito titulado al correo biologia.tropical@ucr.ac.cr. Las propuestas aceptadas reciben la misma evaluación que los manuscritos regulares. Todas las revisiones y metanálisis deben identificar y llenar los vacíos en el conocimiento, presentar avances metodológicos y proponer futuras direcciones de investigación. Nota sobre datos antiguos: Si su trabajo se basa en datos antiguos, recomendamos compararlos con datos más recientes, o usarlos como parte de meta-análisis, para darles mayor valor. Los estudios basados en datos recopilados hace más de seis años deben incluir una justificación de por qué siguen siendo de interés y, en el caso de estudios de campo, deben presentar patrones espaciales o tendencias temporales de importancia histórica. El Comité Editorial evalúa la validez de los métodos y la relevancia de los resultados antes de enviar el manuscrito a revisión. La revista ahora cuenta con un número al año (publicación continua del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre) y publica los artículos la misma semana en la que se tiene disponible una versión editada. Hasta 2021 publico cuatro números regulares por año: número 1 (enero-marzo), número 2 (abril-junio), número 3 (julio-septiembre) y número 4 (octubre-diciembre). No publicamos notas; comunicaciones cortas; listas de especies; nueva especie única; extensiones de rango; nuevos registros y otros estudios preliminares o breves; o informes técnicos altamente especializados basados en protocolos (por ejemplo, estudios agrícolas, forestales, bioquímicos, microbiológicos, acuícolas, pesqueros o similares que solo aplican técnicas bien conocidas a casos particulares de interés local). NÚMEROS ESPECIALES Los números especiales financiados por organizaciones de investigación se aceptan después de la aprobación del Comité Editorial. Pueden contener una diversidad de tipos de informes, incluidos artículos breves, nuevos registros, nuevas descripciones de especies, listas de verificación, informes técnicos, etc. Para publicar un número especial, comuníquese con biologia.tropical@ucr.ac.cr para obtener una estimación de costos. PÚBLICO META Personas investigadoras con interés en el estudio de todos los campos de la biología tropical. PORQUÉ PUBLICAR EN LA REVISTA DE BIOLOGÍA TROPICAL? Totalmente indexada: Revista de Biología Tropical está incluida en Science Citation Index Expanded, REDIB Journals Ranking, Current Contents, Google Scholar, Biological Abstracts y alrededor de 50 otros índices internacionales. Rápida decisión y publicación (7 días para la primera decisión, 5-7 meses para aceptación definitiva, 6-8 meses desde el envío hasta la publicación). Razonable: utilizamos un sistema de doble ciego para una evaluación justa de los manuscritos. Alto impacto, no solo por su índice de citas, sino también porque es muy leído en países con la mayor biodiversidad tropical, lo que garantiza que su artículo tendrá el mayor impacto en la conservación de la biodiversidad tropical. Factor de impacto de Web of Science de 0.6. Factor de impacto en SJR de 0.28 (Q2). Un trato personalizado por parte de nuestro dedicado personal. Juntas editoriales y científicas de clase mundial. Acceso abierto: Todos los artículos, desde el primer número en 1953 hasta el presente, están disponibles gratuitamente en línea (Archivos), por lo que es más probable que sean citados que los artículos detrás de muros de pago. PUBLICACIÓN GRATUITA: Cada artículo recibe 10 páginas de espacio libre en formato PDF, que es suficiente para la mayoría de los artículos científicos. Se pueden publicar páginas adicionales diagramadas en el pdf a $50 cada una. Material complementario como textos adicionales, figuras, tablas, gráficos y bases de datos con un costo de $60. Póngase en contacto con biologia.tropical@ucr.ac.cr para obtener más información. OAI-PMH: https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/RBT/oai
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Restoration of Porites lobata (Scleractinia: Poritidae) after the 2023 global bleaching event in El Salvador
Introducción: El blanqueamiento global de corales pétreos de 2023–2024 afectó a las colonias intermareales y submareales de P. lobata, propiciando invasiones de macroalgas sobre su superficie. Objetivos: Divulgar la evolución del evento de blanqueamiento en P. lobata, así como, resumir actividades de monitoreo y restauración realizado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Métodos: Se realizaron monitoreos mediante fotografías de montículos de P. lobata en una franja intermareal y una submareal (< 3m) desde finales de 2022 a la fecha, en los que se registraron los niveles de blanqueamiento y presencia de algas invasoras en su superficie. Estas frondas aledañas a Punta Remedios fueron removidas con toallas en un primer intento con frecuencia quincenal, pero las algas recolonizaron rápidamente. Posteriormente se utilizaron cepillos con alambre metálico. Resultados: Se registró un evento fuerte de blanqueamiento en colonias intermareales de P. lobata en abril de 2023. Todas las colonias submareales presentaron blanqueamiento desde noviembre aproximadamente con importantes invasiones de macroalgas. La eliminación de las algas con toallas pequeñas no funcionó por la rápida recolonización. El uso de cepillos ha reflejado cierta estabilidad en colonias sobrevivientes de más de 20 cm de diámetro. También se detectó similar situación en los montículos submareales desde noviembre de 2023, que hasta mayo de 2025 presentaron tejidos superficiales blanqueados con macroalgas en sus superficies. Conclusiones: Se describió un evento fuerte de blanqueamiento de P. lobata, seguido de colonización de macroalgas y turf, así como actividades de restauración.
algae; bleaching; coral; Los Cobanos; restoration.×
Copyright (c) 2026 Revista de Biología Tropical https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential microplastic pollution: an invisible threat to the success of coral reef restoration efforts
Introduction: Plastic particles are pollutants in the ocean that are ingested by aquatic organisms, including corals, causing negative effects on their reproduction, growth, nutrition, and survival. The increased urban development, as well as the tourist use of coral reef sites, has heightened their presence, increasing the vulnerability of coral communities, threatening their survival, particularly in sites where coral restoration programs are being implemented. Objective: Evaluate the presence of potential microplastic (pMPs) particles in the marine sediment in three sites: Playa del Amor and Zona de Restauracion, located in an insular Natural Protected Area with high and low touristic pressure, respectively, but with a coral restoration program implemented, and Las Virgencitas with low touristic and fishing activities. Methods: Sediment samples were collected at three sites. The abundance and characteristics of pMPs, such as size, shape, color, and weight, were determined. Results: Evidence of pMPs is observed at all sites, with sizes ranging from 5 to ≤ 600 μm. The highest abundance was recorded at Playa del Amor (0.58 pMPs/g) and the lowest at Las Virgencitas (0.029 pMPs/g). A total of five types of pMPs were identified (fibers, fragments, films, foams, and fiber bundle), with fibers being the most predominant form at all three sites (> 90 %). Regarding shapes, some were found in low abundance, such as foam and films at Playa del Amor, and fiber assemblages exclusively at the Zona de Restauracion. The most abundant colors were blue and black. Sizes varied among sites, with the widest range found at Playa del Amor. Conclusions: The presence of pMPs at both highly visited sites and those categorized as having low human impact suggests that tourism is one of the most important vectors for the introduction of pMPs; however, indirect carriers, such as rainwater runoff, river flow, and wind transport, should be considered. The constant influx of pMPs increases the vulnerability of coral reefs and, therefore, the conservation and management strategies. Furthermore, these negative effects can escalate from a local to a regional scale, making it necessary to promote mitigation measures that prevent these potential pollutants from entering the water column.
pollutants; restoration; coral community; touristic hotspot; anthropogenic stressors.
