Keywords
planicie costera
forma de vida
zona árida
Venezuela
breeding system
coastal plain
life form
arid zone
Venezuela
How to Cite
Abstract
Breeding systems were evaluated for 51 plant species according to life form, pollination system, vegetation type, and phenology, in the coastal plain of Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela. Sexual systems were no associated to life form, pollination system, vegetation type, and phenology. The frequency distribution of sexual system was 82.3% hermaphroditism, 15.6% monoecy, and 1.9% dioecy. All sexual systems had a peak during the lowest rainfall. Genetic system distribution was 64.8% self-compatibility (including partially self-compatibility) and 35.2% self-incompatibility. Among self-compatible species, 45.1% were autogamous (19.6% not autogamous). The genetic systems were associated significantly to: (1) plant life form: self-compatible species tend to be herbaceous and self-incompatible plants tend to be woody species; (2) vegetation type: self-compatible species were predominant in the three vegetation types, but in the mangrove the frequency of self-compatible and self-incompatibles was similar; and (3) pollination system: most of the self-compatible species were polyphilous. Mating systems: xenogamous and autogamous species were associated only with plant life forms. Xenogamous plants were mostly woody species and autogamous plants were mostly herbaceous species. The high incidence of hermaphroditism, self-compatibility, and autogamy are related to herbaceous life form, polyphilous pollination system, and climatic conditions, together the insularity of the Paraguaná peninsula.References
Anderson, G.J., G. Bernardello, T.F. Stuessy & D.J. Crawford. 2001. Breeding system and pollination of selected plants endemic to Juan Fernández Islands. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 220-233.
Arroyo, M.T.K. & E. Cabrera. 1977. Preliminary selfincompatibility test for some tropical cloud forest species in venezuela. Incomp. Newsletter 8: 72-77.
Arroyo, M.T.K., F.L.S. & P. Uslar. 1993. Breeding systems in a temperate mediterranean-type climate montane
sclerophylluous forest in central Chile. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 111: 83-102.
Ashton, P.S. 1969. Speciation among tropical forest trees: some deductions in light of recent evidence. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1: 156-196.
Audemard, F. 1996. Late quaternary marine deposits of the Venezuelan basin, State Falcón, Northwestern Venezuela. Climates of the past 1: 14-15.
Baker, H.G. 1955. Self-compatibility and establishment after “long-distance” dispersal. Evolution. 9: 347-349.
Baker, H.H. & P.A. Cox. 1984. Further thoughts on dioecism and island. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 71: 244-253.
Bawa, K.S. 1974. Breeding systems of tree species of a lowland tropical community. Evolution 28: 85-92.
Bawa, K.S. & P.A. Opler, 1975. Dioecism in tropical forest trees. Evolution 29: 167-179.
Bawa, K.S. 1980. Evolution of dioecy in flowering plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11: 15-39.
Bawa, K.S. & J.H. Beach. 1981. Evolution of sexual systems in flowering plants. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68: 254-274.
Bawa, K.S. 1982. Outcrossing and incidence of dioecism in island floras. Amer. Nat. 119: 866-871.
Bawa, K.S., D.R. Perry & J.H. Beach. 1985. Reproductive biology of tropical lowland rain forest trees. I. Sexual systems and incompatibility mechanism. Amer. J. Bot. 72: 331-345.
Bullock, S.H. 1985. Breeding systems in the flora of tropical deciduous forest in México. Biotropica 17: 287-301.
Chan, H.T. 1981. Reproductive biology of some Malaysian dipterocarp. III. Breeding systems. Malaysian For. 44: 28-36.
Croat, T.B. 1979. The sexuality of Barro Colorado Island flora (Panama). Phytologia 42: 319-348.
Faegry, K. & L. van der Pijl. 1979. Principles of Pollination Ecology. Pergamon. New York. 244 p. in the flora of Puerto. Rico and the Virgin Island: Ecological correlates. Biotropica 16: 132-139.
Fox, J.F. 1985. Incidence of dioecy in relation to life form, pollination and dispersal. Oecologia 67: 244-249.
Freeman, D.C., K.T. Harper & W.K. Ostler. 1980. Ecology of plant dioecy in the intermountain region of western North America. Oecologia 44: 410-417.
Givnish, T.J. 1982 Outcrossing versus ecological constrain in the evolution of dioecy. Amer. Nat. 119: 849-865.
Grant, B.R. & P.R. Grant. 1981. Explotation of Opuntia cactus by birds on the Galapagos. Oecología 49: 179-187.
Grases, C. & N. Ramírez. 1998. Biología reproductiva de cinco especies ornitófilas en un fragmento de bosque caducifolio secundario en Venezuela. Rev. Biol. Trop. 46: 1095-1108.
Huber, O. & C. Alarcon. 1988. Mapa de Vegetación de Venezuela, Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales y The Nature Conservancy. Oscar Editores, C.A. Caracas.
Ibarra-Manriquez, G. & K. Oyama. 1992. Ecological correlates of reproductive traits of mexican rain forest trees. Amer. J. Bot. 79: 383-394.
Jaimes, I. & N. Ramirez. 1999. Breeding systems in a secundary deciduous forest in Venezuela: The importence of life form, habitat and pollination specificity. Pl. Syst. Evol: 215: 23-36.
