Agronomía Mesoamericana

Scientific article

Volumen 33(1): Artículo 45633, 2022

e-ISSN 2215-3608, doi:10.15517/am.v33i1.45633

https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/agromeso/index

Transplanting and the addition of boron in sweet corn (Zea mays L. group saccharate) production1

Trasplante y adición de boro en la producción de maíz dulce (Zea mays L. grupo saccharate)

Aziz Mahdi Abd Al-Shammari2, Ghassan Jaafar Hamdi2, Solieman Daowd Najm Abdullah2

1 Reception: February 2nd, 2021. Acceptance: July 30th, 2021. This work was part of a master’s thesis in the effect of the method of cultivation and foliar fertilization with boron on the growth and yield of three crosses of sweet corn in the spring season. There is no financial support for the research, all costs were covered by the researcher.

2 University of Diyala, College of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, Baqubah, Iraq. Dr.azez@agriculture.uodiyala.edu.iq (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4489-9620), ghassanhamdi38@gmail.com (corresponding author; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9312-8238), soliemanabdullah211@gmail.com (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1402-8798).

Abstract

Introduction. Low seedbed temperatures at the planting and the direct sowing method can reduce the sweet corn germination. Transplanting may offer optimum environmental conditions for seed germination, early crop maturity, and increase sweet corn (Zea mays L. group saccharata) productivity. Boron deficiency depresses sweet corn yield through male sterility. Objective. To evaluate the effect of transplanting and the addition of boron in sweet corn production. Materials and methods. A field experiment was conducted from March 19 to June 20, 2020 at the Research Station of Horticulture Department and Landscape Gardening Architecture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq. Direct sowing and transplanting, and foliar application of boron at 0, 50, or 75 mg L-1 was evaluated to determine effects on the yield, the yield components, and water use efficiency of sweet corn cultivars: Roi Soleal, Seker misir, and Succar. Results. The cv. Seker Misir matured faster (57.5 days), had wider ears (4.53 cm), more kernel rows (16.0), the highest kernel yield (6.00 t ha-1), and a higher water use efficiency (WUE) (2.85 kg m-3). The cv. Succar had the longest ears (18.48 cm) and the heaviest fresh ears (251 g). Transplanting hastened the time to maturity (54.18 days), and produced the longest ears (17.91 cm), widest ears (4.52 cm), most kernel rows (15.96), heaviest fresh ears (229 g), the highest kernel yield (5.56 t ha-1), and the highest WUE (2.64 kg m-3). The 50 mg L-1 fertilizer treatment produced the longest ears (17.61 cm), widest ears (4.58 cm), more kernel rows (16.61), the highest kernel yield (5.64 t ha-1), and the highest WUE (2.68 kg m-3). The least time to maturity (57.72 days) and heaviest fresh ears (232 g) occurred with 75 mg L-1 of boron fertilizer. Conclusion. The use of 50 mg L-1 boron, as a foliar fertilizer, appears to be, next to the transplanting method, suitable for the cultivation of sweet corn plants to increase productivity and WUE.

Keywords: cultivation method, direct sowing, fertilization, grain yield.

Resumen

Introducción. Las bajas temperaturas del semillero en la plantación y el método de siembra directa pueden reducir la germinación del maíz dulce. El trasplante puede ofrecer condiciones ambientales óptimas para la germinación de la semilla, una madurez temprana del cultivo y un aumento de la productividad del maíz dulce (Zea mays L. grupo saccharata). La deficiencia de boro reduce su rendimiento por la esterilidad masculina. Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de los métodos de siembra y la aplicación de boro en cultivares de maíz dulce. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un experimento de campo del 19 de marzo al 20 de junio de 2020 en la Estación de Investigación del Departamento de Horticultura y Arquitectura de Jardinería Paisajista de la Universidad de Diyala, Baqubah, Irak. Se evaluó la siembra directa y el trasplante, y la aplicación foliar de boro a 0, 50 o 75 mg L-1, para determinar los efectos en el rendimiento, los componentes del rendimiento y la eficiencia en el uso del agua de los cultivares de maíz: dulce Roi Soleal, Seker misir y Succar. Resultados. El cv. Seker Misir maduró más rápido (57,5 días), tuvo mazorcas más anchas (4,53 cm), más hileras de granos (16,0), el mayor rendimiento de granos (6,00 t ha-1) y una mayor eficiencia en el uso del agua (WUE) (2,85 kg m-3). El cv. Succar mostró las mazorcas más largas (18,48 cm) y las mazorcas frescas más pesadas (251 g). El trasplante aceleró el tiempo hasta la madurez (54,18 días) y produjo las mazorcas más largas (17,91 cm), las más anchas (4,52 cm), la mayoría de las hileras de granos (15,96), las mazorcas más pesadas (229 g), el mayor rendimiento de granos (5,56 t ha-1) y una mayor WUE (2,64 kg m-3). El tratamiento con 50 mg L-1 de fertilizante produjo las espigas más largas (17,61 cm), las espigas más anchas (4,58 cm), más hileras de granos (16,61), el mayor rendimiento de granos (5,64 t ha-1) y el WUE más alto (2,68 kg m-3). El menor tiempo hasta la madurez (57,72 días) y las espigas frescas más pesadas (232 g) se produjeron con 75 mg L-1 de fertilizante de boro. Conclusión. El uso de 50 mg L-1 boro, como fertilizante foliar, parece ser, junto con el método de trasplante, adecuado para el cultivo de plantas de maíz dulce para aumentar la productividad y el WUE.

