Resumen
Limón, provincia de Costa Rica, presenta una inusual situación lingüística que ha sido abordada desde diferentes perspectivas. Los estudios sobre inglés limonense se encuentran dentro de los paradigmas de criollos ingleses, lingüística general, y antropología y sociología. Aunque no es única, la situación lingüística de Limón presenta retos para el diseño de investigación y para la recolección de datos debido a que dicha situación se caracteriza por la presencia de varias lenguas que cohabitan en la misma área. Este estudio investiga las actitudes hacia dos variedades de inglés habladas en Limón. Se enmarca en el paradigma de Ingleses del Mundo (WE, por sus siglas en inglés) y utiliza un método mixto para la cuantificación de la calidad. Los datos provienen de cuestionarios cuantitativos y cualitativos de 109 participantes con una variedad de contacto con el inglés. Los resultados muestran que el inglés de Limón se mueve del estatus de lengua olvidada o de uso limitado hacia uno de lenguaje cuyo uso puede beneficiar a la comunidad cultural y económicamente.
Citas
Aguilar-Sánchez, J. (2005). English in Costa Rica. World Englishes, 24 (2), 161-172.
Battenburg, J. (1997). English versus French: Language Rivalry in Tunisia. World Englishes, 16 (2), 281-290.
Bell, J. (2013). Language attitudes and language revival/survival. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 34 (4), 399-410. doi: 10.1080/01434632.2013.794812
Bruthiaux, P. (2003). Squaring the circles: issues in modeling English worldwide. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 13 (2), 159-178. doi: 10.1111/1473-4192.00042
Bryce-Laporte, R. S. (1962). Social relations and cultural persistence (or change) among Jamaicans in a rural area of Costa Rica. (Doctor of Philosophy). University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico.
Cabrera, L. & Ancker, W. (1997). English language education in Costa Rica. Retrieved from http://www.tesol.org/isaffi/affil/profiles/costarica.html (archived)
Chakrani, B. & Huang, J. L. (2014). The work of ideology: examining class, language use, and attitudes among Moroccan university students. International Journal of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism, 17 (1), 1-14. doi: 10.1080/13670050.2012.718319
Cherciov, M. (2013). Investigating the impact of attitude on first language attrition and second language acquisition from a Dynamic Systems Theory perspective. International Journal of Bilingualism, 17 (6), 716-733. doi:10.1177/1367006912454622
Choi, J. K. (2003). Language Attitudes and the Future of Bilingualism: The Case of Paraguay. International Journal of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism, 6 (2), 81-94.
Crezee, I. (2012). Language shift and host society attitudes: Dutch migrants who arrived in New Zealand between 1950 and 1965. International Journal of Bilingualism, 16 (4), 528-540. doi:10.1177/1367006911429523
Díaz-Campos, M. (2003). The pluralization of haber in Venezuelan Spanish: A sociolinguistic change in real time. IU Working Papers in Linguistics, 3, 175-187.
Díaz-Campos, M. (2004). Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Variables in Spanish: Do Children Acquire Individual Lexical Forms or Variable Rules? In T. L. Face (Ed.). Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology. (pp. 221-236). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.
Dowling, J. A., Ellison, C. G., & Leal, D. L. (2012). Who Doesn’t Value English? Debunking Myths About Mexican Immigrants’ Attitudes Toward the English Language*. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 93 (2), 356-378. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00850.x
Edwards, J. (1999). Refining Our Understanding of Language Attitudes. Journal of Language & Social Psychology, 18 (1), 101.
Friedrich, P. (2000). English in Brazil: functions and attitudes. World Englishes, 19 (2), 215.
Garrett, P. (2001). Language attitudes and sociolinguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5 (4), 626-631. doi:10.1111/1467-9481.00171
González-Riaño, X., Hevia-Artime, I., & Fernández-Costales, A. (2013). Language attitudes of Asturian students in the area of Navia-Eo (Spain). Language & Intercultural Communication, 13 (4), 450-469. doi:10.1080/14708477.2013.785558
Herzfeld, A. (1978). Bilingual Instability as a Result of Government Induced Policies. Retrieved from https://libweb.uwlax.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=eric&AN=ED159921&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Herzfeld, A. (1980). Bilingual Instability as a Result of Government Induced Policies. ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics, 48, 3-20.
