Nutrición Animal Tropical Journal ISSN electrónico: 2215-3527

OAI: https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/nutrianimal/oai
Housing for laying hens on free-range, general considerations.
Portada tilapia
PDF (Español (España))
HTML (Español (España))
EPUB (Español (España))

Supplementary Files

Audio (Español (España))

Keywords

avicultura
alojamiento para aves
alimentación de los animales
gallinas
huevo
infraestructura
poultry
poultry housing
animal feeding
hens
egg
infrastructure

Abstract

Consumer concerns about animal welfare have prompted egg producers to dabble into alternative systems. This review aimed to describe the feeding practices and animal welfare of laying hens in systems with access to pastures, as well as forage management and production costs. Eighty-seven scientific manuscripts were consulted in databases and were classified according to feeding, behavior, characteristics of the grazing area, animal welfare, and costs. A free-range system has an area outside covered with vegetation where hens can spend at least 6 hours per day throughout the year, while weather conditions allow it. These systems need to control and manage environmental conditions, grazing areas, animal welfare, bird health, and operating costs, in which feeding reaches up to 41%, so producers want to replace part of this cost with forage, with the aggravating circumstance that an excess of forage causes malnutrition, affecting animal welfare and productive performance. Entrepreneurs of free-range egg production systems must know the proper management of birds and pastures, to manage the system to guarantee adequate nutrition, the manifestation of normal behaviors, and the absence of stress, fear, pain, and illness.

https://doi.org/10.15517/nat.v16i2.52295
PDF (Español (España))
HTML (Español (España))
EPUB (Español (España))

References

Abbot, R. 2010. Hen housing systems and egg safety. Poultry International, 49 (12): 32–33.

Aguilar, J. 2021. Maíz: 2021: su precio aumenta y hace más caro el alimento de animales en granja. https://www.porcicultura.com/destacado/Maiz-2021%3A-su-precio-aumenta-y-hace-mas-caro-el-alimento-de-animales-en-granjas (Consultado 8 ago., 2021).

Bari, M.S., A.M. Cohen y D.L.M. Campbell. 2020a. Early rearing enrichments influenced nest use and egg quality in free-range laying hens. Animal, 14 (6): 1249-1257. doi:10.1017/S1751731119003094.

Bari, M.S., Y.C. Laurenson, A.M. Cohen, S.W. Walkden y D.L.M. Campbell. 2020b. Effects of outdoor ranging on external and internal health parameters for hens from different rearing enrichments. Peer J, 8: e8720 doi:org/10.7717/peerj.8720.

Bennett, R. 2012. Economic rationale for interventions to control livestock disease. EuroChoices, 11 (1): 5-10. doi:10.1111/j.1746-692X.2012.00227.x.

Besei, W. 2018. Impact of animal welfare on worldwide poultry production. World´s Poultry Science Journal, 74 (2): 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933918000028.

Bestman, M., C. Verwer, T. van Niekerk, F. Leenstra, B. Reuvekamp, Z. Amsler-Kepalaite y V. Maurer. 2019. Factors related to free range use in commercial laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 214 (1): 57-63. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2019.02.015

Bosse, A. y M. Pietsch. 2017. Fiber in Poultry Nutrition. En: Fiber in animal nutrition. AGRIMEDIA, Clenze, Alemania. p. 37-50.

Bright, A., R. Gill y T.H. Willings. 2016. Tree cover and injurious feather-pecking in commercial flocks of free-range laying hens: a follow up. Animal Welfare, 25 (1): 1-5. doi:10.7120/09627286.25.1.001.

Bryden, W.L., X. Li, I. Ruhnke, D. Zhang, y Shini, S. 2021. Nutrition, feeding and laying hen welfare. Animal Production Science, 61 (10): 893. doi: 10.1071/AN20396.

Campbell, D.L.M., M.S. Bari y J.L. Rault. 2021. Free-range egg production: its implications for hen welfare. Animal Production Science, 61 (1): 848-855. doi:1017/AN19576.

