Identificación de Streptococcus mutans y Lactobacillus spp. en una comunidad de la ribera amazónica: un estudio de corte transversal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/mg02sz23Palabras clave:
Microbioma oral; Caries dental; Streptococcus mutans; Lactobacillus spp.; Amazonía peruana.Resumen
La caries dental es una enfermedad crónica e infecciosa de alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, que afecta de manera particular a poblaciones vulnerables, como las comunidades ribereñas de la Amazonía peruana. Su etiología se asocia a un desequilibrio del microbioma oral, en el cual Streptococcus mutans y Lactobacillus spp. desempeñan un papel fundamental. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de estas bacterias y su asociación con el índice CPOD, el pH salival y variables sociodemográficas. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 65 adultos de 18 a 65 años pertenecientes a comunidades ribereñas del río Amazonas, evaluados a través del Programa Médico Esperanza Amazónica – Vine Trust. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos, se calculó el índice CPOD y se analizaron muestras de saliva para la identificación de S. mutans y Lactobacillus spp. mediante medios de cultivo selectivos. El pH salival se midió de forma digital. Se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas no paramétricas (chi cuadrado y correlación de Spearman), estableciendo un nivel de significancia de p<0,05. Lactobacillus spp. se detectó en el 63,1 % de los participantes y S. mutans en el 24,6 %. Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa entre ambas bacterias y el índice CPOD (S. mutans: rho=0,638; Lactobacillus spp.: rho=0,484; p<0,001). La coinfección se asoció con un puntaje CPOD significativamente mayor (p=0,03). Aunque no se observaron asociaciones significativas con el pH salival ni con el sexo, se evidenció una tendencia a una mayor colonización bacteriana en mujeres y en ambientes más ácidos. La presencia de S. mutans y Lactobacillus spp. se asoció con mayor severidad de caries, siendo la coinfección un posible factor de riesgo adicional. Estos hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de implementar intervenciones preventivas focalizadas en comunidades amazónicas.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Gerson Arthur Perez-Salazar, Cristian Payano-Pashanasi, Martín Andrés Chávez-Méndez, Myriam Angélica De la Garza-Ramos, Guillermo Cano-Verdugo.
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