Preliminary results of coral gardening with fragments of the genus Pocillopora as a restoration tool in the Bay of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Introduction: Coral reefs in the Mexican Pacific and the Gulf of California have undergone a marked decline in live coral cover as a result of the synergistic effects of anthropogenic stressors and climate change. In response, a range of restoration strategies has been developed, among which active restoration using coral fragments of opportunity has gained increasing relevance. Objective: To evaluate a coral restoration approach that involves the in situ cultivation of coral fragments for six months, followed by their transplantation to a degraded reef site as established colonies. Methods: Coral fragments of opportunity were collected and cultivated in table-type nurseries from September 2023 to March 2024. After the nursery phase, fragments were transplanted to the restoration site using PVC bases affixed to the rocky substrate with epoxy putty. Transplanted colonies were monitored in situ until March 2025 to assess growth and survival. Results: During the nursery phase, cultivated fragments exhibited a mean net linear extension of 2.23 cm and 100 % survival. From the nursery stage through the post-transplantation period, growth rates were 0.0127 cm day–¹ (r² = 0.99, p = 1.10 × 10–¹⁹) in height, 0.0168 cm day–¹ (r² = 0.98, p = 1.31 × 10–¹⁸) in maximum diameter, and 0.0163 cm day–¹ (r² = 0.96, p = 1.80 × 10–¹⁴) in minimum diameter. Overall survival following transplantation was 82.5 %. Conclusions: The growth and survival rates observed are consistent with previously reported values for Pocillopora in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. These findings support the robustness and reproducibility of the proposed methodology and highlight its potential to generate viable coral colonies for outplanting, thereby enhancing restoration success in degraded reef systems.
growth rate; survival rate; nursery; transplanting; active restoration; Pichilingue.
Water-based tourism dynamics: spatial and temporal characterization in three coral reefs from Bahía Culebra, North Pacific of Costa Rica
Introduction: Coral reefs are essential ecosystems for tourism-based economies worldwide, offering ecological, social and economic benefits. However, increasing on-water activities represent a risk to reef health. In Culebra Bay, there is limited understanding of how on-water tourism interacts with the coral reefs of the area. Objective: To characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of on-water tourism interactions around coral reefs sites in Culebra Bay. Methods: Direct observations were conducted twice a month from April 2021 to April 2022, at three coastal coral reefs to document the number of interactions and users, the types of activities and watercraft involved, and the duration of each interaction. A Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to evaluate differences across sites, and the U Mann-Withney test for compare tourist seasons (peak and off-season). Additionally, a Correspondence Analysis (CA) was used to explore the relationship between activities and sites. Results: We recorded 2,437 interactions involving 6 728 users, and identified ten tourism-related activities. The spatial distribution of tourism interactions was heterogeneous among sites, with the highest volume of interactions, activities, and users concentrated at Jícaro reef. The activities involving watercraft-based activities were dominant, representing 93% of all interactions. Also, the recorded activities were different by site: Blanca reef was mainly linked to non-motorized tours, while Virador reef was primarily used for transit. We found no statistical differences in the volume of users, the temporal distribution of interactions and its duration between seasons. Conclusion: Aquatic tourism in Bahía Culebra was concentrated at Jícaro reef and dominated by motorized activities. This pattern may pose potential environmental risks for reef resilience.
coral reefs; tourism; marine-based activities; coastal management.
Testing biodegradable mesh compositions to improve coral microfragmentation outcomes
Introduction: Coral microfragmentation is a widely used technique in reef restoration, both in situ and in land-based nurseries. Typically, microfragments are individually attached to pedestals or artificial substrates, which requires substantial time and labor investment in the nursery and during field outplanting. An alternative approach involves the use of biodegradable meshes fixed to the substrate as a single unit supporting multiple microfragments. However, the optimal material combinations that provide the mechanical strength, stability, and adhesion necessary to maintain fragments in place after partial material degradation remain unknown. Therefore, experimental evaluation of biodegradable materials that optimize both stability and coral growth is a priority. Objective: To evaluate whether two polymers (PCL and CAPA) combined with different concentrations of CaCO₃ influence coral growth rates and operational efficiency in both nursery and field conditions. Methods: A controlled multifactorial experiment using a fully randomized block design was conducted over six months. The effect of mesh composition on cumulative growth in area and volume of Montastraea cavernosa was assessed using photogrammetry (Structure from Motion, SfM). Additionally, operational times in the nursery (handling, attachment, and cleaning) and during field outplanting were compared with and without mesh use. Results: No statistically significant effects of mesh composition on growth rates were detected during the study period. Mean a real growth ranged from 0.5 to 0.8 mm², with a significant interaction among treatment, tank, and time, indicating low growth and high variability among tanks. Volumetric increase ranged from 0.25 to 0.62 cm³, with no significant differences among treatments. However, mesh uses reduced nursery handling time by approximately 20 minutes per rack of 18 fragments. Conclusions: Regardless of composition, biodegradable meshes represent a viable alternative to optimize asexual propagation through microfragmentation, improving operational efficiency without compromising coral growth.
coral growth; biodegradable substrates; restoration; technological innovation.
Challenges and opportunities of local engagement in coral restoration at Laughing Bird Caye National Park
Introduction: Numerous studies have revealed the importance of local support for successful restoration and conservation initiatives. Much less attention has been devoted to identifying the challenges and opportunities that influence community support. Objectives: To identify the challenges and opportunities influencing community engagement in coral reef restoration at Laughing Bird Caye National Park, Belize and its buffer zone. Methods: We interviewed restoration practitioners and key stakeholders, conducted a SWOT analysis with community members engaged in restoration efforts, and surveyed the broader public to evaluate local perceptions of the factors influencing community engagement in coral reef restoration. Results: Participant responses revealed four systems shaping local engagement: management, social, educational, and environmental. Key challenges included limited participation in restoration decisions, social dysfunction, low awareness of coral ecosystems, and environmental threats. Opportunities focused on expanding educational programs, particularly for youth, supporting local economies and livelihoods, promoting environmental stewardship, and strengthening governance through collaboration and local leadership. Conclusions: Our research revealed challenges that deter community engagement but also identified opportunities that may transform obstacles into actions to build trust, institutionalize collaborative participation, and empower local stewardship as a sustainable, community-driven process. Our results are specific to the community in Placencia, Belize but our methodology provides a potential roadmap for identifying stakeholder concerns and developing inclusive and effective programs to promote community engagement in restoration and conservation efforts elsewhere.
