Keywords
milk
enriched milk
nutrition
dairy cattle
minerales traza
leche
leche enriquecida
nutrición
ganado de leche
How to Cite
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with selenized yeast, derived from a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CNCM I-3060), on productive and reproductive performance and on selenium concentrations in milk of grazing dairy cows. Multiparous Holstein cows (n=40), with an average body weight of 607±62 kg and a body condition score of 2.9±0.2 before parturition, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. Control treatment consisted of a basal diet supplying 0.7 mg of Se.kg -1 dry matter. Experimental treatment consisted of the same basal diet supplemented with 3.0 mg of Se, from day 5 to 56 of lactation. Milk production, milk composition, SCC, and Se content of milk were determined at day 5, 14, 28, 42, and 56 of lactation. Blood samples from each cow were also taken during the same days, to measure glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and Se concentration. To evaluate reproductive performance, the ovaries were examined by transrectal ultrasonography at days 22 and 57 postpartum. Days open, days to first service and services per conception were also recorded. Milk production, milk composition, and SCC did not differ between treatments during the trial. Selenium supplementation did not alter GSH-Px concentration (199.0 vs. 220.3 U.g -1 Hb) or Se concentration in blood (166.4 vs. 184.2 μg.l -1 ). However, organic selenium supplementation increased (p<0.01) Se apparent efficiency of transfer into milk (7.9 vs. 9.9%) and Se content of milk (12.7 vs. 20.5 μg.l -1 ); therefore, milk derived from cows supplemented with selenized yeast could be a useful way to contribute to daily intake of Se in humans, allowing to reach the daily dietary recommendations and helping as a functional food to solve problems related to Se deficiency.References
AOAC (ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS). 2005. Official methods of analysis of AOAC. 18th ed. AOAC. Arlington, VA. 2590 p.
ASPILA P. 1991. Metabolism of selenite, selenomethionine and feed-incorporated selenium in lactating goats and dairy cows. J. Agric. Sci. Finl. 63:1-74.
CEBALLOS A., CORREA H., LOAIZA J., VILLA N.A. 2003. Actividad sanguínea de glutatión peroxidasa como indicador del balance metabólico nutricional de selenio en rebaños lecheros de Manizales, Colombia. Rev. Col. Cienc. Pec. 16(1):19-25.
CEBALLOS A., SÁNCHEZ J., STRYHN H., MONTGOMERY J.B., BARKEMA H.W., WICHTEL J.J. 2009. Meta-analysis of the effect of oral selenium supplementation on milk selenium concentration in cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 92:324-342.
CEBALLOS A., WITTWER F.G. 1996. Metabolismo del selenio en rumiantes. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 28(2):5-18.
CERRI R.L., RUTIGLIANO H.M., LIMA F.S., ARAÚJO D.B., SANTOS J.E. 2009. Effect of source of supplemental selenium on uterine health and embryo quality in high-producing dairy cows. Theriogenology 71:1127-1137.
CIGA (COMISIÓN INTERSECTORIAL DE GUÍAS ALIMENTARIAS). 2007. Actualización de lineamientos técnicos para la elaboración de las guías alimentarias de la población costarricense. 57 p.
COMBS G.F., LU L. 2001. Selenium as a cancer preventative agent, pp. 205-217. In: D. L. Hatfield (ed.). Selenium: Its molecular biology and role in human health Kluwer Academic Publishers. Norwell, MA.
DABDOUD S.M., SHOOK G.E. 1984. Phenotypic relations among milk yield, somatic cell count and clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 67:163-164.
DOYLE P.T., STOCKDALE C.R., JENKIN M.L., WALKER G.P., DUNSHEA F.R., SHIELDS P.M., MCKENNA A. 2011. Producing milk with uniform high selenium concentrations on commercial dairy farms. Anim. Prod. Sci. 51:87-94.
ERSKINE R.J., EBERHART R.J., HUTCHINSON J., SCHOLZ R.W. 1987. Blood selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activities in dairy herds with high and low somatic cell counts. JAVMA 11:1417-1421.
FISHER D.D., SAXTON S.W., ELLIOT R.D., BEATTY J.M. 1995. Effects of selenium source. Se status of lactating cows. Veterinary Clinical Nutrition 2(2):68-74.
GIVENS D.I., ALLISON R., COTTRILL B., BLAKE J.S. 2004. Enhancing the selenium content of bovine milk through alteration of the form and concentration of selenium in the diet of the dairy cow. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 84:811-817.
HARGRAVES J.N.G., KERR J.D. 1978. Botanal: a comprehensive sampling and computing procedure for estimating pasture yield and composition. II. Computational package. Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, CSIRO. Brisbane, Australia. 88 p.
HEARD J.W., STOCKDALE C.R., WALKER G.P., LEDDIN C.M., DUNSHEA F.R., MCINTOSH G.H., SHIELDS P.M., MCKENNA A., YOUNG G.P., DOYLE P.T. 2007. Increasing selenium concentration in milk: Effects of amount of selenium from yeast and cereal grain supplements. J. Dairy Sci. 90:4117-4127.
