Egg production feasibility in laying hen with access to grazing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v32i2.39673Keywords:
animal production, diagnosis, animal welfare, poultryAbstract
Introduction. The production of hens with access to grazing integrates bird, fodder, and marketing management. Objective. To describe laying hens’ production systems with grazing access in Costa Rica and determine the feasibility of implementing aproduction model. Materials and methods. During the years 2017 and 2018, information on the production, health, grazing, and egg management was collected and analyzed in six farms with laying birds that have access to grazing. To determine the feasibility of the proposed production model, a cash flow (ten years) was prepared, which included the investments to develop the system, and an inflation rate of 10% through the years. The costs of investment, operation, and income from the sale of the eggs, discarded hens, and poultry litter were analyzed. The NPV, IRR, C/B ratio, and break-even point were calculated. Results. Sixty six percent of the systems use specialized birds, densities between 5 to 12, and 1 to 3 birds m-2 in the shed and grazing area, respectively. Grazing began at 22 and 32 weeks, with 2-10 h day-1. Five systems did not substitute feed for fodder; they consider it as an added value. The proposal is demanding in facilities, plot, and work equipment. Feeds represent 41% of the operational costs, followed by labor (22 %), and bird purchase (17 %). It is profitable, by obtaining a positive NPV ($31 455.39) and IRR of 21.48 % and the C/B ratio>1, and the investment will be recovered after six years. Conclusions. Farms with laying hens with access to grazing evaluated in this work could improve in nutritional aspects and forage cultivation. In addition, they are production systems that present economic indicators that favor their implementation.
Downloads
References
Araya-Vargas, J., & Chacón-Alfaro, D. (2011). Diagnóstico para la implementación de una granja de investigación y docencia en el módulo avícola de la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno de la Universidad de Costa Rica [Tesis de licenciatura, Universidad de Costa Rica]. Repositorio de la Universidad de Costa Rica. http://repositorio.sibdi.ucr.ac.cr:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2266
Axtell, R. C., & Arends, J. J. (1990). Ecology and management of arthropod pests of poultry. Annual Review of Entomology, 35, 101-126. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000533
Bell, D. & Weaver, W. Jr. (2002). Commercial chicken meat and egg production (5th Ed.). Springer Science *Business Media, LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0811-3
Berg, C. (2001). Health and welfare in organic poultry production. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 95(Suppl 1), 37-45. https://doi.org/doi:10.1186/1751-0147-43-S1-S37
Brenes, C. (2012, setiembre 2). Huevos de pastoreo ganan mercado. El Financiero. https://www.elfinancierocr.com/negocios/huevos-de-pastoreo-ganan-mercado/XPVEKAOFGBDUXLWTVMMU757KOA/story/
Campbell, D. L. M., Hinch, G. N., Dyall, T. R., Warin, L., Little, B. A., & Lee, C. (2017). Outdoor stocking density in freerange laying hens: radio-frequency identification on range use. Animal, 11(1), 121-130. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116001154
Carballo, C. (2004). Manual de manejo de pollos ecológicos. ZOE Tecno-Campo. http://www.zoetecnocampo.com/Documentos/pollo_ecol/pollos.htm
Carrillo, L., Medina-Torres, L., Tapia, G., & Guti. L. (2016). Rheological study of healthy chicken’s pooled tracheobronchial secretions and its modification by mucolytics drugs. Poultry Science, 95(11), 2667-2672. http://doi.org/doi:10.3382/ps/pew209
Crawley, K. (2015). Fulfilling 100 % organic poultry diets: Roughage and foraging from the range (Technical Note 2). Organic Research Center. https://orgprints.org/36526/1/36526_Tool_29_Ok-Net-Ecofeed-fulfilling-100-poultry-diets.pdf
Chaves, R. (2011). Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal: programa nacional de salud aviar. Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal. Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs. (2001). The welfare of hens in free range systems. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-welfare-of-hens-in-free-range-systems
Dhama, K., Latheef, S., Mani, S., Samad, H., Karthik, K., Tiwari, R., Khan, R., Alagawany, M., Farag, M., Alam, G., Laudadio, V., & Tufarelli, V. (2015). Multiple beneficial applications and modes de action of herbs in poultry health and production-A review. International Journal of Pharmacology, 11(3), 152-176. http://doi.org/doi:10.3923/ijp.2015.152.176
Diario Oficial de las Comunidades Europeas. (1999). Directiva 1999/74/CE del Consejo de 19 de julio de 1999 por la que se establecen las normas mínimas de protección de las gallinas ponedoras. EUR-Lex. Recuperado el 22 de mayo, 2017, de https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31999L0074&from=EN
Gebhardt-Henrich, S., Toscano, M., & Fröhlich, E. (2014). Use of outdoor ranges by laying hens in different sized flocks. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 155, 74-81. http://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2014.03.010
Harlander-Matauschek, A., Felsenstein, K., Niebuhr, K., & Troxler, J. (2006). Influence of pop hole dimensions on the number of laying hens outside on the range. Journal British Poultry Science, 47(2), 131-134. http://doi.org/10.1080/00071660600610591
Heerkens, J. L., Delezie, E., Zoons, J., Kempen, I., Ampe, B., Rodenburg, T. B. & Tuyttens, F. A. (2015). Specific characteristics of the aviary housing system affect plumage condition, mortality and production in laying hens. Poultry Science, 94(9), 2008-2017. http://doi.org/doi:10.3382/ps/pev187
Humane Farm Animal Care. (2014). Normas del HFAC para la producción de gallinas ponedoras. http://certifiedhumane.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/GALLINAS-PONEDORAS.pdf
Kahrs, R. F. (1995). Principios generales de desinfección. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 14(1), 143-163. https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D8972.PDF
Lay, D. C., Fulton, R. M., Hester, P. Y., Karcher, D. M., Kjaer, J. B., Mench, J. A., Mullens, B. A., Newberry, R. C., Nicol, C. J. O`Sullivan, N. P. & Porter, R. (2011). Hen welfare in different housing systems. Poultry Science, 90, 278-294. http://doi.org/doi:10.3382/ps.2010-00962.
