Development and Validation of the Self-concept Scale in Mexican Women

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v39i139.58799

Keywords:

Self-concept, psychometric validation, adult women, mental health

Abstract

Abstract. Objective. Show evidence of validity and reliability of a self-concept instrument. Method. 425 Mexican women between 18 and 62 years old participated. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis shows five factors (ethical-moral, social, physical self-concept, self-realization and dependence) grouping 20 items with reliability indices ω>.75 and adequate indicators of goodness of fit. Results. The multigroup comparison shows that the instrument is equivalent in its configuration and measurement weights between women up to 30 and over 30 years old. Correlations with anxiety and self-esteem instruments show evidence of validity through external criteria. The appearance of the dependency factor instead of the autonomy factor is discussed. It is concluded that the scale is brief, valid and reliable. Likewise, its usefulness in research and clinical practice is determined.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdelrahman, S. (2018). Relationship among public nursing image, self-image, and self-esteem of nurses. Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 7(1), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.9790/1959-0701091016

Alcaide, M., Garcia, O. F., Gomez-Ortiz, O., & Garcia, F.(2025). Raising to conformity without strictness: is it achievable? Frontiers in psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1568132

Álvarez A., & Gómez, I. (2011). Conflicto trabajo-familia, en mujeres profesionales que trabajan en la modalidad de empleo. Pensamiento Psicológico, 9(16),89-106. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/801/80118612006.pdf

Barraza, A. (2009). Autoconcepto académico y variables moduladoras. Un primer estudio en alumnos de maestrías. Investigación Educativa Duranguense, 5(11), 39-51. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3018651

Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893

Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.

Cámara de Diputados del H. Congreso de la Unión. (2017). Ley Federal de Protección de Datos Personales en Posesión de los Particulares. 2017, 1-16. https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LFPDPPP.pdf

Carranza, E., Renza, F., & Bermúmes-Jaimes, M. (2017). Análisis psicométrico de la escala de autoconcepto AF 5 de García y Musitu en estudiantes universitarios de Tarapoto (Perú). Interdisciplinaria, 34(2), 459 - 472. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6267183

Cazalla-Luna, N., & Molero, D. (2013). Revisión teórica sobre el autoconcepto y su importancia en la adolescencia. Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Docencia (REID), (10), 43-64. https://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/reid/article/view/991/818

Cerviño, C. (2008). Autoestima y desarrollo personal. Influencia en el rendimiento escolar. Módulo del Programa de Doctorado 700H Psicología de la Educación y Desarrollo Humano de la Universitat de València.

Chávez-Hernández, A., M., Correa-Romero, F., E., Acosta-Rojas, I., B., Cardoso-Espindola, K., V., Padilla-Gallegos, G., M., & Valadez-Figueroa, I. (2018). Suicidal Ideation, Depressive Symptomatology, and Self-Concept: A Comparison Between Mexican Institutionalized and Noninstitutionalized Children. Suicide Life Threat Behavior, 48 (2), 193-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12340

Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834

Cho, E., & Kim, S. (2015). Cronbach’s coefficient alpha: Well known but poorly understood. Organizational research methods, 18(2), 207-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114555994

Correa, F. E., García, L. F., & Saldívar, A. (2013). Estereotipo de paternidad e identidad de género en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología, 6(1), 41-50. https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/view/rip.6105

Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British journal of psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046

Esnaola, I., Goñi, A., & Madariaga, J.M. (2008). El Autoconcepto. Perspectivas de Investigación. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 13 (1), 179-194. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/175/17513105.pdf

Espinoza-Gutiérrez, R., Baños, R., Calleja-Núñez, J. J., & Granero-Gallegos, A. (2024). Effect of teaching style on academic self-concept in Mexican university students of physical education: Multiple mediation of basic psychological needs and motivation. Espiral. Cuadernos del Profesorado, 17(36), 46-61. https://doi.org/10.25115/ecp.v17i36.10087

