Abstract
The spawning of the muricid gastropod Plicopurpura pansa in the laboratory at 22-23°C is described. Females deposited 1-20 capsules daily for at least 20 weeks, and produced up to 150 capsules each per spawning season. During spawning, egg clusters were formed consisting of hundreds of capsules of different ages deposited by different females. Each egg capsule contained an average of 436 embryos (± s.d. 213.6, range: 95- 1 092, n = 50). Embryos developed without nurse eggs. After six to eight weeks of intracapsular, lecithotrophic development, planktotrophic veligers hatched with two fully developed velar lobesReferences
Anónimo 1988. Diario Oficial de la Federación. Organo del Gobierno Constitucional de los Estados Mexicanos. Secretaría de Pesca. March 30, 1988 p. 10-12.
Born, W. 1936. Purpur bei den Indianern Mittelamerikas -ein Erbe der Antike. Ciba Rundschau 4: 130-134.
Castillo-Rodriguez, Z.G. & A. Garcia-Cubas. 1987. Morfología y anatomía del caracol “morado” Purpura spp. en las costas de México. pp. 311-321. In Memorias Volume 3, Sociedad de Malacología, México.
Castillo-Rodríguez, Z.G. & F. Amezcua-Linares. 1992. Biología y aprovechamiento del caracol morado Plicopurpura pansa (Gould, 1853) (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) en la costa de Oaxaca, México.
Anal. Inst. Cien. Mar y Limnol., U. Nac. Autónoma de México 19(2): 223-234.
Clench, W.J. 1947. The genera Purpura and Thais on the Western Atlantic. Johnsonia 2(23): 61-91.
D’Asaro, C.N. 1966. The egg capsules, embryogenesis, and early organogenesis of a common oyster predator, Thais haemasoma floridana (Gastopoda: Prosobranchia). Bull. Mar. Sci. 1(4): 884-914.
D’Asaro, C.N. 1986. Egg capsules of eleven marine prosobranchs from northwest Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39(1): 76-91.
D’Asaro, C.N. 1991. Gunnar Thorson’s world-wide collection of prosobranch egg capsules: Muricidae. Ophelia 35(1): 1-101.
DiSalvo, L.H. 1988. Observations on the larval and postmetamorphic life of Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789) in laboratory culture. The Veliger 30(4): 358-368.
DiSalvo, L.H. & M.R. Carriker. 1994. Planktonic, metamorphic, and early benthic behavior of the Chilean loco Concholepas concholepas (Muricidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). J. Shellfish Res. 13(1): 57-66.
Friedländer, P. 1922. Über die Farbstoffe aus Purpura aperta und Purpura lapillus. Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 55: 1655-1658.
Gallardo, C. 1973. Desarrollo intracapsular de Concholepas concholepas (Brugière) (Gastropoda, Muricidae). Museo Nacional de Historia Natural. Santiago de Chile. Pub. Ocas. 16 p.
Gallardo, C.S. & F.E. Perron. 1982. Evolutionary ecology of reproduction in marine benthic molluscs. Malacologia 22(1-2): 109-114.
Gerhard, P. 1962. Shellfish dye in America. pp. 177-191.In Proc. Vol. III. 35th. Intern. Congr. Americanists, Mexico City 1962. Editorial de Libros, México, D.F.(Imprint 1964).
Hernández-Cortés, E. & J. Acevedo-García. 1987. Aspectos poblacionales y etnobiológicos del caracol Purpura pansa, Gould, 1853 en la costa de Oaxaca.Tesis de Licenciatura en Biología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias. 147 p.
Jackson, J.W. 1917. The geographical distribution of the shell-purple industry. pp. 1-29. In J.W. Jackson (ed.). Shells as evidence of the migrations of early culture. University, Manchester, England.
Keen, A.M. 1971. Sea shells of tropical West America: Marine molluscs from Baja California to Peru. Stanford U. Stanford, CA. 1064 p.
Kool, S. P. 1988. Aspects of the anatomy of Plicopurpura patula (Prosobranchia: Muricoidea: Thaidinae), new combination, with emphasis on the reproductive system. Malacologia 29(2): 373-382.
Kool, S.P. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of the Rapaninae (Neogastropoda: Muricidae). Malacologia 35(2): 155-259.
Lewis, J.B. 1960. The fauna of rocky shores of Barbados, West Indies. Can. J. Zool. 38: 391-435.
Martens, v. E. 1874. Purpur und Perlen. Sammlung gemeinverständlicher Vorträge 9(214): 1-55.
