Palabras clave
China
cristianismo
relaciones Iglesia-Estado
democracia
Hong Kong
Macao
nacionalismo
protestantismo
Taiwán
catholicism
China
christianity
church-state relations
democracy
Hong Kong
Macau
nationalism
protestantism
Taiwan
Cómo citar
Resumen
Este artículo provee una perspectiva histórica general de las relaciones entre protestantismo y Estado-religión en China desde finales del siglo XIX hasta el presente, enfocándose principalmente en dos fenómenos paralelos. El primero trata sobre la transformación del cristianismo desde un sistema de creencias marginalizado a un profundo movimiento religioso indigenado. El segundo fenómeno es el surgimiento de una espiritualidad indígena cristiana que provee a las personas recursos espirituales, psicológicos y materiales muy fuertes con los cuales sobrellevar los múltiples retos que se superponen sobre la desigualdad, y los encuentros inciertos con el Estado, el cual es todavía sospechoso en tanto a las bases de ideas y prácticas religiosas. Se inicia con un análisis sobre la expansión de misioneros protestantes en China, para luego discutir los profundos retos a los que se enfrentan las diferentes denominaciones de iglesias protestantes y agrupaciones locales, y las estrategias que emplean para sobrellevar, circunvenir, y superar las restricciones organizacionales impuestas por el Estado. Se concluye con una reflexión sobre los prospectos de los encuentros Iglesia-Estado a inicios del siglo XXI.
Citas
Ashiwa, Yoshiko, and David L. Wank, eds, Making Religion, Making the State: The Politics of Religion in Modern China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009.
Bays, Daniel H. A New History of Christianity in China. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Bland, Ben. Generation HK: Seeking Identity in China’s Shadow. London: Penguin, 2017.
Bohr, P. Richard. “Taiping Religion and Its Legacy.” In R. G. Tiedemann, ed., Handbook of Christianity in China, Vol. 2: 1800–Present. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2010, pp.371–395.
Brandner, Tobias. Christians in the City of Hong Kong: Chinese Christianity in Asia’s World City. London: Bloomsbury, 2023.
Cao, Nanlai. Constructing China’s Jerusalem: Christians, Power, and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011.
Cao, Nanlai. “Spatial Modernity, Party Building and Local Governance: Putting the Christian Cross-Removal Campaign in Context.” The China Review 17, no.1 (2017): 29–52.
Chan, Kim-Kwong. Understanding World Christianity: China. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2019.
Chen, Hon-Fai. Catholics and Everyday Life in Macau Changing Meanings of Religiosity, Morality and Civility. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Chow, Christie Chui-Shan. “Demolition and Defiance: The Stone Ground Church Dispute (2012) in East China.” The Journal of World Christianity 6, no.2 (2016): 250–276.
Chow, Christie Chui-Shan. Schism: Seventh-day Adventism in Post-Denominational China. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2021.
Chow, Christie Chui-Shan. “From Persecution to Exile: The Church of Almighty God from China.” In Jason Bruner and David C. Kirkpatrick, eds., Global Visions of Violence: Agency and Persecution in World Christianity. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2023, pp.159–176.
Chow, Christie Chui-Shan, and Joseph Tse-Hei Lee. “Almost Democratic: Christian Activism and the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong.” Exchange: Journal of Missiological and Ecumenical Research 45, no.3 (2016): 252–268.
Criveller, Gianni. “An Overview of the Catholic Church in Post-Mao China.” In Cindy Yik-yi Chu and Paul P. Marian, eds., People, Communities, and the Catholic Church in China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, pp.9–27.
Dunn, Emily. Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2015.
Harvey, Thomas Alan. Acquainted with Grief: Wang Mingdao's Stand for the Persecuted Church in China. Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press, 2002.
Inouye, Melissa Wei-Tsing. China and the True Jesus: Charisma and Organization in a Chinese Christian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Introvigne, Massimo. Inside The Church of Almighty God: The Most Persecuted Religious Movement in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Introvigne, Massimo. “Religión, ‘Sectas’ y Control Social en la China de Xi Jinping [Religion, ‘Sects’ and Social Control in Xi Jinping’s China].” Revista Internacional de Estudios Asiáticos [International Journal of Asian Studies] 1, no.1 (2022): 30–68.
Ireland, Daryl. John Song: Modern Chinese Christianity and the Making of a New Man. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2020.
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. The Bible and the Gun: Christianity in South China, 1860–1900. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. “Watchman Nee and the Little Flock Movement in Maoist China.” Church History 74, no.1 (2005): 68–96.
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. “Christianity in Contemporary China: An Update.” Journal of Church and State 49, no.2 (2007): 277–304.
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. “Politics of Faith: Christian Activism and the Maoist State in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province.” The China review 9, no.2 (2009): 17–39.
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. “Preaching (chuan), Worshipping (bai), and Believing (xin): Recasting the Conversionary Process in South China.” In Jonathan A. Seitz and Richard Fox Young, eds., Asia in the Making of Christianity: Agency, Conversion, Indigeneity, 1600s to the Present. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2013, pp.81–108.
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. “Faith and Defiance: Christian Prisoners in Maoist China.” Review of Religion and Chinese Society 4, no.2 (2017): 167–192.
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. “Christianizing Maritime Chaozhou-Shantou.” In Joseph Tse-Hei Lee, ed., Christianizing South China: Mission, Development, and Identity in Modern Chaoshan. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, pp.1–14.