Participatory research methods; qualitative analysis; community engagement, Placencia, Belize, Caribbean, Laughing Bird Caye.
Small-scale variability in benthic habitat shapes size structure differences in the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter
Introduction: Coral reefs have undergone widespread degradation, reducing ecosystem structural complexity and altering benthic habitat conditions. These changes can affect herbivorous invertebrates such as the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter, a key herbivore and bioeroder that can function as a bioindicator of environmental quality. Objectives: This study evaluated whether reef condition influences the population structure of E. lucunter by comparing benthic composition, rugosity, density, and test diameter between a healthy and a degraded zone at Isla de Cabra, Puerto Rico. Methods: Two reef zones at Isla de Cabra were sampled. Benthic cover was quantified using photo quadrats analyzed with CPCe software. Rugosity was calculated using the chain-and-tape method, and urchin density and test diameter were obtained from replicated quadrats and morphometric measurements. Results: The healthy zone showed higher coral and turf algae cover and greater rugosity, whereas the degraded zone was dominated by macroalgae. Although E. lucunter density did not differ significantly between zones, individuals from the healthy zone were significantly larger (4.3 ± 0.8 cm) than those from the degraded zone (3.5 ± 0.9 cm). The degraded zone exhibited a size distribution skewed toward smaller classes, suggesting growth limitation under lower habitat quality conditions. Conclusions: Local variability in benthic habitat structure influences the size structure of E. lucunter, while population density remains relatively stable. Size-based metrics reflect small-scale habitat differences and complement traditional benthic descriptors when assessing local habitat condition in shallow Caribbean reefs.
Echinometra lucunter; benthic habitat; rugosity; size structure; coral reef degradation; Caribbean.
Emerging filamentous red algae blooms: A rising threat to coral reef restoration
Introduction: The in-situ cultivation of acroporid corals in Culebra, Puerto Rico, has been impacted by blooms of filamentous red algae in recent years. Since 2022, the onset of this bloom has occurred from March to the end of April, with a consistent recurrence pattern. The filamentous algae become entangled with corals both in nursery structures and after outplanting to the reef, often leading to partial or complete tissue smothering. Objective: Document, for the first time, the recurrence and ecological impact of a filamentous red algal bloom observed since 2022 in the coral nurseries and restoration sites of Culebra, Puerto Rico. Results: The mortality rate resulting from each bloom event, including corals on farms and transplants, ranged from 5 % to 20 %. The specific algal species or assemblage remains unknown; however, visual inspection is consistent with species of the genus Cottoniella, characterized by fine, red filamentous thalli, profuse branching, and the formation of dense, entangling mats. Conclusions: The environmental factors that promote these blooms and their origin remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, the origin and the geographical distribution of these blooms have not been determined; at present, it is yet unclear whether they are a local or regional phenomenon. It is vital to note that these events, when considered in conjunction with other environmental disturbances, have the potential to compromise the success of coral reef restoration and conservation efforts.
Red Algal Bloom, coral farming, Acropora cervicornis, Culebra, Puerto Rico.
First record and range extension of the Cocos batfish, Ogcocephalus porrectus Garman 1899 (Lophiiformes: Ogcocephalidae), off the continental Pacific coast of Costa Rica
Introduction: To date, two species of batfishes of the genus Ogcocephalus have been documented in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Ogcocephalus porrectus, originally described from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, has been regarded as restricted to waters around Isla del Coco and Isla de Malpelo (Colombia). Objectives: To report and describe the first record of O. porrectus from the Pacific coast of continental Costa Rica, thereby extending its known distribution range. Methods: The specimen supporting this new record was collected with a bottom trawl net off the north Pacific coast of Costa Rica, at 67 m depth. It was deposited in the Ichthyological Collection of the Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica, under the catalog number UCR 3368-001. Morphometric and meristic data of the specimen were recorded following standard procedures. Additional material of O. porrectus and O. darwinii was examined for comparison. Results: Morphological and coloration traits of the specimen were consistent with with previous descriptions of O. porrectus, confirming its identification. Conclusions: This record parallels the recent continental occurrence of O. darwini in Ecuador, since both species were previously considered insular. Such a finding highlights the role of larval dispersal and sampling gaps on perceived distribution patterns of batfishes. It also underscores the need for continued ichthyological surveys to document faunal linkages and to anticipate potential responses of marine biodiversity to environmental change in the Eastern Pacific.
Eastern Tropical Pacific; insular–continental connectivity; biogeography; larval dispersal; ichthyofaunal inventories.
A story of disturbance and loss: historical coral reef degradation in Bahía Culebra, North Pacific of Costa Rica
Introduction: Climate change and other multiple stressors have globally caused the collapse of many coral reefs. Understanding how coral reefs have responded to previous disturbances is key to identify possible trajectories in the face of future more frequent and intense disturbances. Objective: We review the ecological history of coral reefs in Bahía Culebra, a historically important area for coral reef development in the North Pacific of Costa Rica, which has suffered extreme deterioration in the last decades. Methods: We assessed historical traits of coral reefs using both historical and recent data, divided as follows: (i) the “pre-disturbed” period (1970–2000), (ii) the early degradation period (2000–2010), and the degraded period (2010–present day). Results: Forty years ago, Bahía Culebra harbored the highest coral species richness in the Costa Rican Pacific, with high live coral cover (> 40 %). Signs of early degradation were observed after El Niño events and unprecedented coastal development that caused anthropic eutrophication, which led to coral death and a shift to macroalgae-dominated reefs. In the last decade, a steep decline in live coral cover (1–4 %), the loss of many reefs, and a decrease in reef fish diversity and abundance were recorded. Conclusions: To promote the recovery of coral reefs in the bay, we propose management actions such as marine spatial planning, mitigation and monitoring of stressors, and ecological restoration. The latter could help turn the tide by increasing live coral cover, eventually leading to ecosystem functionality recovery, with spill-over effects on reef-associated communities, including local coastal communities. Nonetheless, such actions need governmental and local support; thus, raising awareness through environmental education and citizen science programs is key for the long-needed conservation of coral reefs in Bahía Culebra.
coral cover; Eastern Tropical Pacific; ecosystem recovery; historical ecology; resilience; phase shift.