Chavarría, S., A. Chacón y R. WingChing-Jones. 2021a. Efecto del alojamiento de las ganillas (pastoreo, piso y jaula) sobre ácidos grasos, consumo, y percepción sensorial de sus huevos. Cuadernos de Investigación UNED, 13(1): e3317. doi:10.22458/urj.v13i1.3317.

Chavarría, S., A. Chacón, R. WingChing-Jones y R. Zamora, 2021b. Rendimientos productivos, morfología y microbiología de los huevos de gallinas Hy-Line Brown, Novogen, Rhode Island Red y Sex Link. Cuadernos de investigación UNED, 13(2): e-ISSN 1659-441X. doi:10.22458/urj.v13i2.3459.

Chielo, L.I., T. Pike y J. Cooper. 2016. Ranging behaviour of comercial free-range laying hens. Animals, 6 (5): 1-13. doi:10.3390/ani6050028.

Coton, J., M. Guinebretiere, V. Guesdon, G. Chiron, C. Mindus, A. Laravoire, G. Pauthier, L. Balaine, M. Descamps, L. Bignon, A. Huneau-Salaun y V. Michael. 2019. Feather pecking in laying hens haused in free-range or furnished-cage systems on French farms. British Poultry Science, 60 (6): 617-627. doi:10.1080/00071668.2019.1639137.

Correia, C y N. Sparks. 2020. Exploring the attitudes of backyard poultry keepers to health and biosecurity. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 174: 104812. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104812.

Cruz, A., R. WingChing-Jones y R. Zamora. 2021. Factibilidad de la producción de huevos de gallinas ponedoras con acceso a pastoreo. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 32 (2): 573-586. doi:10.15517/am.v32i2.39673.

Cruz, A. 2018. Implementación de un sistema para la producción de huevo comercial de gallinas Sex Link y Rhode Island con acceso a pastoreo. Tesis Lic., Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.

Dao, H.T., P.W. Hunt, N. Sharma, R.A. Swick, S. Barzegar, B. Hine, J. McNally y I. Ruhnke. 2018. Analysis of antibody levels in egg yolk for detection of exposure to Ascaridia galli parasites in commercial laying hens. Poultry Science, 98: 179-187. doi:10.3382/ps/pey383.

Donaldson, C. J., M.E.E. Ball y N.E. O’Connell. 2012. Aerial perches and free-range laying hens: The effect of access to aerial perches and of individual bird parameters on keel bone injuries in commercial free-range laying hens. Poultry Science, 91 (2): 304-315. doi:10.3382/ps.2011-01774.

de Koning, C., S.M. Kitessa, R. Barekatain y K. Drake. 2019a. Determination of range enrichment for improved hen welfare on commercial fixed range free-range layer farms. Animal Production Science, 59: 1336-1348. doi:10.1071/AN17757.

de Koning, C., R. Barekatain, M. Singh y K. Drake. 2019b. Saltbush (Atriplex nummularia and A. amnicola) as potential plants for free-range layer farms: consequences for layer performance, egg sensory qualities, and excretal moisture. Poultry Science, 98 (10): 4555-4564. doi:10.3382/ps/pez294.

Elkhoiraibi, C., M. Pitesky, N. Dailey y D. Niemeier. 2017. Operational challenges and opportunities on pastured poultry operations in the United States. Poultry Science, 96: 1618-1650. doi:10.3382/ps/pew448.

Esquenet, C., P. De Herdt, H. De Bosschere, S. Ronsmans, R. Ducatelle y J. Van Erum. 2003. An outbreak of histomoniasis in free-range layer hens. Avian Pathology, 32 (3): 305-308. doi:10.1080/0307945031000097903.

Estrada, M.M. 2005. Manejo y procesamiento de la gallinaza. Revista Lasallista de Investigación, 2 (1): 43-48.

