Psychometric Evaluation of Two Procrastination Measures in University Students: Irrational Procrastination Scale and Academic Procrastination Scale Short Form

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v39i139.62430

Palavras-chave:

irrational procrastination, academic procrastination, burnout, mindfulness, psychometric properties

Resumo

Objective. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of two procrastination scales: the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS) and the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-SF). Method. A total of 397 undergraduate students from Peru completed virtual questionnaires that included the IPS and APS-SF scales as well as assessments of academic burnout and mindfulness. Results. The IPS and the APS-SF have strong psychometric properties and unidimensional structures, indicating their effectiveness in assessing academic procrastination. Additionally, the instruments exhibited reliable internal consistency, as evidenced by consistent alpha and omega coefficients. Significant associations were identified between academic procrastination, burnout, and mindfulness. These findings significantly contribute to the comprehension and management of academic procrastination in the university context, establishing a solid foundation for future research and intervention strategies.

Objective. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of two procrastination scales: the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS) and the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-SF). Method. A total of 397 undergraduate students from Peru completed virtual questionnaires that included the IPS and APS-SF scales as well as assessments of academic burnout and mindfulness. Results. The IPS and the APS-SF have strong psychometric properties and unidimensional structures, indicating their effectiveness in assessing academic procrastination. Additionally, the instruments exhibited reliable internal consistency, as evidenced by consistent alpha and omega coefficients. Significant associations were identified between academic procrastination, burnout, and mindfulness. These findings significantly contribute to the comprehension and management of academic procrastination in the university context, establishing a solid foundation for future research and intervention strategies.

Downloads

Os dados de download ainda não estão disponíveis.

Referências

Balkis, M., & Duru, E. (2009). Prevalence of academic procrastination behavioramong pre-service teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5(1), 18–32. https://journaldatabase.info/articles/prevalence_academic_procrastination.html

Blázquez, F. P., & Guzmán, M. E. (2022). Factorial structure and reliability of the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS) in Mexico. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 30(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.51668/bp.8322101s

Brando-Garrido, C., Montes-Hidalgo, J., Limonero, J. T., Gómez-Romero, M. J., & Tomás-Sábado, J. (2020). Procrastinación académica en estudiantes de enfermería. Adaptación española de la Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-SF). Enfermería Clínica, 30(6), 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.02.018

Brown, T. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. The Guilford Press.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005

Busko, D. A. (1998). Causes and consequences of perfectionism and procrastination: a structural equation model [Tesis de maestría]. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/20169

Campo-Arias, A., & Oviedo, H. C. (2008). Propiedades Psicométricas de una Escala: la Consistencia Interna [Psychometric properties of a scale: internal consistency]. Revista de Salud Pública, 10(5), 831–839. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/422/42210515.pdf

Caycho-Rodríguez, T., García Cadena, C. H., Reyes-Bossio, M., Cabrera-Orosco, I., Oblitas Guadalupe, L. A., & Arias Gallegos, W. L. (2019). Evidencias psicométricas de una versión breve de la mindful awareness attention scale en estudiantes universitarios. Revista Argentina de Ciencias Del Comportamiento, 11(3), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v11.n3.24870

Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834

de Palo, V., Monacis, L., Miceli, S., Sinatra, M., & Di Nuovo, S. (2017). Decisional Procrastination in Academic Settings: The Role of Metacognitions and Learning Strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(937). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00973

Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). Testing for Factorial Invariance in the Context of Construct Validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43(2), 121–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175610373459

DiStefano, C., Liu, J., Jiang, N., & Shi, D. (2018). Examination of the Weighted Root Mean Square Residual: Evidence for Trustworthiness? Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(3), 453–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1390394

Dominguez-Lara, S. A. (2016). Evaluación de la confiabilidad del constructo mediante el coeficiente H: breve revisión conceptual y aplicaciones. Psychologia, 10(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.21500/19002386.2134