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista de Biología Tropical http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of freshwater crab: new distributional data for four species (Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae) from Meso- and South American countries
Introduction: The Pseudothelphusidae is a very diverse family of primary freshwater crabs widely distributed throughout the Neotropical region, but the true extent of the geographic distribution of several species is poorly known because many of them occur in very remote areas with only a single or very few records available. Objective: Here we present new country records for four species of pseudothelphusid crabs from Meso- and South American countries. Methods: The data about the geographic distribution are based on specimens deposited in crustacean collections of institutions from Brazil, Germany, and USA; illustrations of the male first gonopod were prepared in stereomicroscope equipped with a camera lucida. Results: Occurrence records of Phygiopilus acanthophallus Fredius stenolobus from Guyana, and Kunziana irengis from Brazil are published for the first time, and the occurrence of Raddaus mertensi from Honduras is confirmed. Comments on the morphology of the male first gonopod of each species are given, their range extensions are discussed, and the importance of these new records for conservation assessments is highlighted. Conclusions: The new data expand the area of occurrence of these four species of Pseudothelphusidae freshwater crabs, providing new data that are relevant for taxonomic and biogeographical studies as well as for the development of better regional and national assessments of the conservation status of the aquatic fauna.
Amazonia; biogeography; conservation; distribution records; geographical range; Guayana shield; neotropical region; Kingsleyinae; Raddausinae.
Freshwater crab research in Costa Rica: past, present and future
Introduction: Freshwater crabs occur in tropical and subtropical regions around the world and are due to their large biomass an important component in ecosystem processes. In Central America, Panama and Costa Rica stand out for their high diversity with 17 and 15 of freshwater crab species, respectively. Objective: Here we present an analysis of the freshwater crab research in Costa Rica and provide suggestions for future research topics related to these macro-invertebrates. Methods: The analysis is based on publications dealing with freshwater crab research in Costa Rica. We included only publications that included specimens collected in Costa Rica; on the contrary, publications, which only mentioned freshwater crab species from Costa Rica were not included. Results: The number of publications increased especially during the last two decades, reaching a total of 35 contributions. The history of freshwater crab research in Costa Rica might be divided into the following three periods: (1) Period I: pre-1900, the discovery phase as the start of freshwater crab research by the description of the first species from Costa Rica; (2) Period II: 1900–2000 when, after a long intermission, taxonomic studies on the freshwater crab fauna were resumed; and (3) Period III: post-2000 characterized by initiating studies including the ecology and molecular phylogeny of freshwater crabs while continuing the biodiversity assessment of these decapods. Conclusions: Our knowledge about freshwater crabs in Costa Rica has increased considerably, especially during the last decades; however, information about many aspects of the life history and ecology of these invertebrates remains fragmentary or simply absent. Future research areas might include studies about ecology and behavior, the impact of climate change and other stressors (e.g., pollution, deforestation, habitat loss, and invasive species) on the existing populations as well as their role as intermediate hosts for metacercariae of the trematode Paragonimus spp. Finally, we stress the need to maintain and continue the collection of freshwater crabs in the Universidad de Costa Rica.
biodiversity, decapod crustaceans, Pseudothelphusidae, conservation assessment, Central America.
Interplay between light and temperature on growth of Chlorella sorokiniana (Chlorellaceae) cultures under laboratory conditions
Introduction: The relationship between light and temperature on the growth of Chlorella sorokiniana (Chlorophyceae) cultures was investigated under laboratory conditions. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different temperature and light intensities on growth, productivity, chlorophyll of Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230 in laboratory conditions. Methods: The cultures were exposed to a combination of two light irradiances (100 and 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and 5 different temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C). Results: At 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1, the culture growth did not differ significantly within 20 °C and 35 °C range. At this irradiance, the maximum attained biomass dry weight was 3.9 g/l after 9 days of cultivation under continuous light. Cultures grown under 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1,showed much larger differences in their growth. Their final dry weight changed according to the following temperatures, 30 °C (6.19 g/l), 25 °C (5.24 g/l), 35 °C (4.33 g/l), 40 °C (2.50 g/l) 45 °C. Therefore, the optimal temperature for productivity of cultures of Chlorella sorokiniana, strongly changed according to the light intensities at which cultures were exposed. At 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1, a large plateau for optimal growth was observed between 20 °C and 35 °C, while at 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1 a clear optimal temperature for productivity was observed at 30 °C. Conclusions: It was interesting to note that culture grown at 20 °C, performed well under 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1, while when exposed to 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1 they were unable to grow. No growth was achieved at 45 °C. Therefore, 40 °C represented the upper limit to appreciate the growth in Chlorella sorokiniana strain UTEX 1230, while the temperature lower limit changed with light irradiance.
Chlorella sorokiniana; growth productivity; light intensity; temperature.
Contribution to the knowledge of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from Costa Rica
Introduction: The topography of Costa Rica varies dramatically, from coastal lowlands to high mountain ranges and volcanoes up to 3 800 m.a.s.l.. In this landscape, lakes and wetlands are observed, harboring diverse crustacean fauna that is not yet thoroughly known. Freshwater fauna in Costa Rica has not been reviewed since the 1980s, but some species not previously reported in the literature have recently been found during limnological studies in the country. Objective: A study of Cladocera was performed to increase the knowledge of this group in Costa Rica. Methods: Sampling was carried out in small ponds and along lake shores, especially among the aquatic vegetation, which has not been included in regular limnological surveys. Samples were screened to extract all members of Cladocera, and these were identified according to the most recent taxonomic literature. Limnological literature on Costa Rican lakes was also examined to complement the list of species. Results: A total of 26 taxa of Cladocera were identified, of which 15 are new reports in Costa Rica, and the total number of Cladocera species for the country has increased to 54. New records for Costa Rica are: Acantholeberis curvirostris, Acroperus tupinamba, Biapertura ossiani, Alonella dadayi, Anthalona verrucosa, Camptocercus dadayi, Chydorus dentifer, Chydorus sphaericus, Ephemeroporus tridentatus, Flavalona iheringula, Parvalona parva, Simocephalus mirabilis, Daphnia ambigua, Leydigia striata and Diaphananosoma brevireme. These include four species reported for the first time in Central America, including A. curvirostirs found in high-altitude bogs. Chydoridae was the most diverse family. Most species were found only at one site, and in very low abundances. Conclusions: It was not possible to identify a few of the specimens, which suggests that the real diversity of Cladocera in Costa Rica is higher, and there might be some species yet to be formally described.
Cladocera; Central America; macrophytes; microcrustacean; species diversity.