European Commission. 2021. Laying hens. https://ec.europa.eu/food/animals/animal-welfare/animal-welfare-practice/animal-welfare-farm/laying-hens_en (Consultado 23 jun., 2021).

Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias. 2022. Importancia de la infiltración del agua para reducir la erosión. Buenas prácticas agrícolas. http://www.buenaspracticasagricolas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/manejo-de-aguas-de-riego/importancia-de-la-infiltracion-del-agua-para-reducir-la-erosion (Consultado 23 jun., 2021).

Fu, J., Y. Luo, P. Sun, J. Gao, D. Zhao, P. Yang y T. Hu. 2020. Effects of shade stress on turfgrasses morphophysiology and rizospheres soil bacterial communities. BMC Plant Biology, 20 (92):1-16. doi:10.1186/s12870-020-2300-2.

Gilani, A.M., T.G. Knowles y C.J. Nicol. 2014. Factors affecting ranging behaviour in young and adult laying hens. British Poultry Science, 55 (2): 127-135. doi:10.1080/00071668.2014.889279.

Grigorova, S., D. Abdjieva y N. Gjorgovsja. 2017. Influences of natural sources of biologically active substances on livestock and poultry reproduction. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 7 (2): 189-195.

Groves, P. 2021. Impact of parasites on Australian laying hen welfare. Animal Production Science, 61 (10): 1031-1036. doi:10.1071/AN19693.

Harms, R.H., G.B. Russell y D.R. Sloan. 2008. Performance of four strains of commercial layers with majot changes in dietary energy. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 9 (4): 535-541. doi: 10.1093/japr/9.4.535.

HFAC (Human Farm Animal Care). 2018. Normas HFAC para gallinas ponedoras. https://certifiedhumane.org/wp-content/uploads/HFAC-Gallinas-Ponedoras18v2_F_sm2.pdf (Consultado 26 jul., 2021).

Hinkle, N.C. y R.M. Corrigan. 2020. External parasite and poultry pest. Diseases of poultry, 14: 1157-1191.

Iqbal, Z., F. Metzger, M. Singh, N. Morgan, R.A. Swick, R.A. Perez, S.A. M´Sadeq, J. Zentek y I. Ruhnke. 2018. Enzymes and/or combination of organic acid and essential oils supplementation in pasture-fed free-range laying hens increased the digestibility of nutrients and non-strach polysaccharides. Poultry Science, 0: 1-15. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey479.

ISA Poultry. 2022. Productos ISA Brown. https://www.isa-poultry.com/es/products-es/isa-brown-es/isa-brown-alternative-systems-es/ (Consultado 26 mar., 2022).

Jacob, J. 2015. Blackhead in Poultry. Small and Backyard Flocks. Estados Unidos. http://articles.extension.org/pages/68108/blackheadin-poultry (Consultado 26 mar., 2022).

Jondreville, C., A. Travel, J. Besnard y C. Feidt. 2011. Intake of herbage and soil by free-range laying hens offered a complete diet compared with a whole-wheat diet Neuviemes Journees de la Recherche Avicole, Tours. p. 91-95.

Jones, P.J., J. Niemi, P. Christensen, R.B. Tranter y R.M. Bennett. 2018. A review of the financial impact of production diseases in poultry production systems. Animal Production Science, 59 (9): 1585-1597. doi:10.1071/AN18281.

Jurjahz, S., K. Germain, H. Juin y C. Jondreville. 2011. Ingestion of soil and plant matter by broilers in grassed or tree-planted outdoor runs. Actes des èmes Journées de la Recherche Avicole, Tours. p. 101–105.

Karcher, D.M. y J.A. Mench. 2018. Overview of commercial poultry production systems and their main welfare challenges. Advances in Poultry Welfare, 1: 3-25. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100915-4.00001-4.

Kjaernes, U., M. Miele y J. Roex. 2007. Attitudes of consumers, retailers, and producers to farm animal welfare. Welfare Quality Reports, 2: 1-196.

