Supplementary Files
Keywords
crianza de terneras
nutrición animal
nutrientes
consumo
rumination
calf rearing
animal nutrition
nutrients
intake
Abstract
In adult dairy cattle, rumination patterns have been widely studied and associated with dry matter intake, physical-chemical composition of the diet, estrus, health status and animal welfare. The same does not occur in calves, where available information on rumination time and patterns is very incipient. The objective of this review was to analyze the results obtained in different investigations where the effects of the combination of different feeding programs in calf rearing on the rumination time before and after weaning were evaluated. In addition, growth rate, ruminal environment and animal behavior was analyzed for those treatments that presented greater rumination activity. Seven investigations were considered that recorded rumination, through qualified observers, during the hours after feeding. Rumination time was expressed as a percentage of the total observed time and presented a wide dispersion range between the different nutritional treatments, with values ranging between 2 and 18%. The highest percentages were achieved by supplementing with forages in proportions less than 10-15% of the ration. However, in some investigations, the inclusion of certain forages did not generate effects on rumination time; which suggests that other factors related to the physical-chemical composition of the diet are influencing. In general, animals that presented greater rumination activity showed higher ruminal pH values, concentrate intake and daily weight gain, mainly post-weaning. Consequently, calf rumination time and patterns could be a promising indicator for monitoring feeding, ruminal environment, and animal welfare status. However, in some of the investigations these associations were not found or even a lower concentration of volatile fatty acids was recorded, which could compromise ruminal development.
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