Palabras clave: método de cultivo, siembra directa, fertilización, rendimiento de grano.

Introduction

Sweet corn (Zea mays L. group saccharata) is a special type of corn that exhibits homozygosis mutant recessive alleles. These recessive mutant alleles contribute to a loss of the pathway through which basic carbohydrates (sucrose) are transformed into complex ones (starch) in the endosperm (Tracy, 2001) and green corn kernels are softer and sweeter due to low starch levels.

Genotype strongly impacts the nature of growth and productivity (Srdić et al., 2016). Sweet corn is conventionally grown by direct sowing, but research has shown that transplanting results in higher agricultural and economic efficiency methods (Fanadzo et al., 2009; Grubinger, 2014). The benefits of transplanting are more uniform fields, greater control of crop population, compensation for a period of growth too short for a full crop cycle, good sowing time, more effective use of the hybrid seed, good weed and water management, early crop maturity and higher yield resulting in higher market prices (Sánchez-Andonova et al., 2014; Welbaum et al., 2001).

Environmental conditions, particularly temperature, influence productivity for sweet corn (Dale & Drennan, 1997). To produce seedlings for transplanting seeds are sown under protected conditions which improve germination; poor germination is a problem in cold soils. In the greenhouse, germination contributes to reduced crop length, early flowering in the field, economies in seed rate, and time saved. Ecological considerations and defense against pests are controlled with direct sowing (Céccoli et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2012).

Transplanting improved plant survival, avoid of soilborne diseases (Dale & Drennan, 1997). Plants cultivated with transplanting develop better both vegetatively and generatively (Ugur & Maden, 2015), which might be reflected in the final performance in yield attributes and total yield for sweet corn (Fayaz et al., 2019; Sánchez-Andonova et al., 2014; Tampus & Escasinas, 2019).

Boron is an important nutrient for the growth and development of plants and participates in several physiological processes in plants. Boron contributes to cell wall strength and development, as well as being critical to cell division, seed development, sugar synthesis and transport, respiration, and hormone development (Camacho-Cristóbal et al., 2008; Fagan et al., 2016; Zoz et al., 2016). This element also regulates the production of auxin in the plants, wich is a plant hormone that among other functions is responsible for elongation, cell division, and growth of the plant (Mengel et al., 2001). Boron is essential to pollen kernel germination and pollen tube elongation (Krichevsky et al., 2007), which helps provide successful fertilization or pollination, preventing the abortion of flowers, and improves the grain setting by improving the grain filling process and reducing the male sterility often observed in boron deficient condition (Abdel-Motagally & El-Zohri, 2018).

Boron is involved in carbohydrates metabolism and essentially necessary for protein synthesis, nitrogen fixation and boron increased the levels of photosynthetic pigments (Günes et al., 2011; Lordkaew et al., 2011). Boron deficiency leads to the deficiency of other essential nutrients by affecting their rate of absorption and use (Camacho-Cristóbal et al., 2008). Therefore, the adequate supply of boron is very important for the growth and development of plants.

Boron is a significant micronutrient needed for normal plant development and growth (Kaur & Nelson, 2015). It is involved in many plant processes, such as sugar transport, cell wall synthesis, lignification, meristematic tissue cell division, development of petal and leaf buds, integrity of cell wall structure, sugar and hydrocarbon metabolism and transport, metabolism of ribose nucleic acid (RNA), respiration, metabolism of indole acetic acid (IAA), production and transition of cytokinin, phenol metabolism, metabolism of nitrogen (Ahmad et al., 2014; Gupta, 1993; Marschner & Rimmington, 1996; Pilbeam & Kirkby, 1983). A successful way to fix micronutrient shortages may be foliar nutrient sprays, which often contribute to better yields and crop quality.

