Resumen
El rol de las experiencias vividas durante la infancia sobre la salud genera gran interés y preocupación tanto a nivel de la investigación en salud como a nivel de las posibles intervenciones en salud pública. Estudios recientes muestran que haber estado expuesto al estrés psicosocial durante periodos sensibles del desarrollo podría impactar la salud a largo plazo. Ha sido sugerido que los niños(as) expuestos(as) a situaciones de adversidad (económica, material y psicosocial) muestran un mayor riesgo de adoptar comportamientos riesgosos (tabaco y alcohol), aumentando su vulnerabilidad a las patologías crónicas, acrecentando la mortalidad. La carga alostática (AL por sus siglas en inglés) representa el desgaste fisiológico global que podría ser la resultante de experiencias adversas vividas durante la infancia. La carga alostática podría permitir una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos biológicos implicados que relacionan el estrés psicosocial durante la infancia y la salud del adulto. En este artículo revisamos evidencia actual para discutir una hipótesis de incorporación biológica, centrándose en las exposiciones psicosociales adversas de la infancia y sus efectos sobre la carga alostática del adulto, tomando una perspectiva biográfica (a lo largo de la vida). Via una revisión no sistemática de la literatura reciente sobre el tema, examinamos si las experiencias adversas durante la infancia (ACE por sus siglas en inglés), causando respuestas al estrés crónico, son susceptibles de alterar el estado fisiológico global, medido por la carga alostática. Una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos biológicos subyacentes a las exposiciones psicosociales precoces podría contribuir al desarrollo de intervenciones en salud pública más adaptadas, tanto a nivel colectivo como individual.
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