Supplementary Files
Keywords
gas chromatography
headspace
mass spectrometry
principal component analysis
terpenoids
volatile compounds.
bromelia
cromatografía de gases
espacio de cabeza
espectrometría de masas
análisis de componentes principales
terpenoides.
How to Cite
Abstract
Volatile compounds play a vital role in the life cycle of plants, possessing antimicrobial and anti-herbivore activities, and with a significant importance in the food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industry. This study aimed to identify the volatile compounds emitted by flowers of thirteen species belonging to four genera of Bromeliaceae, using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction and detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 71 volatile compounds belonging to nine chemical groups were identified. The compounds identified represented more than 97 % of the major components in Aechmea bicolor, Ae. bromeliifolia, Ae. distichantha, Ae. fasciata, and Vriesea friburgensis. In the Ananas varieties, over 99 % of the components were identified, and around 90 % in V. simplex. V. friburgensis presented the largest diversity of volatiles with 31 compounds, while Alcantarea nahoumii presented only 14. All three Ananas varieties presented the same 28 compounds in relatively similar abundance, which has been confirmed by principal component analysis. Current taxonomy and pollination syndrome studies available can adequately explain the variation in volatile compounds among species.
References
Acree, T., & Arn, H. (2004). Flavornet and human odor space. Retrieved from http://www.flavornet.org.
Aguilar-Rodríguez, P. A., MacSwiney, G. M. C., Krömer, T., García-Franco, J. G., Knauer, A., & Kessler, M. (2014). First record of bat-pollination in the species-rich genus Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae). Annals of Botany, 113, 1047-1055.
Almeida, V., Gonçalves, V., Galego, L., Miguel, G., & Costa, M. (2006). Volatile constituents of leaves and flowers of Thymus mastichina by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction. Acta Horticulturae, 723, 239-242.
Arab, A., & Bento, J. M. S. (2006). Plant volatiles: new perspectives for research in Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 35(2), 151-158.
Araujo, A. C., Fischer, E., & Sazima, M. (2004). As Bromélias na região do Rio Verde. In O. Marques, & W. Duleba (Eds.), Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins: ambiente físico, flora e fauna (pp. 162-171). Ribeirão Preto, SP: Holos Editora.
Balao, F., Herrera, J., Talavera, S., & Dötterl, S. (2011). Spatial and temporal patterns of floral scent emission in Dianthus inoxianus and electroantennographic responses of its hawkmoth pollinator. Phytochemistry, 72(7), 601-609.
Barfuss, M. H. J., Samuel, R., Till, W., & Stuessy, T. F. (2005). Phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) based on DNA sequence data from seven plastid regions. American Journal of Botany, 92(2), 337-351.
Bauer, K., Garbe, D., & Surburg, H. (2001). Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
Behr, A., & Johnen, L. (2009). Myrcene as a natural base chemical in sustainable chemistry: A critical review. Chemistry & Sustentability, Energy & Materials, 2(12), 1072-1095.
Benzing, D. H. (2000). Bromeliaceae: Profile an Adaptive Radiation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bestmann, H. J., Winkler, L., & von Helversen, O. (1997). Headspace analysis of volatile flower scent constituents of bat-pollinated plants. Phytochemistry, 46(7), 1169-1172.
Bordiga, M., Rinaldi, M., Locatelli, M., Piana, G., Travaglia, F., Coïsson, J. D., & Arlorio, M. (2013). Characterization of Muscat wines aroma evolution using comprehensive gas chromatography followed by a post-analytic approach to 2D contour plots comparison. Food Chemistry, 140(1-2), 57-67.
Brechbill, G. O. (2007). Classifying aroma chemicals. New Jersey: Fragrance Book Inc.
Canela, M. B. F., & Sazima, M. (2005). The pollination of Bromelia antiacantha (Bromeliaceae) in Southeastern Brazil: Ornithophilous versus Melittophilous features. Plant Biology, 7(4), 411-416.
Cantelo, W. W., & Jacobson, M. (1979). Phenylacetaldehyde attracts moths to bladder flower and to blacklight traps. Environmental Entomology, 8(3), 444-447.