Herzfeld, A. (1983). Limon Creole and Panamanian Creole: Comparison and Contrast. In L. D. Carrington, D. Craig, & R. T. Dandare (Eds.). Studies in Caribbean Language. (pp. 23-37). St. Augustine, Trinidad: Soc. for Caribbean Ling.
Herzfeld, A. (2004). Mekaytelyu: la lengua criolla de Limón. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Hyrkstedt, I., & Kalaja, P. (1998). Attitudes toward English and its functions in Finland: A discourse-analytic study. World Englishes,17 (3), 345.
Infocostarica. (2000). Education in Costa Rica. Retrieved from http://www.infocostarica.com/education/education.html (archived)
Kachru, B. B. (1984). World Englishes and the teaching of English to non-native speakers, contexts, attitudes, and concerns. TESOL Newsletter, 18, 25-26.
Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realm: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk & H. G. Widdowson (Eds.). English in the World. (pp. 11-30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kachru, B. B. (1990). Native and non-native norms. In B. B. Kachru (Ed.). The Alchemy of English. (pp. 100-114). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Kalaja, P. (1997). Language attitudes reconsidered: from cognitive representations to discursive construction. Paper presented at the American Association for Applied Linguistics Annual Conference, Orlando, FL.
Labov, W. (1972a). On the Mechanism of Linguistic Change. In W. Labov (Ed.). Sociolinguistic Patterns. (pp. 167-182). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov, W. (1972b). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Ladegaard, H. J. (2000). Language attitudes and sociolinguistic behaviour: Exploring attitude-behaviour relations in language. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 4 (2), 214-233.
Lazarus, D. (2002). Universities and Private Language Schools. Retrieved from http://www.fortunecity.com/athena/exercise/2445/id19_m.html (archived)
Meléndez Chaverri, C., & Duncan, Q. (1974). El negro en Costa Rica: antología. (2. ed.). San José: Editorial Costa Rica.
Niedzielski, N. A., & Preston, D. R. (2000). Folk Linguistics. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.
Purcell, T. W. (1993). Banana fallout: class, color, and culture among West Indians in Costa Rica. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California.
Purnell, T., Idsardi, W., & Baugh, J. (1999). Perceptual and Phonetic Experiments on American English Dialect Identification. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18 (1), 10-30. doi: 10.1177/0261927X99018001002
Sallabank, J. (2013). Can majority support save an endangered language? A case study of language attitudes in Guernsey. 34, 332-347. doi: 10.1080/01434632.2013.794808
Simms, E. G. (1990). Un análisis sociolingüístico de las esferas de uso del inglés de Limón en hablantes que residen en San José, Costa Rica y algunas actitudes de los hablantes y de los descendientes de hablantes de inglés de Limón, que no lo hablan, con respecto a esta lengua (Master’s Thesis), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (2018a). Costa Rica Languages: Map. In G. F. Simons & C. D. Fennig (Eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CR/maps
Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (2018b). Costa Rica: Languages. In G. F. Simons & C. D. Fennig (Eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. (21 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CR/languages
Simpson, J. (2013). What’s done and what’s said: language attitudes, public language activities and everyday talk in the Northern Territory of Australia. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 34 (4), 383-398. doi: 10.1080/01434632.2013.794811
Spence, M. J. (1993). A Case Study of Language Shift in Progress in Port Limón, Costa Rica. (Doctor of Philosophy), Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9410349
Thomason, S. G. (2001). Language contact. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Thumboo, E. (2003). Closed and open attitudes to globalised English: notes on issues. World Englishes, 22 (3), 233-243. doi: 10.1111/1467-971X.00293
Winford, D. (1997). Re-Examining Caribbean English Creole Continua. World Englishes, 16 (2), 233-279.
Winkler, E. G. (1999). Limonese Creole: A Case of Contact-Induced Language Change. (Doctor of Philosophy). Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.