Keywords
efecto isla
recursos claves
Cebus capucinus curtus
Bradypus variegatus gorgon
Gorgona
Colombia
Population density
Island effect
key resources
Bradypus variegatus gorgon
Cebus capucinus curtus
Gorgona
How to Cite
Abstract
Gorgona is a continental island in the Pacific of Colombia. Two subspecies of arboreal mammals inhabit the island: the White-throated Capuchin (Cebus capucinus curtus) and the Brown-throated Sloth (Bradypus variegatus gorgon). These organisms are important for conservation since they are endemic and perform an essential role as seed dispersers in the National Park. This paper presents information on the population ecology of these two subspecies by using the transects-of-variable-width method, based on perpendicular detection distance, to establish density and age structure. The density of C. capucinus curtus in Gorgona Island was 170.6ind/km2 (95% CI=122-238.4), while that of B. variegatus gorgon was 2.6ind/km2 (IC 95%= 1.3 to 4.9ind/km2). The density of C. capucinus curtus in Isla Gorgona is the highest recorded for this species throughout its geographic range, while that of B. variegatus gorgon is the lowest reported for the species. The high density of C. curtus capucinus could be related to a synergistic effect between low predation and continuous availability of food, while the low density of B. variegates gorgon could be related to past hunting pressure, to the low reproductive rate of the species, and to a pandemic occurred in 2005. We recommend constant monitoring of populations of both subspecies, and population health studies for B. variegatus gorgon. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 447-456. Epub 2014 February 01.
References
Abreu, C., Siqueira, R. & Moura, J. (2001). Nota sobre uma amostra populacional de preguicas Bradypus variegatus Schnz, 1825, na lha de Itamaracá, Pernambuco, Brasil. Revista Nordestina de Biología, 15: 31-41.
Acevedo-Qu, J. F. & Sánchez, D. P. (2007). Abundancia y preferencia de hábitat de Bradypus variegatus y Choloepus hoffmanni, durante la época seca en Arboletes, Antioqui (Trabajo de Grado). Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
Aguirre, J. & Rangel, O. (1990). Biota y ecosistemas de Gorgona. Fondo FEN, Bogotá, Colombia.
Alberico, M. S. (1986). Los mamíferos. In H. von Prahl & M. Alberico (Eds.), Isla de Gorgona (pp. 191-209). Biblioteca Textos Universitarios, Banco Popular, Bogotá, Colombia.
Alberico, M. S. (1987). Los mamíferos. In J. I. Borrero (Ed.), Gorgona (pp. 69-78). Fundación Mejor Ambiente, Cali, Colombia.
Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, M. & Cowlishaw, G. (2007). Does the matrix matter? A forest primate in a complex agricultural landscape. Biological Conservation, 135: 212-222.
Bangs, O. (1905). The vertebrata of Gorgona Island. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 46: 89-91.
Barrios, L. M. & López-Victoria, M. (eds.) 2001. Gorgona marina: contribución al conocimiento de una isla única. INVEMAR, Serie Publicaciones Especiales, No. 7, Santa Marta, Colombia.
Bibby, C. J., Burguess, N. D., Hill, D. A. & Mustoe, S. (2000). Bird census techniques. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.
Bicca-Marques, J. C. (2003). How do howler monkeys cope with habitat fragmentation?. In L. K. Marsh (Ed.), Primates in Fragment: ecology and conservation (pp. 283-308). Springer, London, United Kingdom.
Blanco, J. F. (2009). The hydroclimatology of Gorgona Island: seasonal and ENSO-related patterns. Actualidades Biológicas, 31: 111-121.
Boback, S. M. (2003). Body size evolution in snakes: evidence from island populations. COPEIA, 2003: 81-94.
Britton, S. W. (1941). Form and function in the sloth. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 16: 13-34.
Buckland, S. T., Anderson, D. R., Burnham, K. P. & Laake, J. L. (1993). Distance sampling. Estimating abundance of biological populations. Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom.
Buckland, S. T., Anderson, D. R., Burnham, K. P., Laake, J. L., Borchers, D. L. & Thomas, L. (2001). Introduction to distance sampling: Estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford University Press. Oxford, United Kingdom.
Carvajal-Nieto, P., Giraldo, A. & Plese, T. (2013). Densidad poblacional y algunos aspectos de uso de hábitat del perezoso de tres dedos (Bradypus variegatus) en un ambiente insular del chocó biogeográfico colombiano. Boletín Científico Museo de Historia Natural, 17(1):101-110.
Case, T. J. (1978). A general explanation for insular body size trends in terrestrial vertebrates. Ecology, 59: 1-18.