Inuk yuwi ta = let's play with the crab - the semiotic relationship of early Mesoamerican, lower Central and South American cultures with crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura)
Introduction: The millenary tradition of the Bribri and Cabécar culture called Ak kuk (= pull of the rock) and/or Inuk yuwi ta (= let's play with the crab) consists of pulling a stone from one place to another collectively. For the Bribris it is the most important tradition and festivity. The instrument with the tied stone that they use for this task is graphically related to one of the most present and studied symbols in the iconography in Mesoamerica: the crossed bands. Objective: To analyze, from an American perspective, the role of the crab (Decapoda: Brachyura) in early American cultures, in their cultural concepts up to the present day. Methods: The human-crab relationship in Mesoamerica, lower Central and South America was studied in symbolism, cosmovision, cultural representations and iconography, ethnohistoric documentation, oral literature, and interviews. Results: The present study demonstrates a close link to the present day with crabs, since they combined the morphology of crabs and humans and other animals to create biomorphic cultural representations, utilizing pareidolia as a creative resource to sophisticate their iconographic language, incorporating the biology, morphology and structural geometry of the crab as a positional and conceptual grid. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance that brachyuran crabs had and still have in the first cultures of The Americas, the relation with crossed bands, highlight the relevance of the knowledge regarding the current culture of the Bribris and Cabécares deposited in the tradition Inuk yuwi ta (= let’s play with the crab), and the relation of this tradition with the collective, with the stone and with the water. This contribution allows an approach to the way in which these decapods were reflected in the artistic, ludic manifestations as well as in the cosmovision of the studied cultures.
crab; iconography; pareidolia; Bribri; Cabécar; Moche; crossbands; Olmec dragon; cosmic monster; jaguar's mouth; axe gods.
Coral reefs restoration initiatives in Costa Rica: ten years building hope
Introduction: Costa Rica has been recognized worldwide for its high biodiversity and the conservation actions it has implemented. One of the most iconic ecosystems are coral reefs, which have experienced strong anthropogenic and natural pressures in recent years. To ensure these ecosystems’ preservation and services, a series of coral restoration initiatives have emerged in the last ten years along both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Objective: To document the different advances of the various coral restoration initiatives Costa Rica’s Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Methods: This review focuses on the implementation of the different reef restoration efforts, indicating the restoration techniques used, the coral species used in the nurseries, as well as the general results of survival and growth. Results: The first coral restoration project in Costa Rica occurred in the 1990s and was the only such effort until the 2010s. In 2013, a pilot project began in the Golfo Dulce area, which was later replicated in other areas of the country, such as Manuel Antonio, Sámara, and Bahía Culebra on the Pacific coast, and more recently in Punta Cahuita in the Caribbean. Various artificial structures have been used as nurseries in the water column such as trees and ropes, and benthic structures such like A-frames, tables, and spiders, the former being very effective for branching species (Pocillopora spp.), while the rest have worked successfully both for branched and massive species (Pavona spp. and Porites spp.). The results shows a growth rates have been between 6 and 9 cm/year, with survival of 60–90 % of the branching and massive colonies. All sites were seriously affected by the El Niño 2023 phenomenon, with high bleaching values ​​and loss of colonies in the nurseries and on the reef. Conclusion: Despite geographic and oceanographic distinctions, these projects have emphasized local engagement and perception of coral reefs, fostered intersectoral public-private collaborations for financial and human resources, and operated within established governmental regulatory frameworks. All projects face vulnerabilities such as El Niño events and Harmful Algal Blooms.
Acropora; Caribbean; El Niño; growth rate; nurseries; Pacific; Pavona; Pocillopora; Porites; survival
Patterns of microplastic incorporation in larval and pupal cases of Limnephilus hamifer (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)
Introduction: Microplastics (MPs) are an omnipresent problem in the environment. However, research on the effects of microplastics on invertebrate organisms in freshwater ecosystems is relatively limited. Objective: Our aim is to study the patterns of incorporation of MPs by Trichoptera larvae in the Neotropics. Methods: We collected 30 fourth and fifth instar larvae of Limnephilus hamifer from Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica (2 764 m.a.s.l.) and transferred them to the laboratory, where we acclimatized them for 72 hours. We induced the larvae to leave their natural cases and deposited five in each of the following treatments: 100 % MPs, 75 % MPs, 50 % MPs, 25 % MPs and 0 % MPs, where the rest of the percentage corresponded to organic matter from the same collection site. In a sixth treatment, we deposited five larvae with their original cases on a 50 % MPs substrate. The MPs consisted of a proportional mixture of PET of four colors: orange, blue, green and transparent. Results: We found that larvae from all treatments constructed their cases incorporating MPs, even when organic matter was available. In general, the cases made with MPs had a higher weight than the natural cases and those of the control group. Additionally, we observed that orange-colored MPs were more incorporated into the cases in all treatments, so possibly Trichoptera larvae have preferences towards the orange color. We also observed the incorporation of MPs in larvae with their original cases, and notably, we recorded the incorporation of MPs in pupal cases, something not reported in the literature at the moment. Conclusions: The incorporation of MPs in all treatments has important consequences because they can accumulate toxins that affect the organisms. The fact that MPs cases are heavier than natural ones could mean a problem in the mobility of the larvae on the substrate, which leads to a greater energetic wear. Finally, incorporating MPs into fixed structures such as pupal cases may make them more conspicuous to visual predators such as fish.
freshwater ecosystems; larval and pupal cases; microplastics; PET; Trichoptera.
Effect of temperature and salinity on the seagrass Halophila baillonii (Hydrocharitaceae) under aquarium conditions
Introduction: Halophila baillonii, also known as “clover grass”, is a rare seagrass species found in tropical waters off the American continent. This is a small and ephemeral species classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List. Objective: To determine how variations in temperature and salinity affect this seagrass. Methods: H. baillonii was collected in the southern Pacific coast of Costa Rica either by hand or with a corer (8 cm diameter). Two experiments with three treatments each were carried out in aquaria. Each treatment was applied to three aquaria, for a total of nine aquaria per experiment. The temperature treatments consisted of 23 °C (Low), 28 °C (Control), 33 °C (High), with a constant salinity of 25 over 51 days. Salinity treatments were 15 (Low), 25 (Control), 35 (High) with a constant minimum temperature of 28 °C over 31 days. Five plant performance parameters were measured: 1) foliar shoot survival; 2) increase in the number of foliar shoots; 3) horizontal rhizome elongation; 4) rhizome internodal length; and 5) leaf area. Results: H. baillonii survival rates were higher when collected manually rather than using a corer. All plant performance parameters were higher at 28 °C temperature (control). In contrast, variables of plant performance were similar in all salinity treatments, except that the seagrass presented smaller leaves at higher salinities. Female flowers were found towards the end of the experiments, being the first report of flowering of this species under aquaria conditions. Conclusion: H. baillonii has a wide salinity tolerance, thus enabling plant survival during dry or rainy seasons. In contrast, H. baillonii appears to be more sensitive to lower and higher temperatures than 28 ºC. This is the first study reporting the response of this threatened species to experimentally induced fluctuations of temperature and salinity.