The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of transplanting and the addition of boron in sweet corn production.

Materials and methods

A field experiment was conducted from March 19 to June 20, 2020 at the Research Station of Horticulture Department and Landscape Gardening Architecture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq (latitude 33°41’17.26’’ N, longitude 44°35’36.08’’ E, altitude 31m). The region has a semiarid climate. The annual mean temperature and precipitation are 28.2 °C and 200 mm, located close to the field trials. The experiment was arranged in a split-split plot in a completely randomized design with the sweet corn cvs. Roi Soleal, Seker misir, and Succar as the main plot, and the planting methods direct sowing and transplanting as the subplot. Transplanting and direct sowing were done at the same time. Foliar application of doses 0, 50, and 75 mg L-1 was the sub-sub plot with four replications. Each experimental unit was 5 m length and 0.75 m width; area of the experimental unit was 3.75 m2, with 6 rows planting. Experimental units were separated by 1.0 m to avoid interference of fertilizer in adjacent treatment. Spacing was 0.75 m between rows and 0.25 m between plants, each experimental unit contained 20 plants, corresponding to a planting density of 53,333 plants ha-1. In direct sowing, the seed was soaked in water (irrigation water) for 24 h to break dormancy and to standardize germination and hand sown at 5 cm with 3 seed/hole on 19 March 2020 and irrigated 3-times with 400 mL for germination. Seedlings were transplanted at the 3-5 leaf stage, to withstand against adverse effects of wind and frost. Later, when plants had three true leaves, plants were thinned to 1 seeding/hole. For the transplanting method, the seed was sown in plastic trays, 0.50 × 1 m, with 104-cells/tray, containing peat moss as a medium on 19 February 2020, in a greenhouse, and seedlings were ready to transplant when they had 3-5 true leaves on 19 March 2020. Before planting, soil samples were collected at a 0-30 cm depth, air-dried, passed through a 2 mm sieve, and used for the determination of physical and chemical soil characteristics according to Black (1965).

The soil used in this study was silty-loam with moderately acidic with a pH of 7.04 and EC1:1 (7.55 dS m-1), which is suitable for sweet corn production. Organic matter was low as represented by organic carbon of 6.9 g kg-1. It has medium total N (54.01 mg kg-1), very low in available P (8.04 mg kg-1) and low in exchangeable K (81.78 mg kg-1), CaCo3 (260.1 g kg-1), field capacity (25 %), and bulk density (1.35 g cm-3).

A total of 8 Mt ha-1 poultry litter was added to the soil during bed preparation. The silty-loam soil was prepared by plowing and formed into raised beds. The Irrigation was applied to each plot via pipe a surface drip irrigation T-Tape (Bow smith, Inc., Exeter, CA) with a wall thickness of 1 mm, and a distance between emitters of 11 cm between emitters and measured by the digital water flow meter. The maximum water flow rate of the emitters was 1 l h-1. Plants were irrigated to reach field capacity when depletion of 50 % of available water occurred.

A soluble 20N-20P-20K fertilizer was added in four split applications throughout the growth period at 100 kg ha-1 with the irrigation water. The sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were NH4NO3, P2O5, and K2SO4, respectively.

Boron as water-solubor (Na2B8O13·4H2O; Villa de Madrid 14. Pol. Ind. Fuente del Jarro, 46988 PATERNA, Valencia, Spain), containing 13.3 % B, was applied with a backpack sprayer at three concentrations (0, 50, or 75 mg L-1) three times, at a 10-day interval, starting at flowering (Starting from 4/19/2020). All foliar applications were performed in the early morning. Weeds were controlled manually.

Data gathered

Characteristics evaluated were: meantime to harvest (Early of maturity) (day), the maturity date was determined when the ears were large enough to fill the husk tightly to the top, and when the kernels were just beginning the milk stage. Ear characteristics such as ear length (cm), ear diameter (cm), and its number of kernel rows were recorded, and ears fresh weight (g), were determined from the mean of 18 randomly selected ears per plot per treatment. total ears productivity (t ha-1) all cobs from the harvestable area of each treatment plot were harvested, husked, and weighed to obtain the total yield; grain productivity (t ha-1) was recorded values of water use efficiency (kg m-3) were calculated for different treatments after harvest according to the following equation (1):

Water use efficiency (WUE) = total yield / water applied (1)

Data Analysis

At harvest, data were subjected to analysis of variance (F-Test) in SAS (ver. 9.1, SAS, Inc., Cary, NC). When there was a significant effect, the Tukey test (5 %) were applied for the Mo application periods, using the Agro Estat software (Barbosa & Maldonado, 2015).