Ertema, M., Sanchez-Sosa, J. C., Garcia, O. F., Villarreal-Gonzalez, M. E., & Garcia, F. (2025). The Dark Side of the Self: When Family is Highly Related to Mental Health Deterioration. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 28, e4. https://doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2025.3

Ferrando, P. J., & Seva, U. L. (2017). 10 años del programa FACTOR: una revisión crítica de sus orígenes, desarrollo y líneas futuras. Psicothema, 29(2), 236-240. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.304

Ferrando, P. J., Lorenzo-Seva, U., Hernández-Dorado, A., & Muñiz, J. (2022). Decálogo para el Análisis Factorial de los Ítems de un Test. Psicothema, 34(1), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.456

Fitts, W. (1972). Manual Tennessee Self Concept Scale. Counselogs Recordings & Tests.

García, F., & Musitu, G. (2001). AF5, Autoconcepto Forma 5 (2. Ed., vol. 265). Editorial TEA. https://www.referentibus.com/L/Garcia_Musitu_2001.pdf

Goñi, A., Ruiz de Azúa, S., & Rodríguez, A. (2006). Cuestionario del Autoconcepto Físico. Manual. EOS.

Goudarzi, F., Khadivzadeh, T., Ebadi, A., & Babazadeh, R. (2021). Iranian Women’s Self-concept after Hysterectomy: A Qualitative Study. Iranian Journal of Nursing & Midwifery Research, 26(3), 230-237. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_146_20

Guerrero-Barona, E., Sánchez-Herrera, S., Moreno-Manso, J. M., Sosa-Baltasar, D., & Durán-Vinagre, M. Á. (2019). El autoconcepto y su relación con la inteligencia emocional y la ansiedad. Psicología Conductual, 27(3), 455-476. https://www.behavioralpsycho.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/06.Guerrero-Barona-27-3-3.pdf

Haeussler, I.M., & Milicic, N. (2014). Confiar en uno mismo. Programa de desarrollo de la autoestima. Editorial Catalonia.

Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres. (2018). Las Madres en Cifras. Gobierno de México. https://www.gob.mx/inmujeres/articulos/las-madres-en-cifras#:~:text=Para%20las%20mujeres%20de%2030,las%20mujeres%20en%20nuestro%20pa%C3%ADs.

JASP Team (2025). JASP (Version 0.95.2) [Computer software]. https://jasp-stats.org

Keyvani, E., & Bolghan-Abadi, M. (2021). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on improving self-concept, depression, and anxiety in obese women. International Archives of Health Sciences, 8(2), 79-83. https://doi.org/10.4103/iahs.iahs_117_20

Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. https://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files4/befc0f8521c770249d-d18726a917cf90.pdf

La Rosa, J., & Díaz - Loving, R. (1991). Evaluación del autoconcepto: Una escala multidimensional. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 23(1), 15-33. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/805/80523102.pdf

Liranzo, P., & Hernández, R. (2014). Las diosas sometidas: autoconcepto en mujeres de grupos vulnerables. segunda parte: resultados y discusión del estudio. Ciencia y Sociedad, 39(1), 33-73 https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/870/87031229003.pdf

López-García, D., Hernández-Padilla, E., & Palacios-Hernández, B. (2020). Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autoconcepto de Piers-Harris 2 en escolares mexicanos. Revista de Psicología y Ciencias del Comportamiento de la Unidad Académica de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, 11(2), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.29059/rpcc.20201215-116

Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2019). Robust Promin: a method for diagonally weighted factor rotation. LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana de Psicología, 25(1), 99-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2019.v25n1.08

Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2022). SOLOMON: a method for splitting a sample into equivalent subsamples in factor analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 54, 2665-2677 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01750-y

Lorenzo, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2021). MSA: the forgotten index for identifying inappropriate items before computing exploratory item factor analysis. Methodology, 17(4), 296-306. https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.7185

Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2024). Determining sample size requirements in EFA solutions: A simple empirical proposal. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 59(5), 899-912. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2024.2342324

Lotfollahi, H., Riazi, H., Omani-Samani, R., Maroufizadeh, S., & Montazeri, A. (2021). Sexual Self-Concept in Fertile and Infertile Women: A Comparative Study. International Journal of Fertility & Sterility, 15(1), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2021.6205

Marsh, H. W., Craven, R. G., & Martin, A. J. (2006). What is the Nature of Self-Esteem? Unidimensional and Multidimensional Perspectives. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 16-24). Psychology Press.