Lohmann Tierzuch. (2013). Management guide. Alternative systems. Management – recommendations for the rearing of pullets in deep litter, perchery and free – range systems. Doc Player. https://docplayer.net/40980709-Managementguidealternative-systems-management-recommendations-for-the-rearing-of-pullets-in-deep-litter-perchery-and-free-rangesystems.html
Main, D. C. J., Thornton, P., & Kerr, K. (2005). Teaching animal welfare science, ethics, and law to veterinary students in the United Kingdom. Journal Veterinary Medical Education, 32(4), 505-508. http://doi.org/doi:10.3138/jvme.32.4.505
Miao, Z. H., Glatz, P. C., Ru, Y. J., Wyatt, S. K., & Rodda, B. J. (2005). Integrating free-range hens into a wheat stubble. International Journal Poultry Science, 4(8), 526-530. http://doi.org/doi:10.3923/ijps.2005.526.530
Monge, D. (2016, octubre 4-5). Caracterización de la producción de huevo de gallina en Costa Rica [Presentación en conferencia]. En Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Ed.), Simposio Una Visión del Sector Agropecuario Basada en el CENAGRO 2014 (pp. 9-28). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. https://inec.cr/sites/default/files/documetos-biblioteca-virtual/imgsimposio-cenagro-08122017.pdf
Muñoz, D. (2016). Gallinas libres huevos caros. El Financiero. Recuperado el 18 de mayo, 2017, de http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/empresas/gallinas-libres-huevos-caros.html
Muñoz, J. & Vellojin, J. (2002). Diseño y evaluación de un sistema de producción de huevos con gallinas bajo pastoreo en el trópico húmedo. Universidad Earth. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/lead/pdf/03_article03_es.pdf
Organización Mundial De Sanidad Animal. (2015). Bienestar animal y sistemas de producción de pollos de engorde. https://www.oie.int/index.php?id=169&L=2&htmfile=chapitre_aw_broiler_chicken.htm
Plamondon, R. (2003). Range poultry housing. Livestock Production Guide. University of California. https://www.ucanr.edu/sites/placernevadasmallfarms/files/102339.pdf
Rault, J. L., Hemsworth, P., & Cronin, G. (2016). Free range hen welfare: Characterisation of “outdoor” and “indoor” hens and physical features in the range. Australian Egg Corporation Limited. https://www.australianeggs.org.au/dmsdocument/708-free-range-hen-welfare-characterisation-of-outdoor-and-indoor-hens-and-physical-features-in-the-range
Ricaurte-Galindo, S. (2005). Bioseguridad en granjas avícolas. Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 6(2), 1-17. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/636/63612654015.pdf
Richards, G., Wilkins, L., Knowles, T., Booth, F., Toscano, M., Nicol, C., Brown, S., & Booth, F. (2011). Continuous monitoring of pop hole usage by commercially housed free-range hens throughout the production cycle. Veterinary. Record, 169(13), 338. http://doi.org/10.1136/vr.d4603
Ruiz, B. (2017). Peculiaridades de la industria avícola en el 2016. Industria Avícola, 64(3), 14-34. http://www.industriaavicoladigital.com/201703/#/16
Sandilans, V. (2016). Chicken behaviour and welfare. Online Course. University of Edimburgh. https://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/online-learning/free-short-courses/subjects/medicine-vet/chicken-behaviour-welfare
Salatin, J. (1996). Pastured Poultry Profit. Polyface Inc, Swoope.
Sapag, N., & Sapag, R. (2008). Preparación y evaluación de proyectos (5ta Ed.). McGraw-Hill Interamericana S.A.
Secretaria Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria. (2018). Boletín estadístico agropecuario (Serie cronológica 2014-2017, 28 Ed.). Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. http://www.sepsa.go.cr/DOCS/BEA/BEA28.pdf
Singh, M., & Cowieson, A. J. (2013). Range use and pasture consumption in free-range poultry production. Animal Production Science, 53(11), 1202-1208. http://doi.org/10.1071/AN13199
Soler, D. M., & Fonseca J. A. (2011). Producción sostenible de pollo de engorde y gallina ponedora campesina: revisión bibliográfica y propuesta de un modelo para pequeños productores. Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 2(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.914
Sumner, D. A., Gow, H., Hayes, D., Mathews, W., Norwood, B., Rosen-Molina, J., & Thurman, W. (2011). Economic and market issues on the sustainability of egg production in the United States: Analysis of alternative production systems. Poultry Science, 90(1), 241-250. http://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00822
Vargas, R. A. (2001). Producción de pollos de engorde bajo un sistema de pastoreo en el trópico húmedo de Costa Rica [Tesis de Licenciatura, no publicada]. Universidad Earth.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
1. Proposed policy for open access journals
Authors who publish in this journal accept the following conditions:
a. Authors retain the copyright and assign to the journal the right to the first publication, with the work registered under the attribution, non-commercial and no-derivative license from Creative Commons, which allows third parties to use what has been published as long as they mention the authorship of the work and upon first publication in this journal, the work may not be used for commercial purposes and the publications may not be used to remix, transform or create another work.
b. Authors may enter into additional independent contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the article published in this journal (e.g., including it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a book) provided that they clearly indicate that the work was first published in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (e.g. on institutional or personal pages) before and during the review and publication process, as it may lead to productive exchanges and faster and wider dissemination of published work (see The Effect of Open Access).
