Ecomorphological and behavioral differences mediating resource partitioning among syntopic stream fish species in the Amazon Rainforest
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73i1.61089Keywords:
Amazonian fishes; oligotrophic streams; habitat use; morphology; co-occurrence.Abstract
Introduction: Generalist trophic strategies and opportunistic feeding habits of nektonic fish species inhabiting oligotrophic streams in the Amazon Rainforest suggest that minor morphological and niche differences can mediate the occurrence of closely related species in sympatry, alleviating interspecific competition for resources.
Objective: To analyze the ecomorphology, diet composition, vertical and horizontal habitat use, and foraging behavior of four Characiform species in syntopy, to understand resource partitioning and species coexistence.
Methods: From August to October 2011 (dry season), up to 30 specimens of each species were collected from each of eight sampled streams in the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Amazonas, Brazil, for ecomorphological analyses, with up to 10 of these used for stomach content analysis. Foraging behavior was quantified through underwater observation of vertical and horizontal space use and foraging frequency in the water column. The dietary importance of food items was determined using the Feeding Index (FIi), and ecomorphological attributes were used to characterize body shape and fin morphology.
Results: Differences were detected in foraging behavior and habitat use. Hyphessobrycon. aff. melazonatus predominantly occupied the stream margins, and the other species utilized the channel. Additionally, only H. aff. melazonatus exhibited a difference in stomach content composition. Ecomorphological characteristics showed divergence among species, particularly in body shape, mouth size, and orientation.
Conclusions: The combined analysis demonstrated that differences observed here may mediate syntopic coexistence by alleviating interspecific competition through resource partitioning. The system’s sensitivity to anthropogenic impacts and climate change were highlighted on food availability and trophic relations of Amazon stream fishes and underscore the need for headwater stream conservation.
References
Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49, 227–267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853974X00534
Aranha J. M. R., Takeuti, D. F., & Yoshimura, T. M. (1998). Habitat use and food partitioning of the fishes in a coastal stream of Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Revista Biologia Tropical, 46, 955–963.
Baldasso, M. C., Oliveira, A. G. D., Kliemann, B. C. K., & Delariva, R. L. (2024). Habitat modification driven by land use as an environmental filter on the morphological traits of neotropical stream fish fauna. Neotropical Ichthyology, 22, e230119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0119
Baldasso, M. C., Wolff, L. L., Neves, M. P., & Delariva, R. L. (2019). Ecomorphological variations and food supply drive trophic relationships in the fish fauna of a pristine neotropical stream. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 102, 783–800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-019-00871-w
Barili, E., Agostinho, A. A., Gomes, L. C., & Latini, J. D. (2011). The coexistence of fish species in streams: relationships between assemblage attributes and trophic and environmental variables. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 92, 41–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9814-2
Barros, G. B., Zuanon, J., & Deus, C. P. (2017). Effects of species co-occurrence on the trophic-niche breadth of characids in Amazon forest streams. Journal of Fish Biology, 90, 326–340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13183
Barros, T. F., Louvise, J., & Caramaschi, E. P. (2019). Flow gradientes drives morphological divergence in an Amazon pelagic stream fish. Hydrobiologia, 833(1), 217–229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-019-3902-2
Beaumord, A. C., & Petrere Jr., M. (1994). Fish communities of Manso River, Chapada dos Guimarães, MT, Brazil. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 15(2), 21–35.
Brejão, G. L., Gerhard, P., & Zuanon, J. (2013). Functional trophic composition of the ichthyofauna of forest streams in eastern Brazilian Amazon. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11, 361–373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252013005000006
Brejão, G. L., Hoeinghaus, D. J., Pérez-Mayorga, M. A., Ferraz, S. F., & Casatti, L. (2018). Threshold responses of Amazonian stream fishes to timing and extent of deforestation. Conservation Biology, 32(4), 860–871. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13061
Buck, S., & Sazima, I. (1995). An assemblage of mailed catfishes (Loricariidae) in southeastern Brazil: distribution, activity, and feeding. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 6, 325–332.