Koreleski, J., S. Swiatkiewicz y A. Arczewska-Wlosek. 2011. The effect of different dietary potassium and chloride levels on performance and excreta dry matter in broiler chickens. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 56: 53–60.

Larsen, H. y J.L. Rault. 2021. Preference for artificial range enrichment design features in free-range commercial laying hens. British Poultry Science, 62 (3): 311-319. doi:10.1080/00071668.2021.1879993.

Larsen. H., P.H. Hemsworth, G.M. Cronin, S.G. Gebhardt, C.L. Smith y J.L. Rault. 2018. Relationship between welfare and individual ranging behaviour in commercial free-range laying hens. Animals, 12: 2356-2364. doi:10.1017/S1751731118000022.

Larsen, H., G.M. Cronin, S.G. Gebhardt, C.L. Smith, P.H. Hemsworth y J.L. Rault. 2017. Individual ranging behavior patterns in commercial free-range layers as observed through RFID tracking. Animals, 7 (3): 21. doi: 10.3390/ani7030021.

Laudadio, V., E. Ceci, N.M.B. Lastella, M. Introna y V. Tufarelli. 2014. Low-fiber alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) meal in the laying hen diet: effects on productive traits and egg quality. Poultry Science, 93 (7): 1868-1874. doi: 10.3382/ps.2013-03831.

Leenstra, F., V. Maurer, M. Bestman, F. van Sambeek, E. Zeltner, B. Reuvekamp, F. Galea, T. van Niekerk. 2012. Performance of commercial laying hen genotypes on free range and organic farms in Switzerland, France, and Netherlands. British Poultry Science, 53: 282-290. doi: 10.1080/00071668.2012.703774.

Lozano, J., A. Anaya, A.P. Salinero, E.G. Lux, L. Gomes, A. Paz, M.T. Rebelo y L. Madeira. 2019. Gastrointestinal parasites of free-range chickens- A worldwide issue. Bulletin UASVM Veterinary Medicine, 76 (2): 110-117. doi:10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:2019.0019.

Marín, S. y J.A. Benavidez. 2007. Parásitos en aves domésticas (Gallus domesticus) en el Noroccidente de Colombia. Veterinaria e Zootecnia, 1 (2): 43-51.

Mateos, G., E. Jiménez, M. Serrano y R.P. Lázaro. 2012. Poultry response to high levels of dietary fiber sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics. Journal Application of Poultry Research, 21: 156-174. doi: 10.3382/japr.2011-00477.

Matthews, W.A. y D.A. Sumner. 2015. Effects of housing system on the cost of commercial egg production. Poultry Science, 94, 552-557. doi:10.3382/ps/peu011.

Maurer, V., H. Hertzberg, F. Heckendorn, P. Hordegen y M. Koller. 2013. Effects of paddock management on vegetation, nutrient accumulation, and internal parasites in laying hens. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 22 (2): 334-343. doi: 10.3382/japr.2012-00586.

Morales, N., C. Ugaz y H. Cañon. 2021. Perception of animal welfare in laying hens and willingness to pay of eggs of consumers in Santiago, Chile. Proceedings, 73 (1): 2. doi:10.3390/IECA2020-08836.

Nagle, T.A.D. y P.C. Glatz. 2012. Free-range hens use the range more when the outdoor environment is enriched. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 25 (4), 584-591. doi:10.5713/ajas.2011.11051.

Nawab, A., F. Ibtisham, G. Li, B. Jieser, J. Wu, W. Liu, Y. Zhao, Y. Nawab, K. Li, M. Xiao y L. An. 2018. Heat stress in poultry production: Mitigation strategies to overcome the future challenges facing the global poultry industry. Journal of Thermal Biology, 78: 131-139. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.08.010.

NRC (National Research Council). 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry: ninth revised edition. National Research Council. Estados Unidos. 176 p.