Eastern Tropical Pacific; Golfo Dulce; climate change; environmental factors; seagrass condition.
Soft-bottom benthic assemblage changes due to tropical seasonal upwelling (Bahía Salinas, Costa Rican Pacific)
Introduction: Seasonal upwelling is a displacement offshore of surface seawater and replacement by cool deeper water with higher nutrient levels by the influence of the wind. On the north Pacific coast of Costa Rica the upwelling is present from December to April. Objective: Within this seasonal upwelling area, Salinas Bay was sampled to determine whether the upwelling has an effect on the diversity, composition, and trophic guilds of the soft-bottom benthic community. Methods: The bay was visited during the upwelling and non-upwelling seasons of 2007-2009. A number of 6 to 9 grab samples were taken in each sampling event. Results: Richness and abundance were lower in the non–upwelling season and the highest values were observed at the end of the upwelling. The taxa composition of assemblages varied partially across the seasons, depending on the upwelling intensity. Conclusions: The species composition was more diverse and abundant at the end of the upwelling season than at the start or in the non–upwelling season. Differences in infaunal assemblages during the seasonal upwelling could be explained by the change in characteristics of the sediment-water interface, nutrients, and sediment movements that promote the increase of planktonic productivity, and thus food availability.
diversity; benthos; sediment processes; recruitment; nutrient dynamics; mollusks; population dynamics.
Community Structure of coral ecosystems in sites of importance for the conservation of marine biodiversity in the North Pacific of Costa Rica.
Introduction: The North Pacific of Costa Rica is a very dynamic region in oceanographic terms and has been identified as an important site for coral environments, with abundant coral communities and some of the most developed coral reefs on the Costa Rican Pacific coast. Nevertheless, these ecosystems have suffered degradation in the last years, a product of events of natural and anthropogenic origin. Objective: This study determines the ecological state of the coralline ecosystems located in the Sites of Interest for the Conservation Golfo de Papagayo and Punta Gorda - Punta Pargos. Methods: The coastline and geological formations (islands and islets) located in these SICs were explored, and rapid ecological evaluations were carried out, which included the characterization of the benthic, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities of each site. Results: In 46 surveyed sites, three were identified as living coral reefs, 14 as dead coral reefs, and 29 as coral communities upon basalts, highlighting a low coverage of live coral (4.3 %) and a predominance of algae mats (64 %). A total of 79 fish species and 40 macroinvertebrate species were recorded, with significant variations in the community composition of these organisms between the three types of coral ecosystems characterized. Matapalo and Jícaro stand out as bright spots of reef development in the region. Conclusions: This evaluation sheds light on the continuous alteration of these ecosystems over the last decades, without signs of significant improvements in their state. This reality underlines the urgency of taking effective measures of conservation and management to preserve and restore these coral and rocky reefs, in order to guarantee the sustainability of these valuable marine resources in the region.
coral; fishes; macroinvertebrates; coverage; infralittoral; reefs.
Marine cyanobacteria of Costa Rica: published records
Introduction: Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic bacteria that play a crucial role in the marine environment, including food and oxygen production, nitrogen fixation, yield antibiotics and other bioproducts which might be used by other members of the community. Cyanobacteria remain understudied, particularly in the marine environments of Central America. While research on cyanobacteria has been conducted in Costa Rica, most studies have focused on freshwater environments, leaving a significant gap in understanding their diversity in the region. Objective: This study compiles the diversity of marine cyanobacteria in Costa Rica through a review of scientific publications and herbarium collections. Methods: a review of the scientific literature and cyanobacterial specimens from the Pacific and Caribbean from 1936 to the present was conducted. In November 2023, the Dr Luis A. Fournier Origgi Herbarium at the University of Costa Rica was visited to examine the available specimens. Results: We found 50 records of cyanobacteria in the references and herbarium collections, of which 10 belonged to Sections I and II, 26 to Section III, nine to Section IV and five to the unclassified category. Genomic data from two studies were found in public databases. Conclusions: The diversity of marine cyanobacteria in Costa Rica represents a valuable resource for ecological and evolutionary studies. This work provides a baseline for future research and highlights the importance of continuing to explore and document the biodiversity of these bacteria.
marine biodiversity; herbarium; blue-green algae; microalgae; prokaryota.
Coverage, vegetation structure and carbon storage of the mangrove forest of Morales, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
Introduction: Mangrove forests provide diverse ecosystem services. However, mangroves are one of the most impacted tropical ecosystems, mainly due to land use change, as has occurred in the Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica. Objective: Analyze mangrove spatial cover over time, and forest structure, and the carbon storage of the mangrove forest of Morales, to generate a current base line of the state of the mangrove forest. Methods: The study was carried out in the mangrove forest of Morales, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Total mangrove forest area was calculated from aerial photographs between 1944 and 2020. In 2021, 5 × 5 m plots were sampled in the field. In each plot, trees were counted, they were identified to the lowest possible taxon, their height were measured, and their circumference to calculate their diameter, and soil samples of 4.5 cm depth and interstitial water were collected. The complexity index (CI) of the mangrove stand and the importance value (IV) were calculated for each mangrove genus. Organic carbon content (Corg) was calculated from allometric equations for trees and with loss on ignition for soil. Results: The mangrove forest area decreased by 24 ha between 1944 and 2020, mainly because of the development of shrimp and salt ponds. The forest CI in 2021 was 18.3 and the genus of greatest importance was Rhizophora. The mangrove forest stores 48 Mg Corg/ha in living vegetation and 11 Mg Corg/ha in the soil up to 4.5 cm depth. Conclusions: The mangrove forest structure and the carbon storage, in general, are similar to other mangrove stands in the Gulf of Nicoya. Considering only the carbon in the above ground living vegetation, the loss of 24 ha is equivalent to 4 224 Mg CO2 released. The feasibility of carrying out ecological restoration of the lost areas could be analyzed.
shrimp pond; forest structure; aerial photography; Rhizophora, carbon sequestration.
Does mesofaunal abundance and composition influence mangrove leaf litter decomposition?