Results

For all measured variables, interactions took precedence over the main effects (Table 1).

Table 1. Analysis of variance for the main impacts of tree sweet corn (Zea mays) cultivars, establishment methods, three boron doses, and their interactions on time to maturity, length and diameter of ears, kernel rows number, ears fresh weight, grain products, and WUE in sweet corn. Research Station of Horticulture Department and Landscape Gardening Architecture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq, from 19 March to June 2020.

Cuadro 1. Análisis de varianza para los principales efectos de tres cultivares de maíz dulce (Zea mays), método de establecimiento, y trasplante, tres dosis de boro y sus interacciones, sobre el tiempo de maduración, la longitud y el diámetro de las mazorcas, el número de filas de granos de las mazorcas peso fresco, los productos de grano y el uso del agua (WUE) en el maíz dulce. Research Station of Horticulture Department and Landscape Architecture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq, 19 de marzo al 20 de junio de 2020.

Results in Table 2 showed the effect of cultivars on all measured traits. The cv. Seker Misir had less time to maturity, wider ears, a greater number of kernel rows, most kernel yield, and higher WUE. The cv. Succar had the tallest ears and heaviest fresh ears, while the ‘Roi Soleal’ cultivar had the least.

Table 2. Impacts of three sweet corn (Zea mays) cultivars, establishment methods, and boron fertilizer on time to maturity, the length and diameter of ears, kernel ears rows number, fresh weight, kernel products, and water use (WUE) in sweet corn. Research Station of Horticulture Department and Landscape Gardening Architecture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq, from 19 March to June 2020.

Cuadro 2. Efecto de tres cultivares de maíz dulce (Zea mays), métodos de establecimiento y fertillización con boro, sobre el tiempo de maduración, la longitud y el diámetro de las mazorcas, el número de filas de granos de las mazorcas, el peso fresco, la producción de grano y el uso del agua (WUE) en el maíz dulce. Research Station of Horticulture Department and Landscape Gardening Architecture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq, 19 de marzo al 20 de junio de 2020.

In this study, the transplanting method produced less time to maturity, tallest ears, widest ears, a greater number of kernel rows, heaviest fresh ears, most kernel yield, and higher WUE, while the direct sowing method had the least (Table 2).

Application of boron fertilizer at 50 mg L-1 produced tallest ears, widest ears, a greater number of kernel rows, most kernel yield, and highest WUE (Table 2), also produced the less time to maturity and ear heaviest with the foliar boron at 75 mg L-1, while the plants not treated with boron fertilizer had the least.

The cultivars and establishment methods, cultivars and foliar application of boron, establishment methods and foliar application of boron, interactions significantly affected on all measured variables (Table 3). The cv. Seker Misir with the transplanting method resulted in the less time to maturity, widest ears, a greater number of kernel rows, most kernel yield, and higher WUE. The tallest ears and heaviest fresh ears were produced on Succar with the same establishment methods (Transplanting). Kernel productivity and WUE were improved due to the use of 50 mg L-1 boron for Seker Misir cv. The lowest of time to maturity and widest ears were produced for the same cv. use of 50 or 75 mg L-1 boron. For Succar cv., use of 50 or 75 mg L-1 boron produced the tallest ears and heaviest fresh ears. For all cvs., the use of boron dose produced a greater number of kernel rows. For the transplanting method use of 50 or 75 mg L-1 boron resulted in the lowest time to maturity, tallest ears, widest ears, a greater number of kernel rows, most kernel productivity, and WUE. The heaviest fresh ears were produced for all cvs. use of boron dose.

Table 3. Means comparison, the interactions effects of cultivar × establishment methods, cultivar × fertilizer and establishment methods × fertilizer on time to maturity, length and diameter of ears, kernel rows number, ears fresh weight, kernel productivity, and water use (WUE) in sweet corn (Zea mays). Research Station of Horticulture Department and Landscape Gardening Architecture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq, from 19 March to June 2020.

