Abstract
The widespread use of social networks has brought opportunities and constraints at the same time, even
faster than research and knowledge on this topic. In this paper, we intend to explore the role of personal and psychosocial variables in Facebook use, considering a set of self-report questionnaires to a sample of 386 Portuguese adolescents. We found gender differences in social network use, a positive relationship with age, self-regulation and self-esteem, with peer interaction with offline contacts as the strongest predictor for social network use. These data suggest the role of this application as a mean to maintain contact with peers.
References
Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287-293. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006
Baym, N. K. (2010). Personal Connections in the Digital Age. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Bennett, S. J., Maton, K. A., & Kervin, L. K. (2008). The ‘digital natives’ debate: a critical review of the evidence. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(5), 775-786. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00793.x
Berners-Lee, T., Cailliau, R., Loutonen, A., Nielsen, H. F., & Secret, A. (1994). The World-Wide Web.Communications of the ACM, 37(8), 76-82.
Blachio, A., Przepiorka, A., & Pantic, I. (2016). Association between Facebook addiction, selfesteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 701–705. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.026
Boulos, M. N., & Weeler, S. (2007). The emerging Web 2.0 social software: an enabling suite of sociable technologies in health and health care education. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 24(1), 2–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-1842.2007.00701.x
Boyd, D. M. (2008). Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. In D. Buckingham (Ed.), Youth, Identity, and Digital Media (pp. 119-142). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Buckley, C., Hastings, A., & Mottershead, R. (2009). Using Web 2.0 Technologies to Build Learning Communities. Paper presented to the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS), Barcelona.
Calvani, A., Fini, A., Ranieri, M., & Picci, P. (2012). Are young generations in secondary school digitally competent? A study on Italian teenagers. Computers & Education, 58(2), 797-807. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.10.004
Campbell, D. E. (2013). Social networks and political participation. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 33- 48. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-033011-201728
Capua, I. D. (2012). A literature review of research on Facebook use. The Open Communication Journal, 6, 37- 42. doi: 10.2174/1874916X01206010037
Carvalho, A. A. (2008). Manual de Ferramentas da Web 2.0 para Professores. Lisboa: Direcção-Geral de Inovação e de Desenvolvimento Curricular do Ministério da Educação.
Castells, M. (2009). Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Charnigo, L., & Barnett-Ellis, P. (2007). Checking out Facebook.com: The impact of a digital trend on academic libraries. Information Technology and Libraries, 26(1), 23-34. doi: 10.6017/ital.v26i1.3286
Cohen, J. (1992). A Power Primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
Cornu, B. (2011). Digital natives: How do they learn? How to teach them? Moscow: UNESCO.
Deans, P. C. (2008). Social Software and Web 2.0 Technology Trends. New York: Information Science Reference.
Dias, P. C., Garcia del Castillo, J. A., & Schwarzer, R. (2008). Estudo de adaptação da Escala de Auto- Regulação (Schwarzer, 1999) para a população portuguesa. Em A. P. Noronha, C. Machado, L. Almeida, M. Gonçalves, S. Martins, & V. Ramalho (Coords.), Actas da XIII Conferência Internacional de Avaliação Psicológica: Formas e contextos [edição em cd- rom] (s.p.). Braga, Portugal: Psiquilibrios Edições.
Dias, P. C., Garcia del Castillo, J. A., Castillo-López, A. G., & Sorte, A. (2015). Facebook use and adolescents self- esteem: Contributes of the adaptation of Ellison Facebook use scales. Poster apresentado no III Congreso Internacional de Ciencias de la Educación y del Desarrollo. San Sebastian, Espanha.
Drabowicz, T. (2014). Gender and digital usage inequality among adolescents: A comparative study of 39 countries. Computers & Education, 74, 98-111. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2014.01.016
Eklund, L. (2015). Bridging the online/offline divide: The example of digital gaming. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 527–535. doi: 10.1016/j. chb.2014.06.018
Ell, K. (1984). Social networks, social support, and health status: A Review. Social Service Review, 58(1), 133-149.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
Faber, A. D., & Wasserman, S. (2002). Social support and social networks: synthesis and review. In J. A. Levy, B. A. Pescosolido (ed.), Social Networks and Health: Advances in Medical Sociology (Vol. 8, pp. 29 - 72). New York Emerald Group Publishing.
