Abstract
Objective. The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between social anxiety (SA) and musical performance anxiety (MPA) in a Brazilian sample of singers. Method. This study is descriptive, observational, correlational and quantitative, with a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 252 singers (142 amateurs and 110 professionals). Participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Adult Social Anxiety Questionnaire and the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory. Results. A moderate and significant positive correlation was found between SA and MPA. Evidence suggests that APM is significantly higher in professional singers and soloists. The aspects of “Worry and Insecurity” are significantly higher in professional singers than in amateurs. In conclusion, SA and MPA are present in professional singers representing an aggravating factor in mental health. Professional singers and soloists can benefit from diagnostics and treatment in the area of music performance.
References
Abel, J. L., & Larkin, K. T. (1990). Anticipation of performance among musicians: Physiological arousal, confidence and state anxiety. Psychology of Music, 18(2), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735690182006
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://cdn.website-editor.net/30f11123991548a0af708722d458e476/files/uploaded/DSM%2520V.pdf
Barbar, A. E. M. (2013). Ansiedade de Performance Musical: validação transcultural de instrumento de avaliação [Trabalho de conclusão de curso, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto]. Biblioteca Digital, Universidad de São Paulo. http://www.tcc.sc.usp.br/tce/disponiveis/59/59030100/tce-14012015-101628/
Barbar, A. E. M., Crippa, J. A. S., & Osório, F. L. (2014a). Performance anxiety in brazilian musicians: Prevalence and association with psychopathology indicators. Journal of Affective Disorders, 152-154(1), 381-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.041
Barbar, A. E. M., Crippa, J. A. S., & Osório, F. L. (2014b). Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI): Transcultural adaptation for Brazil and study of internal consistency. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 3, 1-3. https://www.longdom.org/open-access/kenny-music-performance-anxiety-inventory-kmpai-transcultural-adaptation-for-brazil-and-study-of-internal-consistency-10.41722167-1044.1000167.pdf
Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1247-1263. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11280938/
Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Barroso, A. L. (2021). Performance vocal e ansiedade em cantores populares profissionais: um olhar fonoaudiológico [Dissertação Mestrado em Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Católica de São Paulo]. Repositorio PUCSP. https://sapientia.pucsp.br/handle/handle/24073
Bourne, E. J. (1995). The anxiety & phobia workbook (2° ed.). New Harbinger Publications.
Brotons, M. (1994). Effects of performing conditions on music performance anxiety and performance quality. Journal of Music Therapy, 31(1), 63-8l. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/31.1.63
Brugues, A. O. (2011). Music performance anxiety – part 2: A review of treatment options. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 26(3), 164-171. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21987072/
Burin, A. B., Barbar, A. E. M., Nirenberg, I. S., & Osório, F. L. (2019). Music performance anxiety: Perceived causes, coping strategies and clinical profiles of Brazilian musicians. Trends Psychiatry Psychother, 41(4), 348-357. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31967195/
Burin, A., & Osório, F. (2016). Interventions for music performance anxiety: Results from a systematic literature review. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry, 43(5), 116-131. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000097
Burin, A. B. (2017). Ansiedade de performance musical: causas percebidas, estratégias de enfrentamento e perfil clínico de músicos brasileiros e australianos [Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital USP. https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17148/tde-25052018-144106/pt-br.php
Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Arias, B., Hofmann, S. G., & CISO-A Research Team. (2008). Social anxiety in 18 nations: Sex and age differences. Behavioral Psychology / Psicología Conductual: Revista Internacional Clínica y de la Salud, 16(2), 161-185. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-13116-002
Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Arias, B., Irurtia, M. J., Calderero, M., & Equipo de Investigación CISO-A Research Team. (2010). Validación del “cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos” (caso-a30) en universitarios españoles: similitudes y diferencias entre carreras universitarias y comunidades autónomas. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual: Revista Internacional Clínica y de la Salud, 18(1), 5-34. https://www.behavioralpsycho.com/producto/validacion-del-cuestionario-de-ansiedad-social-para-adultos-caso-a30-en-universitarios-espanoles-similitudes-y-diferencias-entre-carreras-universitarias-y-comunidades-autonomas/
Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Arias, B., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). The multidimensional nature and multicultural validity of a new measure of social anxiety: The social anxiety questionnaire for adults. Behavioral Therapy, 43(2), 313-328. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22440068/
Caballo, V., Salazar, I., Nobre-Sandoval, L., Wagner, M., Arias, B., & Lourenço, L. (2017). Validação brasileira do questionário de ansiedade social para adultos (CASO). Psicologia: teoria e prática, 19(2), 131-147. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-36872017000200007
Cortina, J. (1993). What is Coefficient Alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
Dobos, B., Piko, B. F., & Kenny, D. T. (2019). Music performance anxiety and its relationship with social phobia and dimensions of perfectionism. Research studies in music education, 41(3), 310-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1321103X18804295
Fehm, L., & Hille, C. (2005). Bühnenangst bei Musikstudierenden. Verhaltenstherapie und Verhaltensmedizin, 26(2), 199-212.
