¿La palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis) genera un impacto negativo sobre el suelo? Una revisión

Hermes Pérez Hernández; Marcos Pérez Sato

doi:10.15517/am.v34i1.50301

Autores/as

Hermes Pérez Hernández Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Chiapas, México https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5883-066X
Marcos Pérez Sato Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla México https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5649-014X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v34i1.50301

Palabras clave:

organismos de suelo, degradaci, degradación del suelo, fertilidad del suelo

Resumen

Introducción. La palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis) es uno de los monocultivos perennes que se ha extendido a casi un poco más de diecinueve millones de hectáreas en el mundo, su expansión ha generado debate social, económico y político en diversos países tropicales. Una de las problemáticas que se ha discutido, es el impacto sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas, biológicas y ecológicas del suelo. Objetivo. (i) Ofrecer un panorama actual de la expansión del cultivo de palma de aceite para una zona de la región Soconusco, Chiapas, México, (ii) documentar los efectos que provoca la palma de aceite sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y biológicas del suelo y (iii) presentar algunas propuestas de prácticas de manejo para incrementar la fertilidad y la abundancia de macroinvertebrados del suelo. Desarrollo. Se realizó la búsqueda de palabras clave en el apartado de “tópicos” dentro de la base de datos “Web of Science” del año 2009 hasta marzo del 2018. Se consultaron investigaciones que relacionan el cultivo de la palma de aceite con los parámetros físicos, químicos y biológicos del suelo. La literatura demuestra los efectos negativos que genera el monocultivo de palma de aceite sobre algunas propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y sobre la ecología y biología de la macrofauna edáfica. Conclusión. Se muestra evidencia de que el mal manejo del monocultivo de la palma de aceite tiene implicaciones ambientales. La integración de buenas prácticas de manejo sostenibles, podrían mitigar los daños al suelo.

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