Keywords
seagrass
seasonal variation
polyphenols
antioxidant activity.
Angiosperma
Thalassia testudinum
variación estacional
polifenoles
actividad antioxidante.
How to Cite
Abstract
The marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum, commonly known as turtle grass, is a dominant seagrass that grows in the Caribbean Sea shelf associated to Syringodium filiforme. The hydroalcoholic extract of T. testudinum is rich in polyphenols; the most abundant metabolite in this extract is thalassiolin B, a glycosilated flavonoid with skin damage repairing properties, and antioxidant capacity among others. The present study aimed at generating information about the seasonal behavior of secondary metabolites, as well as to study the antioxidant capacity of the T. testudinum leaves extract, collected monthly during 2012 from the Northeast coastline of Havana, Cuba. For this study, spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the concentrations of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, soluble carbohydrates and proteins, chlorophylls a and b, and antioxidant activity of the extracts. In general, results demonstrated seasonal variations of the analyzed parameters. Extracts prepared from the vegetal material collected in October and November showed the highest values of polyphenols (58.81 ± 1.53 and 52.39 ± 0.63 mg/g bs, respectivally) and flavonoids (44.12 ± 1.30 and 51.30 ± 0.67 mg/gdw, respectively). On the contrary, the lowest values of polyphenols were found in extracts of leaves collected in July and August (15.51 ± 0.84 and 13.86 ± 0.48 mg/g,respectively). In accordance with these results, the lower value of Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) was obtained to get a 50 % of maximal effect on free radical scavenging activity with the extracts prepared from leaves collected in October and November, and less significant IC50 was obtained from the extract prepared from leaves collected in August (5.63 mg/mL). A negative correlation (r= -0.694) was observed in this study between the content of polyphenols and the IC50 necessary to get the half of its antioxidant maximal effect. The high correspondence between the maximum values of polyphenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates and proteins in October and November, revealed a close relationship between these metabolites found in the extract of T. testudinum. Our hypothesis about the annual variation in the concentration of these metabolites was validated; and these results will support the correct harvesting of T. testudinum leaves for biotechnology and industrial purposes.
References
Athiperumalsamy, T., Rajeswari, V. D., Poorna, S. H., Kumar, V., & Jesudass, L. L. (2010). Antioxidant activity of seagrasses and seaweeds. Botanica Marina, 53, 251-257.
British Pharmacopoeia. (2007). Tannins in Herbal Drugs (vol. IV, Appendix XI M) London, England: The Stationery Office. Retrieved from: http www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantization of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248-54.
Chalker, S. L., & Fuchigami, L. H. (1989). The role of phenolic compounds in plant stress responses in low temperature stress physiology in crops. In P. H. Li (Ed.), (pp. 67-79). Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.: CRC Press.
Dawes, C., & Lawrence, J. (1980). Seasonal changes in the proximate constituents of the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum, Halodure wrigthtii and Syringodium filiforme. Aquatic Botanic, 8, 371-380.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Biochemistry, 28, 350-356.
Dumay, O., Costa, J., Desjobert, J. M., & Pergent, G. (2004). Variation in the concentration of phenolic compounds in the seagrass Posidonia oceanic under conditions of competition. Phytochemistry, 65, 3211-3220.
Evans, J. A., & Johnson, J. (2010). Review the role of phytonutrients in skin health Nutrients, 2, 903-928.
Fillit, H. (1995). Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic capacities and pigment content of Ulva rigida in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon. Botanica Marina, 38, 271-280.
Fuleki, T. & Francis, F. J. (1968). Quantitative methods for anthocyanins. Journal of Food Science, 33, 78-83.
Harrison, P. G. (1982). Control of microbial growth and of amphipod grazing by water soluble compounds from leaves of Zostera marine. Marine Biology, 67, 225-230.
Heck, Jr. K. L., Hays, C., & Orth, R. J. (2003). Critical evaluation of the nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadows. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 253, 123-136.
Higuchi, A., Yonemitsu, K., Koreeda, A., & Tsunenari, S. (2003). Inhibitory activity of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) in paraquat-induced microsomal lipid peroxidation--a mechanism of protective effects of EGCg against paraquatic toxicity. Toxicology, 183, 143-149.
Karawita, R., Siriwardhana, N., Lee, K. W., Heo, M. S., Yeo, I. K., Lee, Y. D., & Jeon, Y. J. (2005). Reactive oxygen species scavenging, metal chelation, reducing power lipid peroxidation inhibition properties of different solvent fractions from Hizikia fusiformis. European Food Research and Technology, 220(3), 263-371.
Liu, M., Li, X. Q., Weber, C., Chang, L., Brown, J., & Liu, R. H. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of raspberries. Journal of Agricultural of Food Chemistry, 50, 2926-2930.