Introduction: Litter decomposition in mangrove forest is a process in which organic matter produced as leaves in the trees is later transferred to the sediment. Several invertebrates participate in the fragmentation of leaves, and they might have a great impact in the later stages of decomposition of mangrove leaves. Objective: The study aims to characterize mesofauna inhabiting leaf litter of Rhizophora racemosa, in the South Pacific of Costa Rica during the dry and rainy season. Methods: Five pre-weighted litter bag samples were set out during each season. Each sample consisted of specimens adhered to the leaves after 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days, from two sites in Térraba-Sierpe National Wetland. The samples were washed in a sieve (0.5 mm) and the organisms were separated and identified. Taxa were assigned to trophic groups to evaluate their influence in the decomposition of the leaves. Additionally, leaf detritus samples retained in the sieve were dried in an oven at 70 °C to calculate the remaining vegetal matter for each site and season. Results: The most abundant taxa were: Bivalvia (26 %), Nematoda (19.45 %), Gastropoda (14.78 %), Nemertea (14.61 %), and Ostracoda (8.20 %). Based on the trophic classification of the mesofauna found, it is expected that most of them are indirect consumers of R. racemosa litter. Correlation analysis shows that, depending on the site and the season, the mass loss of leaf litter was greater with a greater mesofauna abundance. A combined influence of water salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen explains 25 % of the changes observed in the mesofauna found in leaf litter samples throughout the sampling period. Conclusions: Leaf litter decomposition process evidences the presence of an abundant and diverse mesofauna community. The abundance of this mesofauna seems to have a positive influence on the decomposition of the leaves. It is a vital issue to comprehend the role of mesofauna as potential consumers of mangrove leaf litter, in order to conservate biodiversity in this ecosystem.
Rhizophora racemosa; estuarine invertebrates; feeding guilds; nutrient recycling.
Climate Change Scenarios in the Southern Caribbean region of Central America
Introduction: Warming is already significant in Central America and the Caribbean and may be magnified even further in the future. A decrease in the precipitation is projected, increasing also regional aridity. Objective: To study observed and projected latitudinal gradients for precipitation and temperature in three Southern Caribbean locations of Central America: Bluefields (Nicaragua), Limón (Costa Rica) and Bocas del Toro (Panamá) and to characterize their future changes and determine if there are differences or similarities in a north-south direction. Methods: Monthly precipitation (P) and temperature (T) data from General Circulation Models from 1979 to 2099, were downloaded from the WRF repository. Data from the selected models from the repository were subjected to a delta-type statistical downscaling to bring them to a resolution of 1 x 1 km. These models are part of the latest generation of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-Phase 6 used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The ground-truth data necessary for bias correction were obtained from the ERA5 reanalysis. Monthly P and T data were downloaded from 1979 to 2014 at different native spatial resolutions and climatologies at 1 x 1 km spatial resolution at global scales were obtained from WorldClim data. Results: Scenarios show that some regions would go from very humid to humid, based on strong reductions in precipitation and warming at the end of the 21st century. This expected increase in the aridity is going to have impacts on ecology and ecosystem services, agriculture, human consumption due to a water availability reduction per capita and hydroelectric generation. Conclusions: Generation of high spatial Climate Change scenarios is necessary because Central America is a region characterized by significant topographic complexity, land use variety and spatial occurrence of hydrometeorological disasters. This intrinsic variability suggests that local risk management and planning strategies must be designed with a highly specific approach to each locality or region. This implies that, even in areas geographically near to each other, the measures taken may not necessarily be transferable due to differences in climate projections, as it was found for the three nearby communities in the Southern Central American Caribbean coastal region.
precipitation; air surface temperature; climate change; downscaling; scenarios.
Preliminary study on the arsenic removal capacity of native Costa Rican microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorfus (Chlorophyceae)
Introduction: The accumulation of heavy metals, such as arsenic, in aquatic ecosystems may lead to significant ecological and health issues, disrupting environmental stability and potential risks to human, plant, and animal health. Phytoremediation, particularly using microalgae as bioremediation, offers a promising approach to address these pollution challenges. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the arsenic removal capacity of two green microalgae species, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus. Methods: Both species were collected from water sources in Vuelta de Kooper ASADA 5, Aguas Zarcas, San Carlos. Initial strains of C. vulgaris and S. dimorphus were grown in BG11 culture medium under controlled light and temperature conditions. The biomass from each culture was resuspended in water samples from the ASADA in Aguas Zarcas (with known Arsenic concentration), and some reagents from the BG11 medium. Experimental treatments were conducted for 8 and 13 days for C. vulgaris, and for 12–13 days for S. dimorphus, with a control treatment. The total chlorophyll concentration, temperature, and pH were monitored. Results: The results demonstrated a significant capacity for arsenic removal. C. vulgaris obtained an average arsenic removal of 20.51 % after 8 days of treatment and 31.67 % after 13 days. After 13 days of treatment, S. dimorphus showed an average arsenic removal of 47.19 %. According to bioaccumulation, both species exhibited bioaccumulation percentages greater than 97 %. Conclusion: In conclusion, the arsenic removal and bioaccumulation data have demonstrated the potential of C. vulgaris and S. dimorphus as promising candidates for the phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated waters.
bioremediation; heavy metals; aquatic pollution; green microalgae.
Relationship between herbivory of the green turtle Chelonia mydas (Testudines: Cheloniidae) with seagrass meadow structural complexity at Cahuita National Park, Limón, Costa Rica
Introduction: Seagrasses are habitat for the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). At Cahuita National Park (CNP), seagrass have been monitored since 1999. Over time, the canopy complexity of the dominant seagrass species (Thalassia testudinum) has declined. However, seagrass spatial variability and the turtle's interactions with these meadows at Cahuita remain poorly studied. Objective: We aimed to assess the distribution and composition of seagrass meadows in CNP and quantify the intensity of C. mydas herbivory. Methods: Seagrass meadows characterization was done in 2019 and 2021. Sampling points were distributed systematically every 200 m. When seagrasses were present, points were sampled every 50 m for greater resolution. Water depth and seagrass cover by species were quantified at each point. In 2019, additional metrics included sediment carbon content, shoot density, photosynthetic biomass, and leaf area index. Sea turtle density was calculated using aerial video transects, and abundance estimated from density and reef lagoon area. Herbivory rates were estimated by seagrass tethering experiments and underwater videos in 2021. Results: Seagrass meadows were found at depths between 0.4–5.3 m. Mean sediment organic carbon was 2 % and increased slightly at higher seagrass biomass. Carbonate was 40 % and did not vary spatially. Seagrasses at CNP were dominated by T. testudinum, with minimal presence of Syringodium filiforme, Halodule wrightii, and Halophila decipiens. Between 2019-2021, seagrass cover declined by 52 %, from 54.7–24.7 ha in the area sampled both years. Sea turtle length ranged from 20-80 cm. Estimated density was 0.6 ± 0.6 turtles/ha and abundance was 36-211 turtles within the reef lagoon. Underwater videos showed that C. mydas is the main herbivore of T. testudinum in the meadow, with herbivory rates from 12–182 cm2/s. Conclusions: Chelonia mydas plays a significant role in shaping seagrass canopy complexity and distribution at CNP, highlighting the need for integrated ecological monitoring and conservation efforts, particularly under the challenges posed by climate change and anthropogenic pressures.
megaherbivore, grazing, drone, blue carbon, carbon sequestration.