Duru, E., Balkis, M., & Duru, S. (2023). Procrastination Among Adults: The Role of Self-doubt, Fear of the Negative Evaluation, and Irrational/Rational Beliefs. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 23(2), 79–97. https://doi.org/10.24193/jebp.2023.2.11

Elemo, A. S., & Dule, A. (2023). Investigating the link between procrastination, Big Three perfectionism and psychological vulnerability in academic staff. Personality and Individual Differences, 213, 112286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112286

Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination as self‐regulation failure of performance: effects of cognitive load, self‐awareness, and time limits on ‘working best under pressure.’ European Journal of Personality, 15(5), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.413

Guilera, G., Barrios, M., Penelo, E., Morin, C., Steel, P., & Gómez-Benito, J. (2018). Validation of the Spanish version of the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS). PLOS ONE, 13(1), e0190806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190806

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Prentice-Hall Inc.

Haycock, L. A., McCarthy, P., & Skay, C. L. (1998). Procrastination in College Students: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Anxiety. Journal of Counseling & Development, 76(3), 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1998.tb02548.x

Hosseinpour, F., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2023). The Interplay Among EFL Learners’ Academic Procrastination, Learning Approach, Burnout, and Language Achievement. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher 33, 1213–1222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00791-5

Howell, A. J., & Watson, D. C. (2007). Procrastination: Associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(1), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Katz, M. H. (2011). Multivariable Analysis. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511974175

Kim, H., Kim, H., Lee, W.-K., Han, S., Carlbring, P., & Rozental, A. (2020). Assessing procrastination in Korean: A study of the translation and validation of the Pure Procrastination Scale and a reexamination of the Irrational Procrastination Scale in a student and community sample. Cogent Psychology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1809844

Kline, P. (1986). A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design. Methuen.

Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.

Li, S., Su, J., Zhao, D., Wang, J., & Wang, G. (2023). Future time perspective and academic procrastination among nursing students: The mediating role of mindfulness. Nursing Open, 10(6), 3737–3743. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1630

Lindner, C., Zitzmann, S., Klusmann, U., & Zimmermann, F. (2023). From procrastination to frustration—How delaying tasks can affect study satisfaction and dropout intentions over the course of university studies. Learning and Individual Differences, 108, 102373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102373

Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baeza, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3). https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361

Lu, D., He, Y., & Tan, Y. (2022). Gender, Socioeconomic Status, Cultural Differences, Education, Family Size and Procrastination: A Sociodemographic Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.719425

Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J. S., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling: An Integration of the Best Features of Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700

McCloskey, J. D. (2011). Procrastination. The University of Texas.

Meneses, J., Barrios, M., Bonillo, A., Antoni, C., Lozano, L. M., Turbany, J., & Valero, S. (2013). Psicometría. Editorial UOC.

Merino-Soto, C., & Fernández-Arata, M. (2017). Ítem único de burnout en estudiantes de educación superior: estudio de validez de contenido. Educación Médica, 18(3), 195–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2016.06.019

Morin, A. J. S., Marsh, H. W., & Nagengast, B. (2013). Exploratory structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (pp. 395–436). IAP Information Age Publishing.

Prayitno, G. E., Siaputra, I. B., & Lasmono, H. K. (2013). Validasi Alat Ukur Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS) [Validation of the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS)]. Calyptra: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Universitas Surabaya, 2(1), 1–7. https://www.neliti.com/publications/184905/validasi-alat-ukur-irrational-procrastination-scale-ips

Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004

Qu, R., Ding, N., Li, H., Song, X., Cong, Z., Cai, R., Zhu, Y., & Wen, D. (2022). The mediating role of general academic emotions in burnout and procrastination among Chinese medical undergraduates during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1011801

Rad, H. S., Samadi, S., Sirois, F. M., & Goodarzi, H. (2023). Mindfulness intervention for academic procrastination: A randomized control trial. Learning and Individual Differences, 101, 102244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102244