Carvalho, L. M., Zuanon, J., & Sazima, I. (2007). Natural history of Amazon fishes. In K. del Claro, P. S. Oliveira, V. Rico-Gray, A. Ramirez, A. A. A. Barbosa, A. Bonet, F. R. Scarano, F. L. Consoli, F. J. M. Garzon, J. N. Nakajima, J. A. Costello, M. V. Sampaio, M. Quesada, M. R. Morris, M. P. Rios, N. Ramirez, O. M. Junior, R. H. F. Macedo, R. J. Marquis, … U. Luttge (Eds.), Encyclopedia of life support systems (EOLSS). Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers.
Casatti, L. (2002). Alimentação dos peixes em um riacho do Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo, bacia do Alto Rio Paraná, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 2, 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032002000200012
Casatti, L. & Castro, R. M. C. (1998). A fish community of the São Francisco River headwaters riffles, southeastern Brazil. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 9(3), 229–242.
Casatti, L., & Castro, R. M. C. (2006). Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the Rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 4(2), 203–214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252006000200006
Casatti, L., Mendes, H. F., & Ferreira, K. M. (2003). Aquatic macrophytes as feeding site for small fishes in the Rosana Reservoir, Paranapanema River, Southeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 63, 213–222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000200006
Ceneviva-Bastos, M., & Casatti, L. (2007). Oportunismo alimentar de Knodus moenkhausii (Teleostei, Characidae): Uma espécie abundante em riachos noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Iheringia Série Zoologica, 97(1), 7–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007000100002
Ceneviva-Bastos, M., Casatti, L., & Rossa-Feres, D. C. (2010). Meso and microhabitat analysis and feeding habitats of small nektonic characins (Teleostei: Characiformes) in Neotropical streams. Zoologia, 2, 191–200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702010000200006
Costa-Pereira, R., & Severo-Neto, F. (2012). Dining out: Bryconops caudomaculatus jumps out of water to catchflies. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 85, 241–244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2012000200012
da Silva, J. C., Gubiani, É. A., Neves, M. P., & Delariva, R. L. (2017). Coexisting small fish species in lotic neotropical environments: Evidence of trophic niche differentiation. Aquatic Ecology, 51, 275–288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-017-9616-5
Dagosta, F. C., & de Pinna, M. C. (2019). A history of the biogeography of Amazonian fishes. Neotropical Ichthyology, 16, e180023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20180023
Dala-Corte, R. B., & De Fries, L. (2018). Inter and intraspecific variation in fish body size constrains microhabitat use in a subtropical drainage. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 101, 1205–1217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-018-0769-4
Delariva, R. L., & Neves, M. P. (2020). Morphological traits correlated with resource partitioning among small characin fish species coexisting in a Neotropical river. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 29(4), 640–653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12540
Espírito-Santo, H. M. V., Magnusson, W. E., Zuanon, J. A. S., Mendonca, F. P., & Landeiro, V. L. (2009). Seasonal variation in the composition of fish assemblages in small Amazonian forest streams: Evidence for predictable changes. Freshwater Biology, 54, 536–548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02129.x
Espírito-Santo, H. M. V., Rodríguez, M. A., & Zuanon, J. (2017) Strategies to avoid the trap: Stream fish use fine-scale hydrological cues to move between the stream channel and temporary pools. Hydrobiologia, 792(1), 183–194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-3054-6
Esteves, K. E., Aranha, J. M. R., & Albrecht, M. P. (2021). Ecologia trófica de peixes de riacho: Uma releitura 20 anos depois. Oecologia Australis, 25(2), 282–282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2021.2502.04
Fittkau, E. J. (1967). On the ecology of Amazonian rain-forest streams. En H. Lent (Eds.), Atas do simpósio sobre a biota amazônica (pp. 97–108). Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas, Rio de Janeiro.
Gatz, A. J. (1979). Ecological morphology of freshwater stream fishes. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, 21, 91–124.
