Abuso de Drogas: Generalidades Neurobiológicas y Terapéuticas

Velásquez-Martínez, María Carolina; Ortiz, José G.

doi:10.15517/ap.v28i117.14135

Autores/as

María Carolina Velásquez-Martínez Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Comportamiento, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander. Bucaramanga, Colombia Autor/a
José G. Ortiz Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Puerto Rico Autor/a

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v28i117.14135

Palabras clave:

Adicción, sistema mesocorticolimbico, dopamina, generalidades terapéuticas

Resumen

El abuso de drogas es una enfermedad caracterizada por la urgencia de obtener y consumir una sustancia determinada independientemente de sus consecuencias negativas. Existen factores biológicos, sociales y psicológicos que predisponen a un individuo al abuso de drogas los adolescentes son los más vulnerables porque su cerebro no ha madurado completamente y están bajo presiones tanto sociales como psicológicas. Es por esto último que la prevención es aún más efectiva a esta edad. Las drogas de abuso alteran principalmente el sistema mesocorticolimbico; la dopamina y el glutamato desempeñan un papel importante en este circuito que normalmente median comportamientos de motivación. Se cree que las sustancias de abuso modifican este circuito usando mecanismos similares al aprendizaje normal resultando en aprendizaje disfuncional. Dichos cambios son a largo plazo y pueden ser evocados por eventos que recuerden la droga, en la ausencia de la misma. Un manejo multidisciplinario es necesario ya que el abuso de drogas tiene componentes biológicos, sociales y psicológicos. Las terapias cognitivas y comportamentales son comúnmente complementadas con agentes farmacológicos con los que se manejan los síntomas específicos de retirada y abstinencia.

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