Gorges, S., Alpers, G. W., & Pauli, P. (2007). Musical performance anxiety as a form of social anxiety. International Symposium on Performance Science, 1, 67-72. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Musical-performance-anxiety-as-a-form-of-social-Gorges-Alpers/fe8c0b061c6f96c1e7ac59da54c996f0d3dc5753
Kenny, D. T., Davis, P., & Oates, J. (2004). Music performance anxiety and occupational stress amongst opera chorus artists and their relationship with state and trait anxiety and perfectionism. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18(6), 757-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.09.004
Kenny, D. T. (2005). A systematic review of treatments for music performance anxiety. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 18(3), 183-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800500167258
Kenny, D. T. (2009). The factor structure of the revised Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory. In International Symposium on Performance Science (pp. 37-41). Association Europenne des Conservatoires. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223995005_The_factor_structure_of_the_revised_Kenny_Music_Performance_Anxiety_Inventory
Kenny, D. (2011). The psychology of music performance anxiety. Oxford University Press.
Kenny, D., Driscoll, T., & Ackermann, B. (2012). Psychological well-being in professional orchestral musicians in Australia: A descriptive population study. Psychology of Music, 42(2), 210-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735612463950
Kinrys, G., & Wygant, L. E. (2005). Transtornos de ansiedade em mulheres: gênero influencia o tratamento? Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 27(suppl. 2), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462005000600003
Langendörfer, F., Hodapp, V., Kreutz, G., & Bongard, S. (2006). Personality and performance anxiety among professional orchestra musicians. Journal of Individual Differences, 27(3), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.27.3.162
Nascimento, S. E. F. (2013). Ansiedade de Performance Musical: um estudo sobre o uso de betabloqueadores por bacharelandos em música [Dissertação Mestrado em Música, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]. Repositório Institucional UFMG. https://repositorio.ufmg.br/handle/1843/AAGS-9RTNFQ
Osborne, M. S., & Franklin, J. (2002). Cognitive processes in music performance anxiety. Australian Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530210001706543
Osborne, M. S., & Kenny, D. T. (2005). Development and validation of a music performance anxiety inventory for gifted adolescent musicians. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(7), 725-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.09.002
Papageorgi, I., Hallam, S., & Welch, G. (2007). A conceptual framework for understanding musical performance anxiety. Research Studies in Music Education, 28(1), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1321103X070280010207
Rae, G., & McCambridge, K. (2004). Correlates of performance anxiety in practical music exams. Psychology of Music, 32(4), 432-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735604046100
Rocha, S. F., Dias-Neto, E., & Gattaz, W. F. (2011). Ansiedade na performance musical: tradução, adaptação e validação do Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) para a língua portuguesa. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry, 38(6), 217-221. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832011000600001
Ryan, C., & Andrews, N. (2009). An investigation into the choral singer’s experience of music performance anxiety. Journal of Research in Music Education, 57(2), 108-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429409336132
Silva, A. P. (2018). Construção da sonoridade do coro amador: estratégias utilizadas por regentes [Dissertação de Mestrado em Fonoaudiologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo]. Repositório PUCSP. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21453
Steptoe, A., & Fidler, H. (1987). Stage fright in or chestral musicians: A study of cognitive and behavioural strategies in performance anxiety. British Journal of Psychology, 78(2), 241-249. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3594093/
Streiner, D. L., & Norman, G. R. (2003). Health Measurements Scales: A Practical Guide to their Development and Use (3th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Thompson, W. F., Bella, S. D., & Keller, P. E. (2006). Music performance. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 2(2-3), 99-102. https://www.academia.edu/12442977/Music_Performance
Valentine, E. (2002). The fear of performance. In J. Rink (Ed.), Musical Performance: A Guide to Understanding (pp. 168-182). Cambridge University Press.
Wesner, R. B., Noyes, R., & Davies, T. L. (1990). The occurrence of performance anxiety among musicians. Journal of Affective Disorders, 18(3), 177-185. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2139062/#:~:text=Over%2021%25%20of%20the%20respondents,had%20adversely%20affected%20their%20careers
Yondem, Z. (2007). Performance anxiety, dysfunctional attitudes and gender in university music students. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(10), 1415-1426. https://www.proquest.com/openview/26b166fd4629914e9cb0fd45d82811c7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=47863
Yoshie, M., Kudo, K., Murakoshi, T., & Ohtsuki, T. (2009). Music performance anxiety in skilled pianists: Effects of social-evaluative performance situation on subjective, autonomic and electromyographic reactions. Experimental Brain Research, 199(2), 117-126. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19701628/
Zanon, F. (2015). Ansiedade e performance musical: uma revisão sistemática da pesquisa sobre epidemiologia e questionários/escalas. Universidade de Aveiro.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Crismarie Casper Hackenberg, Felipe Santos de Oliveira, Sérgio Felipe Abreu de Brito Bastos, Rodrigo da Cunha Teixeira Lopes