Propiedades psicométricas del Índice de Espiritualidad en Adultos Mayores de Costa Rica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v38i137.55565Palabras clave:
Espiritualidad, adultos mayores, satisfacción con la vida, bienestar, envejecimientoResumen
Objetivo. Presentar evidencias de la validez del Índice de Espiritualidad para Adultos Mayores en una muestra costarricense. Método. Los datos fueron recolectados entre 2015 y 2016 en una población de 282 participantes del Gran Área Metropolitana (M = 64, DT = 7.55). Resultados. Un análisis factorial confirmatorio arrojó evidencias de validez al determinar la unidimensionalidad de la medida (χ2 = 21.03, gl = 9, p = .001; CFI = .997; TLI = .994; RMSEA = .094 [.041 - .148], SRMR = .022). Tanto el alfa de Cronbach como el omega de McDonald resultaron adecuados (.91). Se encontró evidencia de validez con la Escala de Satisfacción Temporal con la Vida (r = .263, p = .001) y con la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico (r = .173, p > .01). Se concluye que el Índice de Espiritualidad para Adultos Mayores se muestra como un buen indicador para medir la espiritualidad en adultos mayores costarricenses.
Descargas
Referencias
Abid, S., Bajwa, R. S., & Ajmal, A. (2020). Social support, spiritual well-being and life satisfaction of cancer patients. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 17(3), 24-27. https://www.jpps.pk/index.php/journal/article/view/55
Akyurek, G., Efe, A., & Aki, E. (2019). Psychometric properties of the temporal satisfaction with life scale among Turkish people. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(2), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2018.1445898
Ato, M., López, J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Aydın, A., Işık, A., & Kahraman, N. (2020). Mental health symptoms, spiritual well-being and meaning in life among older adults living in nursing homes and community dwellings. Psychogeriatrics: The Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 20(6), 833-843. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12613
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1993). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). Cambridge University Press.
Bengtson, V. L., Putney, N. M., & Harris, S. (2013). Families and faith: How religion is passed down across generations. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199948659.001.0001
Blanco-Molina, M., Pinazo-Hernandis, S., & Tomás, J. M. (2019). Subjective well-being key elements of successful aging: A study with Costa Rican and Spanish older adults. Archives in Geriatrics and Gerontology, 85, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.06.002
Blanco-Molina, M., Pinazo-Hernandis, S., Montoro-Rodriguez, J., & Tomas, J. M. (2021). Testing a proactive model of successful aging among older adults in Costa Rica and Spain. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 93(1), 619-635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415020974621
Blanco-Molina, M., Rojas-Castro, M., & Ortega-Moreno, R. (2023). Envejecimiento saludable: un primer acercamiento a la revisión de indicadores subjetivos de salud en zonas urbanas y rurales en Costa Rica. Interdisciplinaria. Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines, 40(2), 281-298. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2023.40.2.17
Blanco-Molina, M., & Salazar-Villanea, M. (2017). Predictores socio-emocionales y cognitivos: su papel en la comprensión del envejecimiento con éxito en el contexto costarricense. Universitas Psychologica, 16(1), 1-16. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/647/64750138003/html/
Bolaños, S. M., & Helo, G. F. (2015). Depresión en el adulto mayor costarricense y su relación con la autopercepción del estado de salud y desempeño funcional. Revista Clínica de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 5(4), 78-87. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=61462
Brooks, F., Michaelson, V., King, N., Inchley, J., & Pickett, W. (2018). Spirituality as a protective health asset for young people: An international comparative analysis from three countries. International Journal of Public Health, 63(3), 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-017-1070-6
Bożek, A., Nowak, P. F., & Blukacz, M. (2020). The relationship between spirituality, health-related behavior, and psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(2), 267-280. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01997
Can Oz, Y., Duran, S., & Dogan, K. (2022). The meaning and role of spirituality for older adults: A qualitative study. Journal of religion and health, 61(2), 1490-1504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01258-x
Carrillo, A., Etchemendy, E., & Baños, R. M. (2021). Past, present, and future life satisfaction: The role of age, positive and negative mood. Current Psychology, 40, 629-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9981-9
Coleman, P., Schroder-Butterfill, E., & Spreadbury, J. (2016). Religion, spirituality and aging. In. V. L. Bengtson & R. Settersten (Eds.), Handbook of the Theories of Aging. Springer Publishing Co.
