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Revisiones Bibliográficas

Vol. 28 Núm. 47 (2026): Revista 47, Enero - Diciembre 2026, Publicación continua - Número abierto

Detección automatizada de deterioros de pavimentos para gestión a escala de red

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/es79s423
Enviado
agosto 22, 2026
Publicado
2026-11-09

Resumen

La detección automatizada de deterioros de pavimentos ha avanzado desde métodos de procesamiento de imágenes basados en umbrales y textura hasta redes profundas para clasificación, detección de objetos y segmentación semántica. Sin embargo, un desempeño elevado sobre conjuntos de datos cerrados no garantiza que la información producida pueda sostener decisiones de conservación a escala de red. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar la evidencia disponible sobre imágenes adquiridas con cámaras vehiculares, teléfonos móviles, sensores tridimensionales y vehículos aéreos no tripulados, con énfasis en generalización geográfica, cuantificación de severidad e integración con sistemas de gestión de pavimentos. Se consultaron fuentes editoriales e índices especializados para el periodo 2011-2026 y se seleccionaron 40 estudios primarios mediante criterios explícitos de elegibilidad, extracción y calidad. La síntesis muestra que las arquitecturas de detección de objetos permiten inventariar grietas, baches, parches y otros daños con rapidez, mientras que la segmentación y los datos tridimensionales son más apropiados para estimar extensión, ancho, área, profundidad o volumen. Los teléfonos móviles ofrecen la mejor relación costo-cobertura para un cribado frecuente; los vehículos aéreos no tripulados aportan valor en inspecciones focalizadas, zonas inaccesibles y levantamientos posteriores a eventos; y los sistemas tridimensionales siguen siendo necesarios cuando la geometría controla la decisión. Persisten cuatro limitaciones: cambio de dominio entre países y estaciones, taxonomías incompatibles, escasa validación externa y débil trazabilidad desde la predicción hasta índices y tratamientos de mantenimiento. Se propone una arquitectura escalonada que combina cribado móvil, reinspección selectiva, auditoría humana y actualización georreferenciada del sistema de gestión. La prioridad no debe ser maximizar una métrica de laboratorio, sino producir observaciones repetibles, calibradas y económicamente útiles por kilómetro de red.

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