Ochs, D.S., C.A. Wolf, N.J.O. Widmar y C. Bir. 2018. Consumer perceptions of egg-laying hen housing systems. Poultry Science, 97: 3390-3396. doi:10.3382/ps/pey205.

Orgiazzi, A., R.D. Bardgett, E. Barrios, V. Behan-Pelletier, M.J.I. Briones, J.L. Chotte, G.B. de Deyn, P. Eggleton, N. Fierer, T. Fraser, K. Hedlund, S. Jeffery, N.C. Johnson, A. Jones, E. Kandeler, N. Kaneko, P. Lavelle, P. Lemanceau, L. Miko y D.H. Wall. 2016. Global soil biodiversity atlas. European Union. doi:10.2788/2613.

Permin, A. y J.W. Hansen. 1998. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of poultry parasites-FAO Animal Health Manual. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Roma, Italia.

Peguri, A. y C. Coon. 1993. Effect of feather coverage and temperature on layer performance. Poultry Science, 72: 1318-1329. doi: 10.3382/ps.0721318.

Rakonjac, S., S. Bogosavljević-Bošković, Z. Pavlovski, Z. Škrbić, V. Dosković, M.D. Petrović y V. Petričević. 2014. Laying hen rearing systems: A review of major production results and egg quality traits. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 70 (1): 93-104. doi:10.1017/S0043933914000087

Regmi, P., N. Nelson, R.C. Haut, M.W. Orth y D.M. Karcher. 2017. Influence of age and housing systems on properties of tibia and humerus of Lohmann White hens: Bone properties of laying hens in commercial housing systems. Poultry Science, 96: 8. doi:10.3382/ps/pex194

Reiter, K., U. Oestreicher, W. Peschke y K. Damme. 2006. Individual use of free range by laying hens. 12th European Poultry Conference. Verona, Italy, 10–14 September 2006. Paper 346. World Poultry Science Association: Beekbergen, The Netherlands.

Riber, A. y L. Hinrichsen. 2016. Keel-bone damage and foot injuries in commercial laying hens in Denmark. Animal Welfare, 25 (2): 179-184. doi: 10.7120/09627286.25.2.179

Richards, G.J., L.J. Wilkins, T.G. Knowles, F. Booth, M.J. Toscano, C.J. Nicol y S.N. Brown. 2011. Continuous monitoring of pop hole usage by commercially housed free-range hens throughout the production cycle. Veterinary Record, 169 (13): 338-338. doi: 10.1136/vr.d4603

Rivera, M.G., E.A. Lantinga y R.P. Kwakkel. 2007. Herbage intake and use of outdoor area by organic broilers: Effects of vegetation type and shelter addition. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 54: 279–291.

Rufener, C. y M.M. Makagon. 2020. Keel bone fractures in laying hens: A systematic review of prevalence across age, housing systems, and strains. Journal of Animal Science, 98 (1): 36-51. doi:10.1093/jas/skaa145

Runhke, I., G. Cowling, M. Sommerlad, R. Swick y M. Choc. 2015. Gut impaction in free range hens. Congress of the European Society of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition. Vol. 18. The Netherlands.

Sibanda, T.Z., C. O´Shea, J. de Souza, M. Kolakshyapati, M. Welch, D. Schneider, J. Courtice y I. Ruhnke. 2020. Managing free-range laying hens-Part B: Early range users have more pathology findings at the end of lay but have significantly higher chance of survival- An indicative Study. Animals, 10 (10): 1911. doi:10.3390/ani10101911.

Singh, M., I. Ruhnke, C. de Koning, K. Drake, A.G. Skerman, G.N. Hinch y P.C. Glatz. 2017. Demographics and practices of semi-intensive free-range farming systems in Australia with an outdoor stocking density of <1500 hens/hectare. Plos One, 12 (10): e0187057. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187057

Singh, M. y A.J. Cowieson. 2013. Range use and pasture consumption in free-range poultry production. Animal Production Science, 53 (11): 1202-1208. doi: 10.1071/AN13199.