Chamorro, C. (1990). Suelos. In J. Aguirre & J. O. Rangel (Eds.), Biota y ecosistemas de Gorgona (pp. 65-72). Fondo FEN, Bogotá, Colombia.
Chiarello, A. G. (1999). Effects of fragmentation of the Atlantic forest on mammal communities in south-eastern Brazil. Biological Conservation, 89: 71-82.
Clark, C. J., Poulsen, J. R. & Parker, V. T. (2001). The role of arboreal seed dispersal groups on the seed rain of a lowland tropical forest. Biotropica, 33: 606-620.
Cuevas-Correa, D. (2007). Estimación de la densidad poblacional, patrón de distribución espacial y preferencia de hábitat del perezoso de tres dedos Bradypus variegatus gorgon y consideraciones para su conservación en el Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona (Tesis de Grado). Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
De Robledo, C. (1997). Gorgona Isla Prisión. Crónicas. Pijao Editores, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia.
Defler, T. R. & Pintor, D. (1985). Censuring primates by transect in a forest of known primate density. International Journal of Primatology, 6: 243-259.
Defler, T. R. (2004). Primates of Colombia. Conservation International, Washington D.C., USA.
Díaz, M., López-Victoria, M. & Barrios, L. M. (2001a). Introducción. In L. M. Barrios & M. López-Victoria (Eds.), Gorgona Marina: Contribución al reconocimiento de una isla única (pp. 13-16). INVEMAR, Serie Publicaciones Especiales No. 7, Santa Marta, Colombia.
Díaz, M., Pinzón, J. H., Perdomo, A. M., Barrios, L. B. & López-Victoria, M. (2001b). Generalidades. In L. M. Barrios & M. López-Victoria (Eds.), Gorgona Marina: Contribución al reconocimiento de una isla única (pp. 17-26). INVEMAR, Serie Publicaciones Especiales No. 7, Santa Marta, Colombia.
Dumbar, R. I. (1988). Primate social systems. Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom.
Estrada, A. & Fleming, T. H. (1986). Frugivores and seed dispersal. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, South Holland, Netherlands.
Fedigan, L. M., Fedigan, L. & Chapman, C. (1985). A census of Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus monkeys in Santa Rosa Nacional Park, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 23: 309-322.
Freese, C. H. (1976). Cebus capucinus (mono cara blanca, white-faced capuchin). In D. H. Janzen (Ed.), Costa Rican natural history (pp. 458-460). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, United States.
George, T. L. (1987). Greater land bird densities on island vs. mainland: Relation to nest predation level. Ecology, 68: 1393-1400.
Giraldo, A. & Valencia, B. (2012) (Eds.) Isla Gorgona: Paraíso de Biodiversidad y Ciencia. Programa Editorial de la Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
Hammer O, Harper, D. & Ryan, P. (2001). PAST: paleontological statistics software for education and data analysis. Palaeontología Electrónica, 4: 1-9.
Haysen, V. (2009). Bradypus variegatus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae). Mammalian Species, 42: 19-32.
Hemingway, C. A. & Bynum, N. (2005). The influence of seasonality on primate diet and ranging. In D. Brockman & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Seasonality in primates: studies of living and extinct human and Non-human primates (pp. 57-104). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Howe, H. F. & Smallwood, J. (1982). Ecology of Seed Dispersal. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 13: 201-228.
Korpimaki, E. & Krebs, C. J. (1996). Predation and population cycles on small mammals. Bioscience, 46: 754-764.
Krebs, J. (1995). Two paradigms of population regulation. Wildlife Research, 22: 1-10.
Lack, D. L. (1976). Island biology: Illustrated by the land birds of Jamaica. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Lima, S. L. & Dill, L. M. (1990). Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68: 619-640.
Lomolino, M. V. (1986). Mammalian community structure on islands: Immigration, extinction and interactive effects. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 28: 1-21.
Losada, T. (2007). Conocimiento local y uso sobre los perezosos por la comunidad indígena Jusy Monilla Amena, Amazonas, Colombia (Tesis de pregrado). Pontificia Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Meritt, D. A. Jr. (1976). Sex ratios of Hoffmann’s Sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni Petters and Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus infuscatus Wagler in Panama. American Midland Naturalist, 96: 472-473.
Mills, L. S. (2013). Conservation of wildlife population: Demography genetics and management. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Montgomery, G. G. & Sunquist, M. E. (1975). Impact of sloths on Neotropical energy flow and nutrient cycling. In E. Medina & F. Golly (Eds.), Trends Tropical Ecology; Ecological Studies IV (pp, 69-98). Springer Verlag, New York, USA.