Márquez, B. & Jiménez, M. (2002). Moluscos asociados a las raíces sumergidas del mangle rojo Rhizophora mangle, en el Golfo de Santa Fe, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 50(3/4), 1101-1112.
Millan, M. C. (1984). The distribution of tropical seagrasses with relation to their tolerance of high temperatures. Aquatic Botanic, 19, 369-379.
Osawa, T., Ramarathnam, N., Kawakishi, S., & Namiki, M. (1991). The role of antioxidative defense systems by phenolic plants constituents. Abstracts Pan American. Chemistry Society, 18, 202.
Pradheeba, M., Dilipan, E., Nobi, E. P., Thangaradjou, T., & Sivakumar, K. (2001). Evaluation of seagrasses for their nutritional value. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 40(1), 105-111
Ragan, M. A. & Glombitza, K. W. (1986). Phlorotannins, brown algal polyphenols. Progress of Phycology Research, 4, 130-241.
Regalado, E. L., Rodríguez, M., Menéndez, R., Concepción, A. A., Nogueiras, C., Laguna, A., Rodríguez, A. A., …, & Hernández, Y. (2009). Repair of UVB-damaged skin by the antioxidant sulphated flavone glycoside thalassiolin B isolated from the marine plant Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König. Marine Biotechnology, 11, 74-80.
Regalado, E. L., Menéndez, R., Valdés, O., Morales, R. A., Laguna, A., Thomas, O. P., Hernández, E., Nogueiras, C., & Kijjoa, A. (2012). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant capacity of BM-21, a bioactive extract rich in polyphenolic metabolites from the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 87, 1058-1066.
Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N. J., Bolwell, P. G., Bramley, P. M., & Pridham, J. B. (1995). The relative antioxidant activities of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids. Free Radical Research, 22, 375-383.
Rivero, F., Fallarero, A., Castañeda, O., Dajas, F., Manta, E., & Areces, A. J., (2003). Antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro of H. incressata aqueous extract. Ciencia y Tecnologia Alimentaria, 23, 2-5.
Rowley, D. C., Hansen, M. S., Rhodes, D., Sotrifer, C. A., Ni, H., McCammon J. A., Bushman, F. D., & Fenical, W. (2002) Thalassiolins A-C: new marine derived inhibitors of HIV cDNA integrase. Bioorganic Medicine Chemistry, 10, 3619-3625.
Sano, M., Yoshida, R., Degawa, M., Miyase, T., & Yoshino, K. (2003) Determination of peroxyl radical scavenging activity of flavonoids and plant extracts using an automatic potentiometric titrator. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 2912-2916.
SPSS Inc. 1999® Base 10.0 Aplication Guide. SPSS Inc., Chicago.
Srivastava, N., Saurav, K., Mohanasrinivasan, V., Kannabiran, K., & Singh, M. (2010). Antibacterial Potential of Macroalgae Collected from the Madappam Coast, India. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicicology, 1(2), 72-76.
Subhashini, P., Dilipan, E., Thangaranhou, T., & Papenbrock, J. (2013). Bioactive natural products from marine angiosperms: abundance and functions. Natural Products Bio- prospective, 3, 129-136.
Tabart, J., Kevers, C., Pincemail, J., Defraigne, J. O., & Dommes, J. (2009). Comparative antioxidant capacities of phenolic compounds measured by various tests. Food Chemistry, 113(4), 1226-1233.
Van Sumere, C. F. (1989). Phenols and phenolics acids. In P. M. Dey & J. B. Harborne (Eds.), Methods in Plant Biochemistry, Plant Phenolics (pp. 29-73). London, England: Academic Press.
Wang, B. G., Zhang, W.W., Duan, X. J., & Li, X. M. (2009). In vitro antioxidative activities of extract and semi-purified fractions of the marine red alga, Rhodomela confervoides (Rhodomelacea). Food Chemistry, 113, 1101-1105.
Waterhouse, A. (2005). Determinations of total phenolics. In E. Wrolstad, T. Acree, E. Decker, M. Penner, D. Reid, S. Schwartz, C. Shoemaker, D. Smith, & P. Sporns (Eds.), Handbook of Food Analytical Chemistry (pp. 463-470). New Jersey, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons.
Woisky, R., & Salatino, A. (1998). Analysis of propolis: some parameters and procedures for chemical quality control. Journal of Apiculture Research, 37, 99-105.
Yamamoto, N., Moon, J. H., Tsushida, T., Nagao, A., & Terao, J. (1999). Inhibitory effect of quercetin metabolites and their related derivatives on copper ion-induced lipid peroxidation in human low-density lipoprotein. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 37, 347-354.
Zheng, W., & Wang, S. (2001). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 5165-5170.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2016 Revista de Biología Tropical