HIMENO S., IMURA N. 2000. New aspects of physiological and pharmacological roles of selenium. J. Health Sci. 46(6):393-398.
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. National Academy Press. Washington, DC. 529 p.
JUNIPER D.T., PHIPPS R.H., JONES A.K., BERTIN G. 2006. Selenium supplementation of lactating dairy cows: Effects of selenium concentration in blood, milk, urine, and feces. J. Dairy Sci. 89:3544-3551.
KNOWLES S.O., GRACE N.D., WURMS K., LEE J. 1999. Significance of amount and form of dietary selenium on blood, milk, and casein selenium concentrations in grazing cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82:429-437.
LYONS M.P., PAPAZYAN T.T., SURAI P.F. 2007. Selenium in food chain and animal nutrition: Lessons from nature. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 20(7):1135-1155.
MINISTERIO DE SALUD. 2010. Encuesta nacional de nutrición 2008-2009. Micronutrientes. 2 p.
MOSSA F., WALSH S.W., BUTLER S.T., BERRY D.P., CARTER F., LONERGAN P., SMITH G.W., IRELAND J.J., EVANS A.C. 2012. Low numbers of ovarian follicles ≥3 mm in diameter are associated with low fertility in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.95:2355-2361.
NRC (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL). 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th revised edition. National Academy Press. Washington, DC. 408 p.
ORTMAN K., PEHRSON B. 1999. Effect of selenite as a feed supplement to dairy cows in comparison to selenite and selenium yeast. J. Anim. Sci. 77:3365-3370.
PAGLIA D.E., VALENTINE W.N. 1967. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte gluthatione peroxidase. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 70:158-169.
RUTIGLIANO H.M., LIMA F.S., CERRI R.L., GRECO L.F., VILELA J.M., MAGALHÃES V., SILVESTRE F.T., THATCHER W.W., SANTOS J.E.P. 2008. Effects of method of presynchronization and source of selenium on uterine health and reproduction in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91:3323-3336.
SAS INSTITUTE. 2004. SAS/STAT 9.1 User`s Guide. Version 9.1 ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C. 5121 p.
SILVESTRE F.T., RUTIGLIANO H.M., THATCHER W.W., SANTOS J.E., STAPLES C.R. 2007. Effect of selenium source on production, reproduction, and immunity of lactating dairy cows. Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium. Gainesville, FL. 13 p.
STOCKDALE C.R., SHIELDS P.M., MCKENNA A., WALKER G.P., DUNSHEA F.R., DOYLE P.T. 2011. Selenium levels in cows fed pasture and concentrates or a total mixed ration and supplemented with selenized yeast to produce milk with supranutritional selenium concentrations. J. Dairy Sci. 94:262-272.
TASKER J.B., BEWICK T.D., CLARK R.G., FRASER A.J. 1987. Selenium response in dairy cattle. N.Z. Vet. J. 35:139-140.
VAN DER GRINTEN P., BAAYEN M.T., VILLALOBOS L., DWINGER R.H., MANNETJE L. 1992. Utilisation of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures and dairy production in a high altitude region of Costa Rica. Tropical Grasslands 26:255-262.
VAN SOEST P.J., ROBERTSON J.B. 1985. Analysis of forages and fibrous feeds. Cornell University. Ithaca, NY. 165 p.
VELICHKO O.A., LOSEVA N.A., RYZHIY E.L., SADOVNIKOVA N.Y., SURAI P. 2006. Effect of long-term comsumption of Sel-Plex® and Yea-Sacc®1026 on reproductive health of dairy cows. Alltech’s 22nd Annual Symposium, (Abstract). Lexington, KY.
WALKER G.P., DUNSHEA F.R., HEARD J.W., STOCKDALE C.R., DOYLE P.T. 2010. Output of selenium in milk, urine, and feces is proportional to selenium intake in dairy cows fed a total mixed ration supplemented with selenium yeast. J. Dairy Sci. 93:4644-4650.
WEISS W.P. 2003. Selenium nutrition of dairy cows: comparing responses to organic and inorganic selenium forms, pp. 333-343. In: T.P. Lyons and K.A. Jacques eds. Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries. Proceedings of Alltech’s 19th Annual Symposium. Nottingham University Press. Nottingham, UK.
WEISS W.P. 2005. Selenium sources for dairy cattle. Proc. Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference, pp 61-72. Ft. Wayne, IN.
WEISS W.P. 2011. Effects of micronutrients on the regulation of the immune system and its role in milk quality. J. Dairy Sci. 94 (E-Suppl. 1):216.
WEISS W.P., TODHUNTER, D. A., HOGAN, J. S., SMITH, K. L. 1990. Effect of duration of supplementation of selenium and vitamin E on periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 73:3187-3194.