Gorman, O. T., & Karr, J. R. (1978). Habitat structure and stream fish communities. Ecology, 59, 507–515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1936581
Gosline, W. A. (1971). Functional morphology and classification of teleostean fishes. University Press of Hawaii. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824885311
Goulding, M., Carvalho, M. L., & Ferreira, E. G. (1988). Rio Negro, rich life in poor water. SPB Academic, The Hague.
Grant, J. W. A., & Noakes, D. L. G. (1987). A simple model of optimal territory size for drift-feeding fish. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 270–276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-042
Henderson, P. A., & Walker, I. (1986). On the leaf litter community of the Amazonian blackwater stream Tarumazinho. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 2, 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400000547
Herder, F., & Freyhof, J. (2006). Resource partitioning in a tropical stream fish assemblage. Journal of Fish Biology, 69, 571–589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01126.x
Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6, 65–70.
Howe, S., Bryant, K., Duff, A., & Astley, H. (2021). Testing the effects of body depth on fish maneuverability via robophysical models. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 17(1), 016002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac33c1
Hynes, H. B. N. (1950). The food of fresh-water sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pygosteus pungitius), with a review of methods used in studies of the food fishes. Journal of Animal Ecology, 19, 36–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1570
Hyslop, E. J. (1980). Stomach contends analysis: A review of methods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology, 17, 411–429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02775.x
Junk, W. J., & Furch, K. (1985). Physical and chemical properties of Amazonian water and their relationships with the biota. In G. T. Prance, & T. E. Lovejoy (Eds.), Key environments Amazonia (pp. 3–17). Pergamon Press.
Kawakami, E., & Vazzoler, G. (1980). Método gráfico e estimativa de índice alimentar aplicado no estudo de alimentação de peixes. Boletim do Instituto Oceangráfico, 29(2), 205–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0373-55241980000200043
Keenleyside, M. H. A. (1979). Zoophysiology: Diversity and adaptation in fish behaviour (Vol. 11). Springer-Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81374-0
Kliemann, B. C. K., Galdioli, E. M., Bialetzki, A., & Delariva, R. L. (2021). Morphological divergences as drivers of diet segregation between two sympatric species of Serrapinnus (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) in macrophyte stands in a neotropical floodplain lake. Neotropical Ichthyology, 19(02), e200139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0139
Lamouroux, N., Capra, H., Pouilly, M., & Souchon, Y. (1999). Fish habitat preferences at the local scale in large streams of southern France. Freshwater Biology, 42, 673–687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00521.x
Langerhans, R. B. (2008). Predictability of phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes in fishes. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 48(6), 750–768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icn092
Langerhans, R. B., Layman, C. A., Langerhans, A. K., & Dewitt, T. J. (2003). Habitat‐associated morphological divergence in two Neotropical fish species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80, 689–698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00266.x
Leitão, R. P., Sánchez-Botero, J. I., Kasper, D., Trivério-Cardoso, V., Araújo, C. M., Zuanon, J., & Caramaschi, É. P. (2015). Microhabitat segregation and fine ecomorphological dissimilarity between two closely phylogenetically related grazer fishes in an Atlantic Forest stream, Brazil. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 98, 2009–2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-015-0423-3
Leite, T. S., Pinheiro, I. E., Berchez, F., Bertoncini, Á. A., Del Cima, O. M., Demetrescu, I. E., Francini-Filho, R. B., Kikuchi, R. K. P., Machado, A. A., Maia-Nogueira, R., Martins, F. L., Mendes, L. F., Rambelli, G., Sampaio, C. L. S., Segal, B., Aguiar, A. A., Auler, A. S., Barroco-Neto, J., Bonaldo, R. M., ... & Lotufo, T. (2023). Scientific diving in Brazil: History, present and perspectives. Ocean and Coastal Research, 71, e23045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824071.23036tsl
Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1999). Estudos Ecológicos de Comunidades de Peixes Tropicais. Edusp.