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. (2018). Envejecimiento, personas mayores y Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Perspectiva regional y de derechos humanos. Organización de las Naciones Unidas. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/44369/1/S1800629_es.pdf
Consejo Nacional de la Persona Adulta Mayor, Universidad de Costa Rica, Centro Centroamericano de Población, & Programa Integral para la Atención de la Persona Adulta Mayor. (2020). II Informe estado de situación de la personas adulta mayor en Costa Rica. Centro Centroamericano de Población. https://piam.ucr.ac.cr/sites/default/files/documentos/Informe%20ESPAM%20II_.p
Costeau-Bărluțiu, C., Bălaș-Baconschi, A., & Hathazi, A. (2018). Romanian adaptation of the Ryff´s Psychological Well-Being scale: Brief report of the factor structure and psychometric properties. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 18(1), 21-33. http://jebp.psychotherapy.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/JEBP_18_1_2.pdf
Cowlishaw, S., Niele, S., Teshuva, K., Browning, C., & Kendig, H. (2013). Older adults' spirituality and life satisfaction: A longitudinal test of social support and sense of coherence as mediating mechanisms. Ageing & Society, 33(7), 1243-1262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X12000633
Crowther, M. R., Parker, M. W., Achenbaum, W. A., Larimore, W. L., & Koenig, H. G. (2002). Rowe and Kahn’s model of successful aging revisited: Positive spirituality-The forgotten factor. The Gerontologist, 42, 613-620. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.5.613
Cruz-Muñoz, A., Jara-Madrigal, M., & Rivera-Mancipe, D. (2010). Estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por personas adultas mayores con trastornos depresivos. Anales en Gerontología, 6, 31-49. http://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstream/handle/10669/13359/8869-12832-1-PB.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Deb, S., Thomas, S., Bose, A., & Aswathi, T. (2020). Happiness, meaning, and satisfaction in life as perceived by Indian university students and their association with spirituality. Journal of Religion & Health, 59(5), 2469-2485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00806-w
Díaz, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Blanco, A., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Gallardo, I., Valle, C., & van Dierendonck, D. (2006). Adaptación española de las escalas de bienestar psicológico de Ryff. Psicothema, 18(3), 572-577. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17296089/
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Elham, H., Hazrati, M., Momennasab, M., & Sareh, K. (2015). The effect of need-based spiritual/religious intervention on spiritual well-being and anxiety of elderly people. Holistic Nursing Practice, 29(3), 136-143. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000083
Erikson, J.M. (1997). Gerotranscendence. In E.H. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed.
W.W. Norton. Ferrari, F., & Mancini, T. (2020). Gender binary thêmata in social representations of sexual minorities: A ten year scoping review. Sexuality & Culture, 24, 2202-2229. https://doi-org.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/10.1007/s12119-020-09716-6
Fisher, J. (2010). Development and application of a Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire called SHALOM. Religions, 1, 105-121. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel1010105
Fortin, N., Helliwell, J. F., & Wang, S. (2015). How does subjective well-being vary around the world by gender and age? In J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, & J. Sachs (Eds.), World happiness report (pp. 42-75). Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
González-Cantero, J. O., Hernández-Magaña, C. E., González-Becerra, V. H., & Abundis-Gutiérrez, A. (2021). Locus de control de la salud, actitud religiosa y espiritualidad en adultos mayores. Archivos de Medicina, 21(2), 446-458. https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.21.2.4012.2021
Gonzáles-Rivera, J. A., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Desarrollo, validación y descripción teórica de la escala de espiritualidad personal en una muestra de adultos en Puerto Rico. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 28(2), 388-404. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2332/233256001009.pdf
Guitard, J., Jarden, A., Jarden, R., & Lajoie, D. (2022). An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.795478
Hariharan, K., & Kapoor, R. (2020). Impact of practicing spirituality on psychological well-being. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 252-257. https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/ijpp/article/view/207096
Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, J. M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., & Zinnbauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30, 51-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00119
Hilton, J. M., Gonzalez, C. A., Saleh, M., Maitoza, R., & Anngela-Cole, L. (2012). Perceptions of successful aging among older Latinos, in cross-cultural context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 27(3), 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-012-9171-4
Ho, R. T. H., Sing, C. Y., Fong, T. C. T., Au-Yeung, F. S. W., Law, K. Y., Lee, L. F., & Ng, S. M. (2016). Underlying spirituality and mental health: The role of burnout. Journal of Occupational Health, 58(1), 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.15-0142-OA
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76–99). Sage Publications, Inc.