Marsh, H. W., Pekrun, R., Murayama, K., Arens, A. K., Parker, P. D., Guo, J., & Dicke, T. (2018). An integrated model of academic self-concept development. Developmental Psychology, 54(2), 263-280. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000393

Palacios-Garay, J., & Coveñas-Lalupú, J. (2019). Predominancia del autoconcepto en estudiantes con conductas antisociales del Callao. Propósitos y Representaciones, 7(2), 325-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2019.v7n2.278

Piers, E. V. (1984). Piers-Harris Children´s Self Concept Scale. Revised Manual. Western Psychological Services.

Piers, E. V., & Harris, D.B. (1969). The Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale. Counselor Recording and Tests.

Reyes-Lagunes, I. & García y Barragán, L. F. (2008). Procedimiento de validación psicométrica culturalmente relevante: Un ejemplo. En S. Rivera Aragón, R. Díaz Loving, R. Sánchez Aragón e I. Reyes Lagunes (Eds.), La psicología social en México, XII (pp. 625-630).

Rojo-Ramos, J., Calero-Morales, S., Gómez-Paniagua, S., & Galán-Arroyo, C. (2024). Cyberbullying and self-concept in physical education school children. Espiral. Cuadernos del Profesorado, 17(35), 82-96. https://doi.org/10.25115/ecp.v17i35.9506

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self`s image. Princeton University Press Ruiz de Azúa García, S., & Rodríguez Fernández, A. (2006). El cuestionario de autoconcepto físico (CAF): la independencia de sus escalas. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 2(1), 369-382. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3498/349832312031.pdf

Schmidt, V., Messoulam, N., & Molina, F. (2008). Autoconcepto académico en adolescentes de escuelas medias: Presentación de un instrumento para su evaluación. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Avaliação Psicológica, 1(25), 81 - 106. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4596/459645445005.pdf

Shavelson, R. J., Hubner, J. J., & Stanton, G. C. (1976). Self-Concept: Validation of Construct Interpretations. Review of Educational Research, 46(3), 407-441. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543046003407

Shnabel, N., Bar-Anan, Y., Kende, A., Bareket, O., & Lazar, Y. (2016). Help to perpetuate traditional gender roles: Benevolent sexism increases engagement in dependency-oriented cross-gender helping. Journal of personality and social psychology, 110(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000037

Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología. (2010). Código ético del psicólogo. Trillas. Trizano-Hermosilla, I., & Alvarado, J. M. (2016). Best alternatives to Cronbach’s alpha reliability in realistic conditions: congeneric and asymmetrical measurements. Frontiers in psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00769

Vázquez, V., Cárcamo N., & Hernández N. (2012). Entre el cargo, la maternidad y la doble jornada: Presidentas municipales de Oaxaca. Perfiles latinoamericanos, (39), 31-57. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/115/11523035002.pdf

Villaseñor, C., Hernández, J. C., Gaytán, E., Romero, S., & Díaz-Barriga, F. (2017). Salud mental materna: factor de riesgo del bienestar socioemocional en niños mexicanos. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 41(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.1

Williams, M. (2017). Self-concept: Perceptions, Cultural influences and gender Differences. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and McDonald’s ω H: Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika, 70(1), 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-003-0974-7

Published

2025-09-25

How to Cite

Escoto Rojas, J., Cruz Torres, C. E., & Correa Romero, F. E. (2025). Development and Validation of the Self-concept Scale in Mexican Women. Actualidades En Psicología, 39(139), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v39i139.58799

Most read articles by the same author(s)