Cuadro 3. Comparación de medias, efectos de las interacciones entre el cultivar × métodos de establecimiento, cultivar × fertilizante y los métodos de establecimiento × fertilizante, sobre el tiempo de maduración, la longitud y el diámetro de las espigas, el número de hileras de granos, el peso fresco de las mazorcas, la productividad de grano y el uso del agua (WUE) en el maíz dulce (Zea mays). Research Station of Horticulture Department and Landscape Gardening Architecture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq, 19 de marzo al 20 de junio de 2020.

In all the cultivars and establishment methods, the early of maturity, length and diameter ears, kernel rows number, ears fresh weight, total kernel yield, and WUE, significantly increased with the foliar application of boron dose (Table 4). Early in maturity and ear diameter was generally the best in each combination for the 50 or 75 mg L-1 boron dose for Seker Misir cv. with transplanting. For this interaction, a greater number of Kernel rows were generally highest for the 50 or 75 mg L-1 boron dose regardless of cultivar or establishment method. kernel productivity and WUE were generally the best in each combination for each the 50 or 75 mg L-1 boron dose Seker Misir or Roi Soleal with transplanting method. For this interaction, the ear length was generally highest for the 50 mg L-1 boron dose in Roi Soleal cv. with the transplanting method.

Table 4. Means comparison of the interaction of the impacts of cultivar, establishment methods, and fertilizer on time to maturity, length and diameter of ears, kernel rows number, ears fresh weight, kernel productivity, and water use (WUE) in sweet corn (Zea mays). Research Station of Horticulture Department and Landscape Gardening Architecture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq, from 19 March to June 2020.

Cuadro 4. Comparación de medias la interacción de los impactos del cultivar, los métodos de establecimiento y el fertilizante, sobre el tiempo de maduración, la longitud y el diámetro de las mazorcas, el número de filas de granos de las mazorcas, el peso fresco de las mazorcas, la productividad de grano y el uso del agua (WUE) en el maíz dulce (Zea mays). Research Station of Horticulture Department and Landscape Gardening Architecture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq, 19 de marzo al 20 de junio de 2020.

Discussion

The study revealed significant genotypic variances for yield and its components characters. This might be attributed to the genotypic variation between the three sweet corn cultivars (genetic factors, intrinsic to the cultivar), being little affected by environmental factors (Krichevsky et al., 2007; Stansluos et al., 2020; Williams, 2010; Williams & Pataky, 2012). Genotype and management interaction was also found to be significant for most of the characters. The study indicated influence of both genotype and environment in expression of these characters.

Transplanting sweet corn was investigated as a method to improve stand establishment and hasten maturity. Transplanting sweet corn has been reported to produce significantly higher emergence percentage than direct seeded (Welbaum et al., 2001) and significantly reduced days required for emergence comparing to direct seeded (Dale & Drennan, 1997). It is obvious from the obtained results that the average days to maturity, length and diameter of ear, number of kernel rows, ears fresh weight, kernel yield and WUE was improved in the transplanting experiment compared to when seeds were directly cultivated in the field. This may be justified by the numerous benefits of transplanting.

The positive effect of boron on Kernel yield of sweet corn may be due to improvements in the physiological processes of plants. The presence of boron is responsible for correct pollination and filling of the cobs with grain. Also, the presence of B in maize strengthens the stiffness of the stems, which reduces lodging and protects plants from pests. Insufficient boron content within plants causes the inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis.

Conclusions

Based on obtained results, it can be concluded that, transplanting method can double yield the linear growth of agro-morphological traits, increased kernel yield and WUE as compared to direct sowing as stand-alone innovations. Alternate sweet corn establishment methods like transplanting can help in establishing a sweet corn crop earlier than a conventional transplanted crop (direct sowing). In regard to cultivars performance, Seker Misir outperformed Roi Soleal and Succar in days to maturity, kernel rows number, kernel yield and WUE among the transplanting method and application of boron (50 or 75 ml L-1) practices.

Generally from this study the results show that the cv. Seker Misir were best in its most tested characters (ear diameter, kernel rows number, Kernel yield and WUE) over the other cultivars.

It is concluded that the mean values obtained against boron dose application were potential contributor to total grain mass by improving the days to maturity, length and diameter ear, number of kernel rows, ears fresh weight, kernel yield and WUE. Foliar boron application (75 ml L-1) gave the highest recorded values for all studied trades.

The boron dose foliar application (50 and 75 mg L-1) and transplanting method improved the yield, yield components, and water use efficiency of sweet corn, regardless of the cultivars.

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