Towards transdisciplinary and transformative coastal marine research: insights from Costa Rica
Introduction: Transformative transdisciplinary research (TTDR) aims to address complex sustainability issues of our times by engaging researchers from different disciplines, practitioners, individuals, and policymakers. Objective: This literature review is a first structured effort to understand how marine-coastal research published in English and Spanish can drive transformative change towards sustainability in Costa Rica (n = 30 articles) and is expected to foster critical reflection on the role of scientific systems in the design, production, and use of knowledge. Results: The results show that in Costa Rica, knowledge production remains largely unidirectional, with stakeholder consultation prevailing over co-production. It highlights the need to foster collaborative research that includes historically underrepresented groups, such as women. Power and funding dynamics determine research priorities, with efforts concentrated in the North Pacific, while the Caribbean region remains underrepresented. Conclusions: Furthermore, we highlight ways forward to transformative research: a focus on leverage points such as co-production of knowledge, creation of safe spaces for inclusive dialogue, and reform of funding models to support long-term interdisciplinary collaboration. As Costa Rica will co-host the upcoming Ocean Conference in France, this moment presents an opportunity to align national research efforts with global transformative trends, ensuring that marine research evolves towards more inclusive and action-oriented frameworks.
marine sciences; social-ecological systems; sustainability transformation; co-production; Costa Rica; Global South; transdisciplinary research.
Identifying resilient individuals of Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786): insights from diversity assessments for coral restoration
Introduction: The genus Pocillopora comprises coral species distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In the Central Mexican Pacific region, Pocillopora verrucosa is the main reef-building species. In response to the recent decline in coral coverage, restoration protocols have been implemented over the past decade. However, to date, no genetic diversity records are available as potential markers to evaluate the effect of assisted recruitment on site dynamics in the area. Objective: Determine the genetic diversity of P. verrucosa in an insular (Islas Marietas National Park) and a coastal (Punta de Mita) restoration site within the Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: A 2 cm2 fragment from 15 colonies per site was collected. Mitochondrial markers for the COI and ATP6 genes were amplified. A total of 40 sequences of the COI (n = 19) and ATP6 (n = 21) genes were obtained, and the haplotype and nucleotide diversity were determined. Results: For the COI gene, two haplotypes shared between the sites were identified, with H1 being the most abundant. For the ATP6 gene, one exclusive haplotype was detected in Islas Marietas National Park, and one more abundant haplotype was shared between the two sites. The AMOVA results revealed a homogeneous pattern with Fst values of 0.21603 (p < 0.10655) for COI and Fst = 0.04174 (p < 0.3753) for ATP6. Conclusions: The low genetic diversity suggests that, as previously reported, asexual reproduction has been the predominant mode throughout the site’s history, and that the assisted propagation implemented may promote the maintenance of the individuals that have historically shown resistance to thermal stressors. However, it is essential to explore alternative propagation techniques in future restoration initiatives, as the long-term success of restoration also relies on reducing the vulnerability of these ecosystems to future environmental stressors.
haplotype; branching coral; Eastern Tropical Pacific; molecular markers; resistance.
Long-term decline of Acropora palmata (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in San Andrés Island: 25 years of monitoring inside a Marine Protected Area
Introduction: The condition of coral reefs in the Caribbean has deteriorated sharply over the past few decades, with Acropora palmata — historically a dominant reef-building coral — experiencing a regional decline of over 90 % due to the cumulative impacts of white band disease, hurricanes, and recurrent thermal stress. In response, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been widely implemented across the region, yet their effectiveness in conserving vulnerable coral species remains uncertain. Objective: To document long-term trends in A. palmata cover at Little Reef, a secondary barrier reef located within the Seaflower MPAs surrounding San Andres Island, Colombia. Methods: Using standardized ecological monitoring protocols (CARICOMP, SIMAC, and years in which RRA was conducted), we analyzed coral cover based on five monitoring events (1995, 2002, 2006, 2021, 2024) spanning 29 years at a representative reef site in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve. Results: Our results reveal a dramatic and statistically significant decline in A. palmata cover, from ~45 % total coral cover (dominated by A. palmata) in 1995 to just 1.13 % in 2024. The 2023 mass bleaching event led to near-complete mortality, with no visible signs of recovery observed during 2024 surveys. Statistical analyses confirmed a strong negative trend (Kendall’s Tau = –1.0, p = 0.017; R² = 0.865, p = 0.022), indicating sustained decline despite long-term protection. Conclusions: These findings reinforce growing evidence that MPAs alone may be insufficient to prevent coral loss under accelerating climate pressures. We highlight the need for conservation frameworks that combine passive protection with active restoration, climate-adaptive management, and genetic rescue approaches to safeguard A. palmata and other threatened reef-building species across the Caribbean.
Caribbean coral reefs; climate change; coral bleaching; coral reef decline; Marine Protected Areas; Seaflower Biosphere Reserve.
Building local capacity for coral reef restoration: insights from two Caribbean MPAs
Introduction: Coral reef restoration requires building local capacity and engaging stakeholders throughout planning and implementation to reduce conflicts and enhance ecological and socio-economic outcomes. Objectives: To compare stakeholder perspectives on community engagement in coral reef restoration within the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve (Colombia) and Laughing Bird Caye National Park (Belize), and to develop tailored guidelines for effective engagement strategies. Methods: We conducted a multiple-case study in the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve (Colombia) and Laughing Bird Caye National Park (Belize), collecting eight months of field data through interviews, surveys, and SWOT analyses, coding qualitative data and analyzing surveys with unpaired two-sample t-tests. Results: The primary strategy for enhancing engagement in coral reef restoration was building local capacity, complemented by strategic planning, budgeting, and educational initiatives for youth. Respondents from Seaflower Biosphere expressed greater concern for coral declines, a stronger sense of reef identity, and felt personally affected by the issues. In contrast, residents of Laughing Bird Caye focused more on economic opportunities, community meetings, and passive educational approaches. Conclusions: These guidelines provide a flexible framework for community engagement in coral reef restoration, emphasizing the importance of understanding socio-cultural and economic contexts, identifying key stakeholders, and fostering trusting, inclusive, and transparent relationships to empower communities and prioritize their active participation in restoration efforts.
participatory research methods; interviews; SWOT analysis; qualitative analysis; Seaflower Biosphere Reserve; Laughing Bird Caye National Park.