Manna, L. R., Miranda, J. C., Rezende, C. F., & Mazzoni, R. (2020). Feeding strategy and morphology as indicators of habitat use and coexistence of two loricariid fishes from a Brazilian coastal stream. Biota Neotropica, 20, e20190764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0764
Manna, L. R., Rezende, C. F., & Mazzoni, R. (2017). Effect of body size on microhabitat preferences in stream-dwelling fishes. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 33(2), 193–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13320
Mazzoni, R., Moraes, M., Rezende, C. F., & Miranda, J. C. (2010). Alimentação e padrões ecomorfológicos das espécies de peixes de riacho do alto rio Tocantins, Goiás, Brasil. Iheringia. Série Zoologia, 100, 162–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000200012
Mendonça, F. P., Magnusson, W. E., & Zuanon, J. (2005). Relationships between habitat characteristics and fish assemblages in small streams of Central Amazonia. Copeia, 4, 750–763. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2005)005[0751:RBHCAF]2.0.CO;2
Merritt, R. W., & Cummins, K. W. (1996). An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America (3rd ed.). Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Company.
Montaña, C. G., & Winemiller, K. O. (2010). Local-scale habitat influences morphological diversity of species assemblages of cichlid fishes in a tropical floodplain river. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 216–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2010.00406.x
Motta, P. J., Clifton, K. L. B., Hernandez, P., & Eggold, B. T. (1995). Ecomorphology correlates in ten species of subtropical seagrass fishes: Diet and microhabitat utilization. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 44, 37–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1356-6_4
Neves, F. M., & Monteiro, L. R. (2003). Body shape and size divergence among populations of Poecilia vivipara in coastal lagoons of south-eastern Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology, 63, 928–941. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00199.x
Nunes, L. T., Morais, R. A., Longo, G. O., Sabino, J., & Floeter, S. R. (2020). Habitat and community structure modulate fish interactions in a neotropical clearwater river. Neotropical Ichthyology, 18(1), e190127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2019-0127
Passos, M. I. S., Nessimian, J. L., & Junior, N. F. (2007). Chaves para identificação dos gêneros de Elmidae (Coleoptera) acorrentes no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51(1), 42–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262007000100008
Pearson, K., (1900). Mathematical contribution to the theory of evolution: VII, on the correlation of characters not quantitatively measurable. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 195, 1–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1900.0022
Peres-Neto, P. R. (2004). Patterns in the occurrence of fish species in streams: The role of site suitability, morphology and phylogeny versus species interactions. Oecologia, 140, 352–360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1578-3
Pes, A. M. O., Hamada, N., & Nessimian, J. L. (2005). Chaves de identificação de larvas para famílias e gêneros de Trichoptera (Insecta) da Amazônia Central, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 49(2), 181–204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262005000200002
Petts, G. E. (1994). Rivers: Dynamic components of catchment ecosystems. In P. Calow, & G. E. Petts (Eds.), The rivers handbook (2nd ed., pp. 3–22). Blackwell Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444313871.ch1
Portella, T., Lobón-Cerviá, J., Manna, L. R., Bergallo, H. G., & Mazzoni, R. (2017). Eco-morphological attributes and feeding habits in coexisting characins. Journal of Fish Biology, 90(1), 129–146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13162
R Development Core Team. (2011). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/
Sabino, J. (1999). Comportamento de peixes em riachos: métodos de estudo para uma abordagem naturalística. In E. P. Caramaschi, R. Mazzoni, C. R. S. F. Bizerril, & P. R. Peres-Neto (Eds.), Ecologia de peixes de riachos: Estado atual e perspectivas (pp. 183–208). Oecologia Brasiliensis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.1999.0601.06
Sabino, J., & Castro, R. M. C. (1990). Alimentação, período de atividade e distribuição espacial dos peixes de um riacho da floresta Atlântica (Sudeste do Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 50, 23–36.
Sabino, J., & Sazima, I. (1999). Association between fruit-eating fish and foraging monkeys in western Brazil. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 10(4), 309–312.
Sabino, J., & Zuanon, J. (1998). A stream fish assemblage in Central Amazonia: Distribution, activity patterns and feeding behavior. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 8(3), 201–210.