Rahimi, S., Hall, N. C., & Sticca, F. (2023). Understanding academic procrastination: A Longitudinal analysis of procrastination and emotions in undergraduate and graduate students. Motivation and Emotion, 47(4), 554–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-023-10010-9

Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. É., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029315

Rocha, R. Z. da, Almeida, C. R. S., & Dias, A. C. G. (2021). Pure Procrastination Scale e Irrational Procrastination Scale: Validation of a Brazilian Version. Psico-USF, 26(3), 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712021260309

Rodriguez, M. N., & Ruiz, M. A. (2008). Atenuación de la asimetría y de la curtosis de las puntuaciones observadas mediante transformaciones de variables: Incidencia sobre la estructura factorial. Psicológica, 29, 205–227. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/ibc-68602

Rozental, A., Forsell, E., Svensson, A., Forsström, D., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2014). Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the pure procrastination scale, the irrational procrastination scale, and the susceptibility to temptation scale in a clinical population. BMC Psychology, 2(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-014-0054-z

Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763–1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864

Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2016). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.). Routledge.

Shaw, A., & Zhang, J. J. (2021a). A Rasch Analysis of the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS). Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.615341

Shaw, A., & Zhang, J. J. (2021b). Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Irrational Procrastination Scale: Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Gender. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.768581

Shi, X. (2023). College Students Academic Procrastination Behavior and Its Impact on Academic Performance. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 12(1), 234–244. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/12/20230816

Silva, A. K., Lins de Holanda, G., Alves, L., & Nunes, P. (2022). Psychometric Properties of the Academic Procrastination Scale (APS) in Brazil. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40(5), 634–648. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829221079948

Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65

Steel, P. (2010). Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist? Personality and Individual Differences, 48(8), 926–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.025

Svartdal, F. (2017). Measuring procrastination: Psychometric properties of the Norwegian versions of the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS) and the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS). Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 61(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2015.1066439

Svartdal, F., Pfuhl, G., Nordby, K., Foschi, G., Klingsieck, K. B., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., Lindblom-Ylänne, S., & Rębkowska, K. (2016). On the Measurement of Procrastination: Comparing Two Scales in Six European Countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01307

Svartdal, F., & Steel, P. (2017). Irrational Delay Revisited: Examining Five Procrastination Scales in a Global Sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01927

Tuckman, B. W. (1990). Measuring Procrastination Attitudinally and Behaviorally.

Van De Schoot, R., Schmidt, P., De Beuckelaer, A., Lek, K., & Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, M. (2015). Editorial: Measurement Invariance. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01064

van Zyl, L. E., & ten Klooster, P. M. (2022). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling: Practical Guidelines and Tutorial With a Convenient Online Tool for Mplus. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.795672

Vij, J. (2016). Gender Does Not Influence Delaying Excuses: An Exploratory Study of the Reasons of Academic Procrastination among College Students. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.25215/0303.016

West, S. G., Taylor, A. B., & Wu, W. (2012). Model fit and model selection in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (pp. 209–231). The Guilford Press.

Xia, Y., & Yang, Y. (2019). RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modeling with ordered categorical data: The story they tell depends on the estimation methods. Behavior Research Methods, 51(1), 409–428. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1055-2

Yockey, R. D. (2016). Validation of the Short Form of the Academic Procrastination Scale. Psychological Reports, 118(1), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294115626825

Downloads

Publicado

2025-12-18

Como Citar

Yupanqui-Lorenzo, D. E., Arroyo-Pizarro, P., Arauco-Lozada, T., Martinez-Arevalo, A. R., & Becerra-Herrera, W. A. (2025). Psychometric Evaluation of Two Procrastination Measures in University Students: Irrational Procrastination Scale and Academic Procrastination Scale Short Form. Actualidades En Psicología, 39(139), 114-132. https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v39i139.62430

Artigos Semelhantes

1-10 de 42

Você também pode iniciar uma pesquisa avançada por similaridade para este artigo.