Instituto de Estudios Sociales en Población. (2019a). Percepción de la población costarricense sobre valores y prácticas religiosas. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. https://repositorio.una.ac.cr/bitstream/handle/11056/15089/informe_percepcion_de_la_poblacion_cosarricense_sobre_valores_y_practicas_religiosas.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Instituto de Estudios Sociales en Población. (2019b). Informe de encuesta componentes psicosociales de la calidad de vida de las personas mayores en Costa Rica. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. https://repositorio.una.ac.cr/bitstream/handle/11056/18067/componentes_psicosociales_de_la_calidad_de_vida_de_las_personas_mayores_en_costa_rica_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (2021). Estimaciones y proyecciones de población. Estadísticas demográficas 2011-2050. Proyecciones nacionales. Población por años calendario, según sexo y grupos especiales de edades. https://www.inec.cr/poblacion/estimaciones-y-proyecciones-de-poblacion
Iwamasa, G. Y., & Iwasaki, M. (2011). A multidimensional model of successful aging: Perception of Japanese American older adults. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 26, 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-011-9147-9
Koburtay, T., Jamali, D., & Aljafari, A. (2023). Religion, spirituality, and well‐being: A systematic literature review and futuristic agenda. Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, 32(1), 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12478
Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Peabody Museum
Lifshitz, R., Nimrod, G., & Bachner, Y. G. (2018). Spirituality and wellbeing in later life: A multidimensional approach. Aging & Mental Health, 23(8), 984-991. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1460743
MacKinlay, E. (2017). The Spiritual Dimension of Ageing (2nd ed.). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
McFadden, S. H. (2022). Pandemic disruptions of older adults’ meaningful connections: Linking spirituality and religion to suffering and resilience. Religions, 13(7), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13070622
Manoiu, R., Hammond, N., Yamin, S., & Stinchcombe, A. (2023). Religion/spirituality, mental health and the life span: Findings from a representative sample of Canadian adults. Canadian Journal on Aging, 42(1), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980822000162
Martins, E. L. M., Salamene, L. C., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2022). The association of mental health with positive behaviours, attitudes and virtues in community-dwelling older adults: Results of a population-based study. The International journal of social psychiatry, 68(2), 392-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764021999690
Mason, M., Singleton, A., & Webber, R. (2007). The spirituality of young Australians. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 12(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13644360701467451
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320-341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
Maruyama, G. M. (1998). Basics of structural equation modeling. Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483345109
Michaelson, V. (2021). Developing a definition of spiritual health for Canadian young people: A qualitative study. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 26(1/2), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2020.1856048
Minucciani, V., & Saglar, N. (2020). Well-being age and space. Journal of Urban Design, 25(2), 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2019.1667758
Moreira-Almeida, A., Lotufo, F., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Religiousness and mental health: A review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 28(3), 242-250. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462006000300018
Mplus. (2024). Mplus Version History. http://www.statmodel.com/index.shtml
Muñiz, J. (2002). Teoría Clásica de los Tests (2da ed.). Ediciones Pirámide.
Neville, S., Napier, S., Silulu, F. M. L., Wong Soon, H. N., & Tautolo, E. S. (2023). The influence of spirituality and religion on health and well-being for older Pacific People. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 36(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2023.2221872
Ntozini, A., & Abdullahi, A. A. (2021). Loneliness and psychological well-being among the elderly in Buffalo City, South Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 31(4), 383-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2021.1952700
Oñate, M. E., Mesurado, B., & Rodriguez, L. M. (2022). Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Experiencias Espirituales Diarias en adolescentes y jóvenes argentinos. Actualidades en Psicología, 36(133). https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v36i133.47218
Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Suh, E. M. (1998). The Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70(2), 340-354. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa7002_11
Peteet, J., Zaben, F., & Koenig, H. (2019). Integrating spirituality into the care of older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 31(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218000716
Pew Research Center. (2015). Millennials are less religious than older americans, but just as spiritual. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/11/23/millennials-are-less-religious-than-older-americans-but-just-as-spiritual/
Pinazo-Hernándis, S., Blanco-Molina, M., & Ortega-Moreno, R. (2022). Aging in place: Connections, relationships, social participation and social support in the face of crises situations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16623. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36554504/
Puntel, C., & Adam, J. C. (2021). Mindfulness e espiritualidade como estratégica de enfrentamento em situações de crise. Estudos Teológicos, 61(1), 239-255. https://doi.org/10.22351/et.v61i1.780
Reyes, M., De Lima, L., Taboada, P., Villarroel, L., Vial, J., Blanco, O., Gonzáles, R., Parra, I., Toledo, G., Bonati, P., & Nervi, F. (2017). Escala numérica para evaluar síntomas espirituales en cuidados paliativos. Revista Médica de Chile, 145, 747-754. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872017000600747
Richert, R. A., & Corriveau, K. H. (2022). Development of religious cognition. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120920-041303