Janzen, D.H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forest. Amer. Natur. 104: 501-528.
Kress, W.J. & J.H. Beach, 1994. Flowering plant reproductive systems, p. 161-182. In L.A. McDade, K.S. Bawa, H.A. Hespenheide & G.S. Hartshorn (eds.). La Selva: Ecology and natural history of a neotropical rain forest. Univ. Chicago.
Lemus-Jimenez, L. & N. Ramírez. 2002. Fenología reproductiva en tres tipos de vegetación de la planicie
costera de Paraguaná, Venezuela. Acta Cient. Venezolana. 53: 266-278.
Lemus-Jimenez, L. & N. Ramírez. 2003. Polinización y polinizadores en la vegetación de la planicie costera
de Paraguaná, Estado Falcón, Venezuela. Acta Cient. Venezolana. 54: 97-114.
Levin, D. 1975. Pest pressure and recombination systems in plants. Amer. Nat. 190: 437-451.
Lloyd, D.G. 1980. Demographic factors and mating patterns in angiosperms. p. 67-88. In O.T. Solbrig (ed.). Demography and evolution in plants populations. Blackwell, Oxford.
Lloyd, D.G. 1982. Selection combined versus separate sexes in seed plants. Amer. Nat. 120: 571-585.
Lloyd, D.G. & C.J. Webb. 1986. The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms. I. Dichogamy. New Zelands J. Bot. 24: 135-162.
Maynard-Smith, J. 1979. The evolution of sex. Cambridge University Press, New York. 222 p.
McMullen, C.K. 1987. Breeding Systems of Selected Galapagos Islands Angiosperms. Amer. J. Bot. 74: 1694-1705.
McMullen, C.K. 1993. Flower-visiting insects of the Galapagos islands. Pan-Pacific Entom. 69: 95-106.
Moldenke, A.R. 1975. Niche specialization and species diversity along California transect. Oecologia. 21: 219-242.
Muenchow, G.E. 1987. Is dioecy associated with fleshy fruit? Amer. J. Bot. 74: 287-293.
Oliveira, P.E. & P. E. Gibbs. 2000. Reproductive biology of woody plants in a cerrado community of Central Brazil. Flora. 195:311-329.
Opler, P.A. & K.S. Bawa. 1978. Sex ratio in some tropical forest trees. Evolution 32: 812-821.
Percival, M. 1974. Floral Ecology of Coastal Scrub in Southeast Jamaica. Biotropica 6: 104-129.
Proctor, M., P. Yeo & Lack. 1996. The natural history of pollination. Harper Collins, London. 479 p.
Ramírez, N. & Y. Brito. 1990. Reproductive biology of a tropical palm swamp community in the Venezuelan llanos. Amer. J. Bot. 77: 1260-1271.
Ramírez, N. 1993. Reproductive biology in a tropical schrubland of Venezuelan Guayana. J. Veg. Sci. 4: 5-12.
Ramírez, N. & A. Seres. 1994. Plant reproductive biology of herbaceous mon ocots in a venezuelan tropical cloud forest. Pl. Syst. Evol. 190: 129-142.
Ruiz Zapata, T. & M.T.K. Arroyo. 1978. Plant reproductive ecology of a secondary deciduous tropical forest in Venezuela. Biotropica 10: 221-230.
Schemske, D.W., M.F. Willson, M.N. Melampy, L.J. Miller, L. Verner, K.M. Schemske & L.B. Best. 1978. Flowering ecology of some spring woodland herbs. Ecology 59: 351-366.
Scariot, A.O., E. Lieras & J.D. Hay. 1991. Reproductive Biology of the palma Acrocomía aculeata in Central Brazil. Biotropica 23: 12-22.
Sobrevila. C. & M.T.K. Arroyo. 1982. Breeding systems in a montane tropical cloud forest in Venezuela. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 19-37.
StatSoft, Inc. 2001. STATISTICA for windowds Computer program manual) Tulsa, OK.
Steiner, K. E. 1988. Dioecism and its correlated in the Cape flora of South Africa. Amer. J. Bot. 75: 1742-1754.
Takebayashi, N. & P. L. Morrell. 2001. Is self-fertilization an evolutionary dead end revisiting an old hypothesis with genetic theories and a macroevolutionary approach. Amer. J. Bot. 88:1143-1150.
Tanner, E. V. J. 1982. Species diversity and reproductive mechanism in Jamaican trees. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 18: 263-278.
Thomas, S.C. & J. V. La Frankie. 1993. Sex, sixe and interyear variation in flowering among dioecious trees of the Malayan rain forest. Ecology 74: 1529-1537.
Tomlinson, P. B. 1974. Breeding mechanisms in trees native to tropical florida - A morphological assessment. J. Arnold Arbor. 55: 269-290.
Van Dulmen, A. 2001. Pollination and phenology of flowers in rthe canopy of two contrasting rain forest types in Amazonia, Colombia. Pl. Ecol. 153: 73-85.
Willson, M. F. 1983. Plant reproductive ecology. Willey, New York. 282 p.
Xena, N., N. Ramírez & C. Sobrevila. 1988. Notas sobre la dinámica reproductiva de una comunidad vegetal de vega da río. Actes del Simposi Internacional de Botánica Pius Font y Quer. 2: 69-82.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2005 Revista de Biología Tropical