Resumen
El término desórdenes temporomandibulares (DT) se utiliza para agrupar distintas condiciones que involucran los músculos de la masticación, la articulación temporomandibular y las estructuras asociadas. Son la causa más común de dolor orofacial de origen no dental, su etiología es multifactorial y se han asociado con diversos agentes tales como la depresión, el estrés, la ansiedad y el trauma; este último desde una perspectiva psicológica, es una experiencia perceptual y directa que se presenta ante los siguientes eventos: posibilidad de muerte, daño físico severo o amenaza a la integridad física propia o de otra persona, muerte violenta o inesperada de un familiar o alguien cercano o daño físico severo. Este artículo examina la relación entre los desórdenes temporomandibulares, las experiencias traumáticas y su impacto psicopatofisiológico.
Citas
Aaron L.A., Burke M.M. y Buchwald D. Overlapping conditions among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and temporomandibular disorder. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:221-7.
Aghabeigi B., Feinmann C. y Harris M. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with chronic idiopathic facial pain. Br I Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992; 30:360-364.
American Academy of Orofacial Pain. de Leeuw, R(ed). Orofacial Pain. Guidelines forAssessment, Diagnosis and Management. Illinois: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2008.
American Psychiatric Association. Anxiety disorders. In: First M, ed. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994:393- 95.
Bell W. E. Orofacial pains. Differential diagnosis. USA: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc. 1979.
Bonica J.J. Introducción en Alling, C.C. (ed.): Facial Pain. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 1968.
Chivers-Wilson K. A. Sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the biological, psychological and sociological factors and treatments. MJM 2006; 9:111-118.
De Boever J.A., Carlsson G.E. y Klineberg I.J. Need for occlusal therapy and prosthodontic treatment in the management of temporomandibular disorders: Part I, Occlusal interferences and occlusal adjustment. J Oral Rehabil 2000; 27:367-79.
de Leeuw R., Klasser G.D. y Albuquerque R.J. Are female patients with orofacial pain medically compromised. J Am Dent Assoc 2005; 136:459-68.
Dworkin S.F., Huggins K.H., LeResche L., et al. Epidemiology of signs and symptoms in temporomandibular disorders: clinical signs in cases and controls. J Am Dent Assoc 1990; 120:273-281.
Egermark-Eriksson I., Ingervall B. y Carlsson G.E. The dependence of mandibular dysfunction in children on functional and morphologic malocclusion. Am J Orthod 1983;83:187-94.
Engel G. I. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 1977; 196:129-136.
Epker J., Gatchel R.J. y Ellis E. A model for predicting chronic TMD: practical application in clinical settings. J Am Dent Assoc 1999, 130:1470-1475.
Esler M., Alvarenga M., Pier C., et al. The neuronal adrenaline transporter, anxiety and cardiovascular disease. J Psychopharmacol 2006; 20 (4 suppl):60-66.
Fearon C.G. y Serwatka W.J. A common denominator for nonorganic TMJ pain-dysfunction. J Prosthet Dent 1983; 49:805-808.
Felliti V., Anda R., Nordenberg D., et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experience (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med 1998; 14:245-258.
Field B. J. y Swarm R. A. Chronic Pain. Advances in Psychotherapy -- Evidence-Based Practice. Massachusetts: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 2008.
Fricton J.R. Chronic Orofacial pain. Adv Pain Res Ther 1991; 18:375-89.
Fricton. J.R. Masticatory Myofascial Pain Disorders en Mehta el al. (ed.): Head, Face and Neck Pain. Science, Evaluation and Management. Estados Unidos: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication. 2009.
Fricton J. Myogenous temporomandibular disorders. Diagnostic and management considerations. Dent Clin North Amer 2007; 51:61-83.
Gardea M.A., Gatchel R.J. y Mishra K.D. Long-term efficacy of biobehavioral treatment of temporomandibular disorders. J Behav Med 2001, 24:341-359.
Gatchel R.J., Garofalo J.P., Ellis E. y Holt C. Major psychological disorders in acute and chronic TMD: An initial examination. J Am Dent Assoc 1996; 127:1365-70.
Gesch D., Bernhardt O., Mack F., et al. Association of malocclusion and functional occlusion with subjective symptoms of TMD in adults: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Angle Orthod 2005; 75:183-190.
Goldberg M.B. Postraumatic temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain 1999; 13:291-94.
Gracely R.H., Geisser M.E., Giesecke T., et al. Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia. Brain 2004; 127: 835-843.
Grzesiak R.C. Psychological considerations in temporomandibular dysfunction. A biopsychological View of Symptom Formation. Dent Clin North Am, 1991; 35:209-26.
Guilleminault C., Poyares D., Rosa A. y Huang Y.S. Heart rate variability, sympathetic and vagal balance and EEG arousals in upper airway resistance and mild obstructive sleep apnea syndromes, Sleep Med 2005; 6:451-457.