Rosabal-Coto, M. (2004). Parental Belief Systems, conflict resolution strategies and cultural orientation in the mother-child interactive context: a comparative study of two Costa Rican samples [Tesis de doctorado, University of Osnabrück] Osnadocs, University of Osnabrück. https://osnadocs.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2004110929
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1987). Human aging: Usual and successful. Science, 237(4811), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3299702
Ryff, C., & Keyes, C. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Beyond Ponce de Leon and life satisfaction: New directions in quest of successful ageing. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12, 35-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200102
Saiz, J., Galilea, M., Molina, A. J., Salazar, M., Barsotti, T. J., Chopra, D., & Mills, P. J. (2021). Spirituality and employment in recovery from severe and persistent mental illness and psychological well-being. Healthcare, 9(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010057
Sadoughi, M., & Hesampour, F. (2020). Prediction of psychological well-being in the elderly by assessing their spirituality, gratitude to God, and perceived social support. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 15(2), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.32598/sija.13.10.210
Sánchez, M., González, C., Robles, R., & Andrade, P. (2012). Development and psychometric evaluation of a spirituality index for elders in Mexico. Psicología Iberoamericana, 20, 41-48. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1339/133928816006.pdf
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192
Schreiber, J., Nora, A., Stage, F., Barlow, E., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
Seo, Y. J., Sun, S., & Cheah, C. S. L. (2019). Confirming the multidimensionality of psychological well-being among Korean immigrant mothers in the United States. International Journal of Mental Health, 48(1), 40-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2019.1578612
Soósová, M. S., Timková, V., Dimunová, L., & Mauer, B. (2021). Spirituality as a mediator between depressive symptoms and subjective well-being in older adults. Clinical nursing research, 30(5), 707-717. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773821991152
Sharma, S., & Singh, K. (2019). Religion and well-being: The mediating role of positive virtues. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(1), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0559-5
Strange, K. E., Troutman-Jordan, M., & Mixer, S. (2023). Influence of spiritual engagement on appalachian older adults’ health. A systematic review. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 61(5), 45-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36322869/
Sarita, T., & Sharma, G. (2022). Spirituality as predictor of psychological well-being amongst adolescents. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 443-447. https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/ijpp/article/view/218472
Simonič, B. (2021). The power of women’s faith in coping with intimate partner violence: Systematic literature review. Journal of Religion and Health, 60, 4278-4295. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33704630/
Thauvoye, E., Vanhooren, S., Vandenhoeck, A., & Dezutter, J. (2018). Spirituality and well-being in old age: Exploring the dimensions of spirituality in relation to late-life functioning. Journal of Religion and Health, 57, 2167-2181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0515-9
Tomás, J. M., Galiana, L., Gutiérrez, M., Sancho, P., & Oliver, A. (2016a). Predicción del bienestar hedónico y eudaimónico en envejecimiento con éxito. EJIHPE: European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 6(3), 167-176. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6131011
Tomás, J. M., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Sancho, P., & Pinazo, S. (2016b). Validating the temporal satisfaction with life scale in Spanish elderly: A bifactor model application. Behavioral Psychology, 24(3), 555-567. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-62715-010
Tomás, J., Sancho, P., Blanco-Molina, M., & Pinazo-Hernandis, S. (2022). Measurement invariance of the self-care Scale for older people in Costa Rica and Spain. Educational Gerontology, 49(3), 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2022.2096307
Turner, R. P., Lukoff, D., Barnhouse, R. T., & Lu, F. G. (1995). Religious or spiritual problem: A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183(7), 435-444. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199507000-00003
Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Buddhist emptiness theory: Implications for Psychology. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(4), 309-318. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-13170-001
Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., Griffiths, M. D., & Singh, N. N. (2015). Mindfulness and the four noble truths. In E. Shonin, W. Van Gordon, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Buddhist foundations of Mindfulness (pp. 9-27). Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18591-0_2
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
White, S. (2015). Gerotranscendence Theory: A fresh look at Positive Aging. Engaging Aging, 10(1),1-8. https://www.usccb.org/about/national-religious-retirement-office/upload/Engaging-Aging-Newsletter-Spring-2015.pdf
Zimmer, Z., Rojo, F., Ofstedal, M. B., Chiu, C. T., Saito, Y., & Jagger, C. (2018). Religiosity and health: A global comparative study. SSM - population health, 7, 100322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.11.006
Zúñiga-Solano, R., & Sánchez-Bolaños, M. (2019). Prevalencia y sobrevida en el envejecimiento exitoso, según el modelo de Rowe y Khan (Mac Arthur Research Network in successful aging) y el modelo de Young, en la cohorte del estudio Costa Rica estudio de longevidad y envejecimiento saludable [Tesis de doctorado, Universidad de Costa Rica]. Repositorio Kerwá. http://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/handle/10669/80164
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Rafael Román-Quirós, Mauricio Blanco-Molina, Sacramento Pinazo-Hernandis, Marta Sahagun-Navarro (Author)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Unported.
Cómo citar