Nilsson, S. G., Bjorkman, C., Forslund, P. & Hoglund, J. (1985). Egg predation in forest bird communities on islands and mainland. Oecología, 66: 511-515.
Oppenheimer, J. R. (1990). Cebus capucinus: ámbito doméstico, dinámica de población y relaciones interespecíficas. In E. G. Leigh, A. S. Rand & D. M. Windsor (Eds.), Ecología de un bosque tropical: ciclos estacionales y cambios a largo plazo (pp. 337-356). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., USA.
Pruetz, L. & Leasor, J. (2002). Survey of three primate species in forest fragments at La Suerte Biological Field Station, Costa Rica. Neotropical Primates, 10: 4-8.
Rangel, J. O. & Rudas, A. (1990). Macroclima de Gorgona y de la región costera aledaña. In J. Aguirre & J. O. Rangel (Eds.), Biota y ecosistemas de Gorgona (pp. 13-41). Fondo FEN, Bogotá, Colombia.
Rangel, J. O. & Rivera-Díaz, O. (2004). Diversidad y riqueza de espermatófitos en el Chocó biogeográfico. In J. O. Rangel (Ed.), Colombia Diversidad Biótica IV: El Chocó Biogeográfico/Costa Pacífica (pp. 83-104). Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, Colombia.
Ríos, M. M., Londoño, G. A. & Muñoz, M. C. (2005). Densidad poblacional e historia natural de la Pava Negra (Aburria aburri) en los Andes centrales de Colombia. Ornitología Neotropical, 16: 205-217.
Robinson, J. G. & Janson, C. H. (1987). Capuchins, squirrel monkeys and atelines: socioecological convergence with old world primates. In B. Smuts, D. Cheney, R. Seyfarth, R. Wrangham & T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate Societies (pp. 69-82). The University of Chicago press, Chicago, USA.
Roncancio, N., & Gómez-Posada, C. (2009). Sympatric Alouatta seniculus and cebus capucinus in an Andean forest fragment in Colombia: a survey of population density. Neotropical Primates, 16: 51-56.
Soares, C. A. & Carneiro, R. S. (2002). Social behavior between mothers and young of sloths Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825 (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62: 249-252.
Stevenson, P. & Quiñones, M. (1993). Vertical stratification of four new world primates at Tinigua national park, Colombia La Macarena, Colombia. Field Studies of New World Monkeys, 8: 11-18.
Taube, E., Vie. J. C., Fournier, P., Gentry, C. & Duplantier, J. M. (1999). Distribution of two sympatric species of sloths (Choloepus didactylus and Bradypus tridactylus) along the sinnamary river, French Guiana. Biotropica, 31: 686-691.
Thomas, O. (1926). On mammals from Gorgona island with description of a new sloth. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9: 309-311.
Thomas, L., Buckland, S. T., Rexstad, E. A., Laake, J. L., Strindberg, S., Hedley, S. L., Bishop, J. R. B., Marques, T. A. & Burnham, K. P. (2010). Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47: 5-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01737.x
Tilman, D. (1994). Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats. Ecology, 75: 2-16.
Torres, E. (1986). Historia de Gorgona. In H. von Prahl & M. Alberico (Eds.), Isla de Gorgona (pp. 9-17). Biblioteca Textos Universitarios, Banco Popular, Bogotá, Colombia.
UAESPNN. (2010). El sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. Unidad Administrativa Especial del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. Editorial Nomos, Bogotá, Colombia.
Valencia, A., Villaquiran, D., Castro, F., Murillo, O., Bedoya, J., Carvajal, P., Astorquiza, M., Garcés-Restrepo, M. F., Yusti, A. P., Velandia, J., Sánchez, M. & Giraldo, A. (2012). Vertebrados del ambiente terrestre del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona. In A. Giraldo & B. Valencia (Eds.), Isla Gorgona: Paraíso de Biodiversidad y Ciencia (pp. 193-221). Programa Editorial de la Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
von Prahl, H., Guhl, F. & Grogl, M. (1979). Gorgona. Grupo Futura Editorial: Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
Williams, H. E. & Vaughan, C. (2001). White-faced monkey (Cebus capucinus) ecology and management in neotropical agricultural landscapes during the dry season. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(3-4): 1199-1206.
Williamson, M. (1981). Island populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Ylönen, H. (1994). Vole cycles and antidepredatory behavior. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 9: 426-430.
Zar, J. H. (1999). Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2014 Revista de Biología Tropical