Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences ISSN Impreso: 1659-1046 ISSN electrónico: 2215-3411

OAI: https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/Odontos/oai
A Protocol to Perform Systemic Lipopolysacharide (LPS) Challenge in Rats
PDF
HTML

Keywords

Lipopolysaccharide; LPS challenge; LPS stimulation; Endotoxin; Inflammation

How to Cite

Ramírez DDS, MSc, PhD, K., Quesada-Yamasaki MLS, D., & Fornaguera-Trías PhD, J. (2019). A Protocol to Perform Systemic Lipopolysacharide (LPS) Challenge in Rats. Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences, 21(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.15517/ijds.v21i1.35510

Abstract

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In animals, intraperitoneal administration of LPS, stimulates innate immunity and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LPS provides an inflammatory stimulus that activates the neuroimmune and neuroendocrine systems resulting in a set of responses termed sickness behavior. The purpose of this protocol is to describe step-by-step the preparation and procedure of application of intraperitoneal injection of LPS in rats, as a guide for those researchers that want to use this assay to mount an inflammatory response. LPS intraperitoneal challenge in rats has been widely used to evaluate anti-inflammatory reagents and to address basic scientific questions.

https://doi.org/10.15517/ijds.v21i1.35510
PDF
HTML

References

Ohanian S. H., Schwab J. H. 1967. “Persistence of group a streptococcal cell walls related to chronic inflammation of rabbit dermal connective tissue”. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 125 (6): 1137-48.

Maitra U., Deng H., Glaros T., Baker B., Capelluto D. G., Li Z., Li L. 2012. “Molecular mechanisms responsible for the selective and low-grade induction of proinflammatory mediators in murine macrophages by lipopolysaccharide”. Journal of Immunology 189 (2): 1014-23.

Borowski T., Kokkinidis L., Merali Z., Anisman H. 1998. “Lipopolysaccharide, central in vivo biogenic amine variations, and anhedonia”. Neuroreport 9 (17): 3797-802.

Fishkin R. J., Winslow J. T. 1997. “Endotoxin-induced reduction of social investigation by mice: interaction with amphetamine and anti-inflammatory drugs”. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 132 (4): 335-41.

Shen Y., Connor T. J., Nolan Y., Kelly J. P., Leonard B. E. 1999. “Differential effect of chronic antidepressant treatments on lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavioural symptoms in the rat”. Life Sciences 65 (17): 1773-86.

Dantzer R., Bluthé R. M., Layé S., Bret-Dibat J. L., Parnet P., Kelley K. W. 1998. “Cytokines and sickness behavior”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 840: 586-90.

Pugh C. R., Kumagawa K., Fleshner M., Watkins L. R., Maier S. F., Rudy J. W. 1998. “Selective effects of peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration on contextual and auditory-cue fear conditioning”. Brain Behavior and Immunity (3): 212-29.

Hauss-Wegrzyniak B., Dobrzanski P., Stoehr J. D., Wenk G. L. 1998. “Chronic neuroinflammation in rats reproduces components of the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease”. Brain Research 780 (2): 294-303.

Hauss-Wegrzyniak B., Vannucchi M. G., Wenk GL. 2000. “Behavioral and ultrastructural changes induced by chronic neuroinflammation in young rats”. Brain Research 859 (1): 157-66.

Hennigan A., Trotter C., Kelly A. M. 2007. “Lipopolysaccharide impairs long-term potentiation and recognition memory and increases p75NTR expression in the rat dentate gyrus”. Brain Research 1130 (1): 158-66.

Shaw K. N., Commins S., O'Mara S. M. 2005. “Cyclooxygenase inhibition attenuates endotoxin-induced spatial learning deficits, but not an endotoxin-induced blockade of long-term potentiation”. Brain Research 1038 (2): 231-7.

Vasconcelos A. R., Yshii L. M., Viel T. A., Buck H. S., Mattson M. P., Scavone C., Kawamoto EM. 2014. “Intermittent fasting attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment”. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 11:85.

Chen Z., Jalabi W., Shpargel K. B., Farabaugh K. T., Dutta R., Yin X., Kidd G. J., Bergmann C. C., Stohlman S. A., Trapp B. D. 2012. “Lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation and neuroprotection against experimental brain injury is independent of hematogenous TLR4”. Journal of Neuroscience 32 (34): 11706-15.

Buttini M., Limonta S., Boddeke H. W. 1996. “Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide induces activation of microglial cells in rat brain”. Neurochemistry International (1): 25-35.

Hailman E., Lichenstein H. S., Wurfel M. M., Miller D. S., Johnson D. A., Kelley M., Busse L. A., Zukowski M. M., Wright S. D. 1994. “Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein accelerates the binding of LPS to CD14” Journal of Experimental Medicine 179 (1): 269-77.