Herman J.P., Ostrander M.M., Mueller N.K. y Figuereido H. Limbic system mechanism of stress regulation: Hypothalamo- pituitary-adernocortical axis. Prog Neuroppsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:1201-1213.
Irving J., Wood G.D. y Hackett A.F. Does temporomandibular disorder pain dysfunction syndrome affect dietary intake? Dent Update 1999; 26:405-7.
Isacsson G., Linde C. y Isberg A. Subjective symptoms in patients with temporomandibular joint disk displacement versus patients with myogenic craniomandibular disorders. J Prosthet Dent 1989; 61:70-77.
Jerjes W., Upile T., Abbas S., et al. Muscle disorders and dentition- related aspects in temporomandibular disorders: controversies in the most commonly used treatment modalities. Int Arch Med 2008; 1:23 Disponible en línea: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC2585563/?tool=pubmed Accesado el 12 de diciembre del 2009.
Kafas P., Kalfas S. y Leeson R. Chronic temporomandibular joint dysfunction: a condition for a multidisciplinary approach. J Med Sci 2007; 7:492-502.
Kino K., Sugisaki M., Ishikawa T., et al. Preliminary psychologic survey of orofacial outpatients: Part 1, Predictors of anxiety or depression. J Orofac Pain 2001; 15:235-44.
Kleinknecht R.A., Mahoney E.R. y Alexander L.D. Psychosocial and demographic correlates of temporomandibular disorders and related symptoms: an assessment of community and clinical findings. Pain 1987; 29:313-24.
Levine P.A. Waking the Tiger. Healing the Trauma. California: North Atlantic Books. 1997.
Liebschutz J., Saitz R., Brower V., et al. PTSD in urban primary care: high prevalence and low physician recognition. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22:719-26.
Lipton J.A., Ship J.A. y Larach-Robinson D. Estimated prevalence and distribution of reported orofacial pain in the United States. JAMA 1993; 124:115-21.
Macfarlane T.V., Gray R.J., Kincey J. y Worthington H.V. Factors associated with the temporomandibular disorder, pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS): Manchester case-control study. Oral Dis 2001; 7:321-30.
Macfarlane T.V., Blinkhorn A.S., Davies R.M., et al. Predictors of outcome for orofacial pain in the general population: a four- year follow-up study. J Dent Res 2004; 83:712-717.
Madland G., Feinmann C. y Newman S. Factors associated with anxiety and depression in facial arthromyalgia. Pain 2000;84(2- 3):225-32.
Marbach J.J. y Lipton J.A. Biopsychosocial factors of the temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome. Relevance to restorative dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 1987; 31:473-486.
Martinez-Lavin M. Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. Stress, the stress response system, and fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007; 9:216.
McLean S.A, Clauw D.J., Abelson J.L. y Liberzon, I. The Development of persistent pain and psychological morbidity after motor vehicle collision: integrating the potential role of stress response systems into a biopsychosocial model. Psychosom Med 2005; 67: 783-790.
McNeil Ch. y Dubner R. What is Pain and How We Classify Orofacial Pain? en Lund et al. (ed): Orofacial Pain. From Basic Science to Clinical Management. 2001.
McNeil D.W., Au A.R., Zvolensky M.J., et al. Fear of pain in orofacial pain patients. Pain 2001; 89:245-52.
Melzack R. y Wall P.D. Pain mechanism: A new theory, Science, 1965, 150:971.
Mines S. Todos vivimos en shock. España: Gaia Ediciones. 2003.
Monnikes H., Tebbe J.J., Hildebrandt M., et al. Role of stress in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Evidence for stress-induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility and sensitivity. Dig Dis, 2001; 19: 201-211.
Morley S., Eccleston C. y Williams A. Systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behavior therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain 1999, 80:1-13.
Moseley G.L. y Hodges P.W. Are the changes in postural control associated with low back pain caused by pain interference? Clin J Pain 2005; 21:323–329.
Nally F.F. y Moore D.S. Psychogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of temporomandibular joint pain: an analysis of 232 patients with discussion. J Canad Dent Assn 1975; 7:17:377-84.
Nathanielsz P. Life in the Womb. Ithaca, NY: Promethean. 1999.
Okeson J. P. Orofacial Pain: guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and management. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc.; 1996.
Palyo S.A. y Beck J.G. Post-traumatic disorder symptoms, pain and perceived life control: Associations with psychosocial and physical functioning. Pain 2005; 117: 121-127.
Passatore M. y Roatta S. Influence of sympathetic nervous system on sensorimotor function: whiplash associated disorders (WAD) as a model en Eur J Appl Physiol, 2006; 98:423–449.
Patel V. Post-Traumatic Neck Pain en Mehta el al. (ed.): Head, Face and Neck Pain. Science, Evaluation and Management. Estados Unidos: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication. 2009.