Salles, F. F., Da-Silva, E. R., Serrão, J. E., & Francischetti, C. N. (2004). Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) na região Sudeste do Brasil: Novos registros e chave para os gêneros no estágio ninfal. Neotropical Entomology, 33(5), 725–735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2004000600010
Santos, L. L., Benone, N. L., Soares, B. E., Barthem, R. B., & Montag, L. F. (2019). Trait–environment relationships in Amazon stream fish assemblages. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 28(3), 424–433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12465
Sazima, I. (1986). Similarities in feeding behaviour between some marine and freshwater fishes in two tropical communities. Journal Fish Biology, 29, 53–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb04926.x
Schoener, T. W. (1974). Resource partitioning in ecological communities. Science, 185, 27–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4145.27
Shukla, R., & Bhat, A. (2022). Patterns and drivers of species co-occurrence networks in a tropical stream fish metacommunity. Hydrobiologia, 849(12), 2797–2811. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04894-w
Soares, M. G. M. (1979). Aspectos ecológicos (alimentação e reprodução) dos peixes do igarapé do Porto, Aripuanã, MT. Acta Amazonica, 9, 325–352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921979092325
Souza, R. C., & Pompeu, P. S. (2020). Ecological separation by ecomorphology and swimming performance between two congeneric fish species. Zoologia, 37, e47223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e47223
StatSoft, I. (2001). Statistica for Windows, version 6.0 [Software]. https://statistica.software.informer.com/6.0/
Teresa, F. B., de Sousa-Rodrigues-Filho, C. A., & Leitão, R. P. (2021). Diversidade funcional de comunidades de peixes de riacho. Oecologia Australis, 25(2), 415–432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2021.2502.12
Toledo-Piza, M., Baena, E. G., Dagosta, F. C., Menezes, N. A., Ândrade, M., Benine, R. C., Bertaco, V. A., Birindelli, J. L. O., Boden, G., Buckup, P. A., Camelier, P., Carvalho, F. R., Castro, R. M. C., Chuctaya, J., Decru, E., Derijst, E., Dillman, C. B., Ferreira, K. M., Merxem, D. G., ... Zanata, A. M. (2024). Checklist of the species of the order Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Neotropical Ichthyology, 22(1), e230086. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0086
Walker, I. (1995). Amazonian streams and small rivers. In J. G. Tundisi, C. E. M. Bicudo, & T. Matsumura-Tundisi (Eds.), Limnology in Brazil (pp. 167–193). Sociedade Brasileira de Limnologia/Academia Brasileira de Ciências.
Watson, D. J., & Balon, E. K. (1984). Ecomorphological analysis of fish taxocenes in rainforest streams of northern Borneo. Journal of Fish Biology, 25, 371–384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1984.tb04885.x
Wiens, J. J., Ackerly, D. D., Allen, A. P., Anacker, B. L., Buckley, L. B., Cornell, H. V., Damshen, E. I., Davies, T. J., Grytnes, J., Harrison, S. P., Hawkins, B. A., Holt, R. D., McCain, C. M., & Stephens, P. R. (2010). Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology. Ecology Letters, 13, 1310–1324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01515.x
Winemiller, K. O. (1991). Ecomorphological diversification in lowland freshwater fish assemblages from five biotic regions. Ecological Monographs, 61(4), 343–365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2937046
Winemiller, K. O. (1992). Ecomorphology of freshwater fishes. Ecological divergence and convergence in freshwater fishes. National Geographic Research & Exploration, 8(3), 308–327.
Wolff, L. L., de Oliveira, E. F., & Lobón-Cerviá, J. (2023). Linking fish ecomorphotypes to food categories and local-scale habitat uses along a Brazilian coastal stream. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 32(1), 195–208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12677
Zuanon, J., Bockmann, F. A., & Sazima, I. (2006). A remarkable sand-dwelling fish assemblage from central Amazonia, with comments on the evolution of psammophily in South American freshwater fishes. Neotropical Ichthyology, 4, 107–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252006000100012
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista de Biología Tropical
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY 4.0)
Attribution (BY) • (BY) You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