Lehnardt S., Massillon L., Follett P., Jensen F. E., Ratan R., Rosenberg P. A., Volpe J. J., Vartanian T. 2003 “Activation of innate immunity in the CNS triggers neurodegeneration through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway”. Proceedings of the Nationall Academy of Sciences U S A 100 (14): 8514-9.

Gatti S., Bartfai T. 1993. “Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in the brain after peripheral endotoxin treatment: comparison with interleukin-1 family and interleukin-6”. Brain Research 624 (1-2): 291-4.

Layé S., Parnet P., Goujon E., Dantzer R. 1994. “Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide induces the expression of cytokine transcripts in the brain and pituitary of mice”, Molecular Brain Research (1): 157-62.

Pitossi F., del Rey A., Kabiersch A., Besedovsky H. 1997. “Induction of cytokine transcripts in the central nervous system and pituitary following peripheral administration of endotoxin to mice”, Journal of Neuroscience Research. 48 (4): 287-98.

Mizuno T., Sawada M., Marunouchi T., Suzumura A. 1994. “Production of interleukin-10 by mouse glial cells in culture”, Biochemical and Biophysics Research Communication 205 (3): 1907-15.

Rivest S. 2009. “Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain”. Nature Reviews Immunology 9 (6): 429-39.

Welser-Alves J. V., Milner R. 2013. “Microglia are the major source of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in postnatal glial cultures; regulation by cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, and vitronectin”. Neurochemistry International 63 (1): 47-53.

Ghosh S., Lertwattanarak R., Garduño J., Galeana J., Li J., Zamarripa F., Lancaster J., Mohan S., Hussey S., Musi N. 2015. “Elevated muscle TLR4 expression and metabolic endotoxemia in human aging”. Journal of Gerontology A Biological Science Medical Science 70: 232-246.

Block M., Hong J. 2005. “Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Multiple triggers with a common mechanism” Progress in Neurobiology 76: 77-98.

Tarassishin L., Suh H. S., Lee S. C. 2014. “LPS and IL-1 differentially activate mouse and human astrocytes: role of CD14”. Glia 62 (6): 999-1013.

Sheng J., Bora S., Xu G., Borchelt D., Price D., Koliatsos V. 2003 “Lipopolysaccharide induced- neuroinflammation increases intracellular accumulation of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid beta peptide in APPswe transgenic mice”. Neurobiology of Disease 14: 133-145.

Anaeigoudari A., Shafei M., Soukhtanloo M., Sadeghnia H., Reisi P., Beheshti F., Mohebbati R., Mousavi S., Hosseini M. 2015. “Lipopolysaccharide- induced memory impairment in rats is preventable using 7-nitroindazole”. Arquivos Neuro-psiquiatria 73: 784-790.

Gao H., Jiang J., Wilson B., Zhang W., Hong J., Liu B. 2002. “Microglial activation´s mediated delayed and progressive degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons: relevance to Parkinson's disease”. Journal of Neurochemistry 81: 1285-1297.

Whitton P. 2007. “Inflammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease” British Journal of Pharmacology 150: 963-976.

Zhao W., Xie W., Le W., Beers D., He Y., Henkel J., Simpson E., Yen A., Xiao Q., Appel S. 2004. “Activated microglia initiate motor neuron injury by a nitric oxide and glutamate-mediated mechanism” J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63: 964-97.

Walter S., Doering A., Letiembre M., Liu Y., Hao W., Diem R., Bernreuther C., Glatzel M., Engelhardt B., Fassbender K. 2006. “The LPS receptor, CD14 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis” Cell Physiol Biochem 17: 167-172.

Connor T. J., Leonard BE.1998.” Depression, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders”. Life Sciences 62: 583-606.

Maes M., Lin A. H., Delmeire L., et al. 1999.” Elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder following accidental man-made traumatic events”. Biological Psychiatry 45: 833-839.

Mikova O., Yakimova R., Bosmans E., Kenis G., Maes M. 2001. “Increased serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations in major depression and multiple sclerosis”. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology 11:203-208.

Thomas A. J., Davis S., Morris C., Jackson E., Harrison R., O’Brien J. T. 2005. “Increase in interleukin-1beta in late-life depression”. American Journal of Psychiatry 162:175-177.

Raetz C. R., Whitfield C. 2002. “Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins”. Annual Review of Biochemistry. 71:635-700.

Vedder H., Schreiber W., Yassouridis A., Gudewill S., Galanos C., Pollmacher T. 1999. “Dose-dependence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) effects on peak response and time course of the immune-endocrine host response in humans”. Inflammation Research 48: 67-74.

Martich G. D., Boujoukos A. J., Suffredini A. F. 1993. “Response of man to endotoxin”. Immunobiology 187: 403-416.