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei. “Christian Witness and Resistance in Hong Kong: Faith-based Activism from the Umbrella Movement to the Anti-Extradition Struggle.” Tamkang Journal of International Affairs 24, no.3 (2021): 95–140.
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei, and Christie Chui-Shan Chow. “Covert and Overt Activism: Christianity in 1950s China.” Frontiers of History in China 11, no.4 (2016): 579–599.
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei, and Christie Chui-Shan Chow. “The Bible and Popular Christianity in Modern China.” In K. K. Yeo, ed., The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021, pp.576–594.
Li, Ji. At the Frontier of God's Empire: A Missionary Odyssey in Modern China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023.
Lian, Xi. Blood Letters: The Untold Story of Lin Zhao, a Martyr in Mao’s China. New York: Basic Books, 2018.
Liu, Jifeng. Negotiating the Christian Past in China: How Memory and Mission Influence Society in Contemporary Xiamen. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2021.
Lodwick, Kathleen L. How Christianity Came to China: A Brief History. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2016.
Lutz, Jessie Gregory. Opening China: Karl F. A. Gűtzlaff and Sino-Western Relations, 1827–1852. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008.
Lutz, Jessie Gregory, and Rolland Ray Lutz. Hakka Chinese Confront Protestant Christianity, 1850–1900, with the Autobiographies of Eight Hakka Christians, and Commentary. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998, pp.152–159.
Ma, Li. Christian Women and Modern China: Recovering a Women’s History of Chinese Protestantism. Lanham, CO: Lexington Books, 2021.
Mariani, Paul P. Church Militant: Bishop Kung and Catholic Resistance in Communist Shanghai. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
McLeister, Mark. “Chinese Protestant Reactions to the Zhejiang ‘Three Rectifications, One Demolition’ Campaign,” Review of Religion and Chinese society 5, no.1 (2018): 76–10.
Nedilsky, Lida V. Converts to Civil Society: Christianity and Political Culture in Contemporary Hong Kong. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2014.
Reilly, Thomas H. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2004.
Reilly, Thomas H. Saving the Nation: Chinese Protestant Elites and the Quest to Build a New China, 1922–1952. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
Reny, Marie-Eve. Authoritarian Containment: Public Security Bureaus and Protestant House Churches in Urban China. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Rychetská, Magdalén. “The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan and Its Changing Narrative on Human Rights.” Review of Religion and Chinese Society 9, no.1 (2022): 70-100.
Schneider, Helen. “Trans-Pacific Development Agents: Chinese Female Students and American Rural Extension Education in the Republican Period.” In Jeff Kyong-McClain and Joseph Tse-Hei Lee, eds., From Missionary Education to Confucius Institutes: Historical Reflections on Sino-American Cultural Exchange. Milton Park, Abington, UK: Routledge, forthcoming in 2024.
Seitz, Jonathan A. “Taiwan under Martial Law and Presbyterian Responses.” In Fenggang Yang and Chris White, eds., Christian Social Activism and Rule of Law in Chinese Societies. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 2021, pp.35–52.
Spence, Jonathan D. God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996.
Ticozzi, Sergio. “The Development of the Underground Church in Post-Mao China.” In Cindy Yik-yi Chu and Paul P. Marian, eds., People, Communities, and the Catholic Church in China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, pp.29–41.
Vala, Carsten T. The Politics of Protestant Churches and the Party-State in China: God Above Party? New York: Routledge, 2018.
Wang, Gungwu. “Secular China.” In Gregor Benton and Hong Liu, eds., Diasporic Chinese Ventures: The Life and Works of Wang Gungwu. London: Routledge, 2004, pp.124–139.
Wang, Yi. Faithful Disobedience: Writings on Church and State from a Chinese House Church Movement. Westmont, IL: IVP Academic Press, 2022.
Wickeri, Philip L. Seeking the Common Ground: Protestant Christianity, the Three-Self Movement, and China's United Front. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1988.
Wickeri, Philip L. Reconstructing Christianity in China: K. H. Ting and the Chinese Church. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2007.
Wu, Silas H. Dora Yu and Christian Revival in 20th-Century China. Boston: Pishon River Publications, 2002.
Xi, Jinrui. “Christian New Media in China: The Gospel Via WeChat.” Asian Survey 59, no.6 (2019): 1001–1021.
Xie, Zhibin. Moral Triumph: The Public Face of Christianity in China. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2023.
Yang, Fenggang. “The Failure of the Campaign to Demolish Church Crosses in Zhejiang Province, 2013–2016.” Review of Religion and Chinese Society 5, no.1 (2018): 5–25.
Yieh, John Y. H. “The Bible in China: Interpretations and Consequences.” In R. G. Tiedemann, ed., Handbook of Christianity in China, Vol.2: 1800–Present. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2010, pp.891–913.
Ying, Fuk-Tsang. “The Politics of Cross Demolition: A Religio-Political Analysis of the ‘Three Rectifications and One Demolition’ Campaign in Zhejiang Province.” Review of Religion and Chinese Society 5, no.1 (2018): 43–75.
Zhou, Weichi. “Correspondence between the Taiping Heavenly Chronicle (Taiping tianri) and the ‘Revelation’.” Yearbook of Chinese Theology: 2015 (2015), 71–107.
Zhou, Yun. “Rural Reform in Republican China: Christian Women, Print Media, and a Global Vision of Domesticity.” Modern China 49, no.3 (2023) 355–385.