Martens, v. E. 1898. Purpur-Färberei in Central-America. Z. Ethnol. 30: 482-486.
Michel-Morfin, J.E. & E A.Chávez. 2000. Effect of repetitive dye extraction over yield and survival rate of INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 65 the purple snail Plicopurpura pansa (Gould, 1853). J. Shellfish Res. 9: 913-917.
Michel-Morfín, J.E., E.A. Chávez & V. Landa. 2000. Population parameters and dye yield of the purple snail Plicopurpura pansa (Gould, 1853) of West Central Mexico. J. Shellfish Res. 19: 919-925.
Nutall, Z. 1909. A curious survival in Mexico of the use ofthe Purpura shell-fish for dyeing. pp. 366-384. In Putman Anniversary Volume, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Paredes, C., P. Huamán, F.Cordoso, R.Vivar & V.Vera. 1999. Estado actual del conocimiento de los moluscos acuáticos en el Perú. Rev. Peruana Biol. 6(1): 5-47.
Peña, G.G.M. 1970. Zonas de distribución de los gasterópodos marinos del Perú. Anal. Científicos U. Nac. Agraria 8: 153-170.
Ramorino, L. 1975. Ciclo reproductivo de Concholepas concholepas en la zona de Valparaíso. Rev. Biol. Mar. 15(2): 149-177.
Ramorino, L. 1979. Conocimiento científico actual sobre reproducción y desarrollo de Concholepas concholepas (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae). Biol. Pesquera Chile 12: 59-70.
Rawlings, T.A. 1995. Direct observation of encapsulated development in muricid gastropods. The Veliger 38(1): 54-60.
Rawlings, T.A. 1999. Adaptations to physical stresses in the intertidal zone: The egg capsules of neogastropod molluscs. Amer. Zool. 39: 230-243.
Rios-Jara, E., H.G. León-Alvarez, L. Lizárraga-Chávez & J.E. Michel-Morfín. 1994. Producción y tiempo de recuperación del tinte de Plicopurpura patula pansa (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) en Jalisco, México. Rev. Biol. Trop. 42(3): 537-545.
Riquelme, C.E. & P.C. Chavez. 1991. Colonization of vibrios on developmental stages of Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789), (Mollusca: Muricidae). pp. 84-95. In K. Koop (ed), Ecology of marine aquaculture. A workshop on research in aquaculture. Osorno, Chile, 1991. Intern. Found. Science, Stockholm, (Imprint 1994).
Schunck, E. 1880. LII. Notes on the purple of the ancients (continuation). 3. Purple dyeing in modern times. J. Chem. Soc. 37: 613-617.
Spight, T.M. 1976. Ecology of hatching size for marine snails. Oecologia (Berlin) 24: 283-294.
Spight, T.M. 1977. Latitude, habitat, and hatching type for muricacean gastropods. Nautilus 91(2): 67-71.
Spight, T.M., C. Birkeland & A. Lyons. 1974. Life histories of large and small murexes (Prosobranchia: Muricidae). Mar. Biol. 24: 229-242.
Strathmann, M.F. 1987. Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda, Subclass Prosobranchia. Chapter 11. pp. 220-267. In M.F. Strathmann. Reproduction and development of marine invertebrates of the Northern Pacific Coast. Data, and methods for the study of eggs, embryos and larvae. U. Washington, Seattle and London, 670 p.
Thompson, J. 1994. Shellfish purple: the use of Purpura patula pansa on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Dyes in History and Archaeology 13: 3-6.
Thorson, G. 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol. Rev. 25: 1-45.
Turok, M. 1999. El carcol Purpura pansa: Un pequeño gran recurso. Programa Cultural Tierra Adentro. http://www.cnca.gob.mx//cnca/buena/descentra/tierra/ mturok.html 8 p.
Turok, M., A. Sigler-M., E. Hernández-C., J. Acevedo-G., R. Lara-C. & V. Turcott. 1988. El caracol púrpura. Una tradición milenaria en Oaxaca. Secretaria de Educación Publica. Dirección General de Culturas Populares. México, D.F. 164 p.
Wellington, G.M. & A.M. Kuris. 1983. Growth and shell variation in the tropical eastern Pacific intertidal gastropod genus Purpura: Ecological and evolutionary implications. Biol. Bull. 164: 518-535.
Wouters, J. 1992. A new method for the analysis of blue and purple dyes in Textiles. Dyes in History and Archaeology 10: 17-21.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2004 Revista de Biología Tropical