La criptosporidiosis como enfermedad zoonótica, una revisión

Viviana Ramírez-Navarro; Ricaurte Lopera-Vásquez; Victoria Rodríguez-Gutiérrez

doi:10.15517/am.2023.51759

Autores/as

Viviana Ramirez Navarro, MSc Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Tolima, Colombia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-1275
Ricaurte Lopera-Vásquez, PhD Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Tolima, Colombia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-1961
Victoria Rodríguez-Gutiérrez Veterinaria campestre NanaVet, Tolima, Colombia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3781-7455

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2023.51759

Palabras clave:

Coccidia, diarrea, factores de virulencia, gastroenteritis, protozoario

Resumen

Introducción. Cryptosporidium spp. es un parásito protozoario del grupo de los coccidios, causante de diarreas, trastornos gastroentéricos y respiratorios (baja frecuencia) en diferentes especies de vertebrados a nivel mundial, principalmente en individuos jóvenes. Objetivo. Documentar las características más importantes de virulencia y patogenia del Cryptosporidium spp. así como, la descripción de sus variantes genéticas y su potencial zoonótico. Desarrollo. Existen más de diecinueve especies de Criptosporidium spp., donde se destacan C. parvum (humanos) C. bovis (bovinos), C. suis (porcinos) y C. ubiquitum (aves), debido a su alta capacidad infectiva dada por la diversidad de sus factores de virulencia. El parásito posee afinidad por los enterocitos y genera anomalías en la absorción y funciones secretoras del intestino. La criptosporidiosis varía en función del estado del huésped (edad, nutrición e inmunología), la fuente de contaminación (agua o ingesta), transmisión e higiene. Existen técnicas de diagnóstico, desde pruebas coproscópicas convencionales hasta pruebas de biología molecular. Conclusión. Factores como la variabilidad y los factores de virulencia del Cryptosporidium spp, se consideran mecanismos que favorecen la infección y dispersión del parasito a nivel individual y grupal en humanos y animales domésticos, al igual que la complejidad del ciclo de vida, la resistencia a condiciones ambientales, la capacidad infectiva y la interacción con el huésped consolidan al Cryptosporidium spp. como un agente zoonótico con efectos económicos importantes.

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