Pergamalian A., Rudy T.E., Zaki H.S. y Greco C.M. The association between wear facets, bruxism, and severity of facial pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Prosthet Dent 2003; 90:194-200.
Picavet S.J., Vlaeyen J.W. y Schouten J.S. Pain Catastrophizing and Kinesiophobia: Predictors of Chronic Low Back Pain en Am J of Epidemiol 2002; 156: 1028-1034.
Pilowsky I., Chapman C.R. y Bonica J.J. Pain, depression, and illness behavior in a pain clinic population. Pain 1977; 4:183-77.
Pollmann L. Sounds produced by the mandibular joint in a sample of healthy workers. J Orofac Pain 1993; 7:359-361.
Richter J.E. Stress and psychologic and environmental factors in functional dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1991; 182:40-6.
Ritcher M., Ferreri R., Otte D., et al. Correlation of clinical findings, collision parameters, and psychological factors in the outcome of whiplash associated disorders en J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 758-764.
Rollman G.B. y Gillespie J.M. The role of psychosocial factors in temporomandibular disorders. Curr Rev Pain 2000; 4:71-81.
Romanelli G.G., Mock D. y Tenenbaum HC. Characteristics and response to treatment of posttraumatic temporomandibular disorders: a retrospective study. Clin J Pain 1992; 8:6-17.
Sansone R.A., Pole M., Dakroub H. y Butler M. Childhood
Trauma, Borderline Personality Symptomatology, and Psycho physiological and Pain Disorders in Adulthood. Psychosomatics 2006; 47:158-62
Scaer R. The body bears the burden. New York: The Haworth Medical Press. 2001.
Scaer R. The Trauma Spectrum. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2005.
Schiffman E.L., Fricton J.R., Haley D.P. y Shapiro B.L. The prevalence and treatment needs of subjects with temporomandibular disorders. J Am Dent Assoc 1990; 120:295-303.
Schore A. Dysregulation of the right brain: A fundamental mechanism of traumatic attachment and the psycopathogenesis os pottraumatic stress disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2002; 36:9-30.
Sipila K., Veijola J., Jokelainen J., et al. Association between symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and depression: An epidemiological study of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Cranio 2001; 19:183-7.
Sjörs A., Larsson B., Dahlman J., et al. Physiological responses to low-force work and psychological stress in women with chronic trapezius myalgia en BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009; 10:63.
Sternbach R. A. Pain: A psychophysiological analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1968.
Sternbach R.A. Survey of pain in the United States: the Nuprin pain report. Clin J Pain 1986a; 2:49-53.
Szasz T.S. Pain and pleasure: A study of body feelings. New York: Basic Books; 1957.
Thayer J.F. y Siegel G.J. Neurovisceral integration of cardiac and emotional regulation. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2002; 21 (4):24- 29.
Tenenbaum H.C., Mock D., Gordon A.S., et al. Sensory and Affective Components of Orofacial Pain: Is it all in your Brain? Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2001; 12:455-468.
Van Eijsden-Besseling M.D., Peeters F.P.; Reijnen J.A. y de Bie R.A. Perfectionism and coping strategies as risk factors for the development of non-specific work-related upper limb disorders (WRULD). Occup Med 2003; 54:122-127.
von Knorring L., Perris C., Eisemann M., et al. Pain as a symptom in depressive disorders. II. Relationship to personality traits as assessed by means of KSP. Pain 1983; 17:377-84.
Vranceanu A.M. y Kulich R.J. The experience of pain:Psychological Assessment en Mehta el al. (ed.): Head, Face and Neck Pain. Science, Evaluation and Management. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication. 2009.
Waldie K.E. y Poulton R. Physical and psychological correlates of primary headache in Young adulthood: A 26 year longitudinal study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72: 86-92.
Walker E.A., Keegan D., Gardner G., et al. Psychological Factors in Fibromyalgia with Rheumatoid Arthritis: II. Sexual, Physical, and Emotional Abuse and Neglect . Psychosom Med 1997; 59: 572-577.
Wright E.F. Manual of Temporomandibular Disorders. Singapore: Morkono Print Media Pte Ltd. 2010.
Yap A.U., Tan K.B., Chua E.K. y Tan H.H. Depression and somatization in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Prosthet Dent 2002;88(5):479-84.
Yap A.U., Dworkin S.F., Chua E.K., et al. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder subtypes, psychologic distress, and psychosocial dysfunction in Asian patients. J Orofac Pain 2003; 17:21-8.
Yap A.U., Tan K.B., Hoe J.K., et al. On-line computerized diagnosis of pain-related disability and psychological status of TMD patients: A pilot study. J Oral Rehabil 2001; 28:78-87.
Yontchev E., Hedegard B. y Carlsson G.E. Reported symptoms, diseases, and medication of patients with orofacial discomfort complaints. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986; 15:687-95.