Ottaway C. A., Fong I. W., Da Silva B., Singer W., Karras L. 1998.” Integrative aspects of a human model of endotoxemia” Canadian Journal of Physiology Pharmacology 76: 473-478.

Schreiber W., Pollmacher T., Fassbender K., et al. 1993. “Endotoxin- and corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced release of ACTH and cortisol. A comparative study in men” Neuroendocrinology 58: 123-128.

Reichenberg A., Yirmiya R., Schuld A., et al. 2001. “Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbance in humans” Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 445-452.

Bison S., Carboni L., Arban R., Bate S., Gerrard P. Razzoli M. 2009. “Differential behavioral. Physiological. And hormonal sensitivity to LPS challenge in rats”. International Journal of Interferon, Cytokine and Mediator Research 1: 1-13.

Bluthe R. M., Dantzer R., Kelley K.W. 1992. “Effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on the behavioral effects of lipopolysaccharide in rat”. Brain Research 573: 318-320.

Yirmiya R., Rosen H., Donchin O., Ovadia H. 1994. “Behavioral effects of lipopolysaccharide in rats: involvement of endogenous opioids”. Brain Research 648: 80-86.

Yirmiya R. 1996. “Endotoxin produces a depressive-like episode in rats”. Brain Research 711: 163-174.

Hrupka B. J., Langhans W. 2001. “A role for serotonin in lipopolysac- charide-induced anorexia in rats”. Pharmacology Biochemistry Behavior 68: 355-362.

Lugarini F., Hrupka B. J., Schwartz G. J., Plata-Salaman C. R., Langhans W. 2002. A role for cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced anorexia in rats. American Journal of Physioogyl Regulalatory Integrative Comparative Physiology 283: R862-R868.

Yvonne Couch, Alexander Trofimov, Natalyia Markova, Vladimir Nikolenko, Harry W. Steinbusch, Vladimir Chekhonin, Careen Schroeter, Klaus-Peter Lesch, Daniel C. Anthony1 and Tatyana Strekalova. 2016. “Low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibits aggressive and augments depressive behaviours in a chronic mild stress model in mice”. Journal of Neuroinflammation 13 (1):108.

Elgarf A. S., Aboul-Fotouh S., Abd-Alkhalek H. A., El Tabbal M., Hassan A. N., Kassim S. K., Hammouda G. A., Farrag K. A., Abdel-tawab AM. 2014. Lipopolysaccharide repeated challenge followed by chronic mild stress protocol introduces a combined model of depression in rats: reversibility by imipramine and pentoxifylline, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 126: 152-62.

Chimenti M. S., Triggianese P., Conigliaro P., Candi E., Melino G., Perricone R. 2015. “The interplay between inflammation and metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis”. Cell Death Dis 6: e1887.

Boyapati R., Satsangi J., Ho GT. 2015. “Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease”. F1000Prime Rep 7:44.

Willerson J. T., Ridker P. M. 2004. "Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor, Circulation”. Circulation 109 (21 Suppl 1): II2-10.

Yoshino S., Sasatomi E., Ohsawa, M. 2000. “Bacterial lipopolysaccharide acts as an adjuvant to induce autoimmune arthritis in mice” Immunology 99 (4), 607-14.

Caradonna L., Amati L., Magrone T., Pellegrino N. M., Jirillo E., Caccavo D. 2000. “Enteric bacteria, lipopolysaccharides and related cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease: biological and clinical significance”. Journal of Endotoxin Research 6 (3): 205-14.

Yasuda S., Lew W. Y. W. 1997. “Lipopolysaccharide depresses cardiac contrac- tility and -adrenergic contractile response by decreasing myofilament response to Ca2 in cardiac myocytes”. Circulation Research .1997; 81: 1011-20.

Li H. L., Suzuki J., Bayna E., Zhang F., Dalle Molle E., Clark A., Engler R. L., Lew W. Y. W. 2002. “Lipopolysaccharide induces apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes via cardiac AT1 receptors”. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283: H461-7.

Szyf M., McGowan P., Meaney M. J. 2008. “The social environment and the epigenome”. Environonmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 49 (1): 46-60.

Evelin Painsipp, Martin J. Köfer, Frank Sinner, Peter Holzer. 2011. “Prolonged Depression-Like Behavior Caused by Immune Challenge: Influence of Mouse Strain and Social Environment”. PLoS ONE 6(6): e20719.

Dantzer R., O'Connor J. C., Freund G. G., Johnson R. W., Kelley K. W. 2008. “From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain”. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 9 (1): 46-56.

Zakaria R., Wan Yaacob W. M., Othman Z., Long I., Ahmad A. H., Al-Rahbi B. 2017. “Lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment in rats: a model of Alzheimer's Disease”, Physiological Research. 66 (4): 553-565.

Comments

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.