Sossidou, E.N., A. Dal Bosco, C. Castellini y M.A. Grashorn. 2015. Effects of pasture management on poultry welfare and meat quality in organic poultry production systems. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 71 (2): 375-384. doi:10.1017/s0043933915000379

Stadig, L.M., B.A. Ampe, S. Van Gansbeke, T. Van den Bogaert, E.D. D´Haenens, J.L.T. Heerkens y F.A.M. Tuyttens. 2016. Survey of egg farmers regarding the ban on conventional cages in the EU and their opinion of alternative layer housing systems in Flanders, Belgium. Poultry Science, 95: 715-725. doi:10.3382/ps/pev334

Swayne, D. E., J.R. Glisson, L.R. McDougald, L.K. Nolan, D.L. Suarez y V.L. Nair. 2013. Diseases of poultry. Wiley-Blackwell. 13th ed. Editorial Offices, Estados Unidos.

Svihus, B. 2011. The gizzard: function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability. Worlds Poultry Science Journal, 67 (2): 207-224. doi:10.1017/s0043933911000249

Thøfner, I., H.P. Hougen, C. Villa, N. Lynnerup y J.P. Christensen. 2020. Pathological characterization of keel bone fractures in laying hens does not support external trauma as the underlying cause. Plos One, 15 (3): e0229735. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229735

Tomza, A., B. Pilarcyk, B. Tobianska y N. Tarasewicz. 2014. Gastrointestinal parasites of free-range chickens. Annals of Parasitology, 60 (4): 305-308. PMID:25706430.

Tosar, V., G. Rousseau, V. Decruyenaere, Y. Beckers, Y. Larondelle y E. Froidmont. 2021. Red clover-rich grassland increases equol concentration in eggs from free-range laying hens. British Poultry Science. doi:10.1080/00071668.2021.1929069

Tufarelli, V., M. Ragni y V. Laudadio. 2018. Feeding forage in poultry: A promising alternative for the future of production systems. Agriculture, 8 (6): 81. doi:10.3390/agriculture8060081

Tufarelli, V., M. Dario y V. Laudadio. 2007. Effect of xylanase supplementation and particle size on performance of guinea fowl broilers fed wheat-based diets. International Journal of Poultry Science, 6 (4): 302-307. doi:10.3923/ijps.2007.302.307

UEP (United Egg Producers). 2017. Guidelines for Cage Housing. https://uepcertified.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Caged-UEP-Guidelines_17.pdf (Consultado 1 ago., 2021).

Vukina, T., K. Anderson y M.K. Muth. 2014. Economic effects of proposed changes in living conditions for laying hens under the National Organic Program. Poultry Science Association, 23: 80-93. doi:10.3382/japr.2013-00834.

Whay, H.R., D.C.J. Main, L.E. Green, G. Heaven, H. Howell, M. Morgan, A. Pearson y A.J.F. Webster. 2007. Assessment of the behaviour and welfares of laying hens on free-range units. Veterinary Record, 161 (4): 199-128. doi:10.1136/vr.161.4.119

Yilmaz, B., A. Ipek, U. Sahan, M. Petk y A. Sozcu. 2016. Egg production and welfare of laying hens kept in different housing systems (conventional, enriched cage and free range). Poultry Science, 95: 1564-1572. doi:10.3382/ps/pew082

Zheng, M., P. Mao, X. Tian, Q. Guo y L. Meng. 2019. Effects of dietary supplementation of alfalfa meal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat and egg quality, and intestinal microbiota in Beijing-you chicken. Poultry Science, 98 (5): 2250-2259. doi:10.3382/ps/pey550

Zikic, D., M. Djukic-Stojcic, S. Bjedov, L. Peric, S. Stojanovic y G. Uscebrka. 2017. Effect of litter on development and severity of foot-pad dermatitis and behavior of broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 19 (2): 247-254. doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0396

Comments

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.