Garcia del Castillo, J. A., Dias, P. C., & Perim, P. C. (2012). Auto-regulação e consumo de substâncias na adolescência. Evidencias de um estudo exploratório. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 25(2), 238- 247. doi: 10.1590/S0102-79722012000200005
Gardner, T., Dishion, T., & Connell, A. (2008). Adolescent self-regulation as resilience: Resistance to antisocial behavior within the deviant peer context. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(2), 273-284. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9176-6
Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social, 14, 79-83. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2009.0411
Grieve, R., Indiain, M., Witteveen, K., Tolan, G., & Marrington, J. (2013). Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 604-609. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.017
Helsper, E., & Eynon, R. (2009). Digital natives: Where is the evidence? British Educational Research Journal, 36(3), 1-18. doi: 10.1080/01411920902989227
Hendrix, D., Chiarella, D., Hasman, L., Murphy, S., & Zafron, M. L. (2009). Use of Facebook in academic health sciences libraries. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 97(1), 44-47. doi: 10.3163/1536-5050.97.1.008
Hew, K. F. (2011). Students’ and teachers’ use of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 662– 676. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.11.020
Jeon, K. C., & Goodson, P. (2015). US adolescents’ friendship networks and health risk behaviors: a systematic review of studies using social network analysis and Add Health data. PeerJ, 3, e1052; doi: 10.7717/peerj.1052
Johnston, K., Tanner, M., Lalla, N., & Kawalski, D. (2013). Social capital: the benefit of Facebook ‘friends’. Behaviour & Information Technology, 32(1), 24- 36. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2010.550063
Junco, R. (2011). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education, 58, 162-171. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.004
Junco, R. (2015). Student class standing, Facebook use, and academic performance. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 36, 18-29. doi: 10.1016/j. appdev.2014.11.001
Kalpidou, M., Coustin, D., & Morris, J. (2011). The relationship between Facebook and the well-being of undergraduate college students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(4), 183-189. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0061
Khana, M. L.,Wohn, D. Y., & Ellison, N. B. (2014). Actual friends matter: An internet skills perspective on teens’ informal academic collaboration on Facebook. Computers & Education, 79, 138-147. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2014.08.001
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., … Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e69841. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10, 278. doi: 10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5
Lampe, C., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2007). A familiar Face(book): Profile elements as signals in an online social network. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 435-444). New York: ACM Press.
Martire, L. M., & Franks, M. M. (2014). The role of social networks in adult health: Introduction to the special issue. Health Psychology, 33(6), 501–504. doi:10.1037/hea0000103
McAndrew, F. T., & Jeong, H. S. (2012). Who does what on Facebook? Age, sex, and relationship status as predictors of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2359–2365. doi: 10.1016/j. chb.2012.07.007
Mitchell, J. C. (1974). Social Networks. Annual Review of Anthropology, 3, 279-299. doi:10.1146/annurev. an.03.100174.001431
Moilanen, K. L., Shaw, D. S., & Fitzpatrick, A. (2010). Self-regulation in early adolescence: Relations with mother–son relationship quality and maternal regulatory support and antagonism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(11), 1357-1367. doi: 10.1007/ s10964-009-9485-x
O’Reilly, T. (2006). Web 2.0 Compact Definition: Trying Again. Recuperado de http://radar.oreilly. com/2006/12/web-20-compact-definition-tryi.html
Orth, U., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Robins, R. W. (2010). Self-esteem development from young adulthood to old age: A cohort-sequential longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(4), 645- 658. doi: 10.1037/a0018769
Pfeil, U., Arjan, R., & Zaphiris, P. (2009). Age differences in online social networking - A study of user profiles and the social capital divide among teenagers and older users in MySpace. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 643-654. doi: 10.1016/j. chb.2008.08.015
Pontes, H. M., Andreassen, C. S., & Griffiths, M.D. (2016). Portuguese Validation of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale: An empirical study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(6), 1062-1073. doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9694-y
Pontes, H. M., Patrão, I. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Portuguese validation of the Internet Addiction Test: An empirical study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(2), 107–114. doi: 10.1556/JBA.3.2014.2.4
Prensky, M (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants: Part 1. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1 - 6.
Rico-Uribe, L. A., Caballero, F. F., Olaya, B., Tobiasz- Adamczyk, B., Koskinen, S., Leonardi, M, … Miret, M. (2016). Loneliness, social networks, and health: A cross-sectional study in three countries. PLoS ONE 11(1), e0145264. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0145264
Romano, A., Negreiros, J., & Martins, T. (2007). Contributos para a validação da escala de auto- estima de Rosenberg numa amostra de adolescentes da região interior norte do país. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 8(1), 107-114.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Schwarzer, R. (1999). Self-Regulation Scale. Recuperado de http://userpage.fuberlin.de/~health/selfreg_g.htm
Smith, K. P., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Social networks and health. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 405-429. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134601
Steinfield, C., Ellison, N. B., & Lampe, C. (2008). Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 434-445. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.002
Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., & Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and offline social networks: Use of social networking sites by emerging adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 420-433. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.003
Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up digital: The rise of the net generation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tsai, A.C., & Papachristos, A.V. (2015). From social networks to health: Durkheim after the turn of the millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 125, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.045
Umberson, D., Crosnoe, R., & Reczek, C. (2010). Social relationships and health behavior across the life course. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 139-157. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120011
Uribe-Tirado, A., & Echavarría-Ramírez, A-F. (2008). Facebook como red de profesionales de bibliotecología, documentación y archivística en Iberoamérica. El Profesional de la Información, 17(6), 670-676.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Social consequences of the internet for adolescents: A decade of research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 8721.2009.01595.x
Videras, J. (2013). Social networks and the environment. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 5, 211-226. doi: 10.1146/annurev-resource-091912-151912
Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self- esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4), 206- 222. doi: 10.1037/ppm0000047
Wilcox, K., & Stephen, A. T. (2013). Are close friends the enemy? Online social networks, self-esteem, and self-control. Journal of Consumer Research, 40, 90-103. doi: 10.1086/668794