Chaverri, C., & Cicció, J. F. (2015). Leaf and fruit essential oil compositions of Pimenta guatemalensis (Myrtaceae) from Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 63(1), 303-311.
Chen, C. Y., Lin, R. J., Huang, J. C., Wu, Y. H., Cheng, M. J., Hung, H. C., & Lo, W. L. (2009). Chemical constituents from the whole plant of Gaultheria itoana Hayata. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 6(10), 1737-1743.
Cheng, H. (2010). Volatile flavor compounds in yogurt: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 50(10), 938-950.
Cuevas-Glory, L., Ortiz-Vazquez, E., Sauri-Duch, E., & Pino, J. A. (2013). Characterization of aroma-active compounds in sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.). Acta Alimentaria, 42(1), 102-108.
Culleré, L., Simón, B. F., Cadahía, E., Ferreira, V., Hernández-Orte, P., & Cacho, J. (2013). Characterization by gas chromatography-olfactometry of the most odor-active compounds in extracts prepared from acacia, chestnut, cherry, ash and oak woods. Food Science and Technology, 53(1), 240-248.
Custódio, L., Serra, H., Nogueira, J. M. F., Gonçalves, S., & Romano, A. (2006). Analysis of the volatiles emitted by whole flowers and isolated flower organs of the carob tree using HS-SPME-GC/MS. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 32(5), 929-942.
Darjazi, B. B. (2011). A comparison of volatile components of flower of page mandarin obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction and hydrodistillation. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(13), 2839-2847.
Dobson, H. E. H. (1994). Floral volatiles in insect biology. In E. A. Bernays (Ed.), Insect-plant interactions (pp. 47-81). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Dötterl, S., Jahreib, K., Jhumur, U. S., & Jürgens, A. (2012). Temporal variation of flower scent in Silene otitis (Caryophyllaceae): a species with a mixed pollination system. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 169(3), 447-460.
Dudareva, N., & Pichersky, E. (2006). Biology of floral scent. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Dudareva, N., Pichersky, E., & Gershenzon, J. (2004). Biochemistry of plant volatiles. Plant Physiology, 135(4), 1893-1902.
Fan, W., & Quian, M. C. (2006). Characterization of aroma compounds of Chinese “Wuliangye” and “Jiannanchun” liquors by aroma extract dilution analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(7), 2695-2704.
Faria, A. P. G., Wendt, T., & Brown, G. K. (2004). Cladistic relationships of Aechmea (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) and allied genera. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 91(2), 303-319.
Fernandes, E. S., Passos, G. S., Medeiros, R., Cunha, F. M., Ferreira, J., Campos, M. M., ..., & Calixto, J. B. (2007). Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds alpha-humulene and (-)-trans-caryophyllene isolated from the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea. European Journal of Pharmacology, 569(3), 228-236.
Formisano, C., Senatore, F., Porta, G. D., Scognamiglio, M., Bruno, M., Maggio, A., ..., & Sajeva, M. (2009). Headspace volatile composition of the flowers of Caralluma europaea N.E.Br. (Apocynaceae). Molecules, 14(11), 4597-4613.
Gerlach, G., & Schill, R. (1991). Composition of Orchid Scents Attracting Euglossine Bees. Botanica Acta, 104(5), 385-391.
Givnish, T. J., Barffus, M. H. J., Ee, B. E., Riina, R., Schulte, K., Horres, R., …, & Sytsma, K. J. (2011). Phylogeny, adaptative radiation, and historical biogeography in Bromeliaceae: insights from an eight-locus plastid phylogeny. American Journal of Botany, 98(5), 872-895.
Gomez, E., Ledbetter, C. A., & Hartsell, P. L. (1993). Volatile compounds in apricot, plum, and their interspecific hybrids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 41(10), 1669-1676.
Grant, J. R. (1995). Addendum to “The resurrection of Alcantarea and Werauhia, a new genus” (Bromeliaceae: Tillandsioideae). Phytologia, 78(2), 119-123.
Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., & Riley, T. V. (2003). Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(4), 853-860.
Han, B., Zhou, P., Cui, L., & Fu, J. (2006). Characterization of the key aromatic constituents in tea flowers of elite Chinese tea cultivar. International Society of Tea Science, 6, 31-36.
Huang, C. J., Lee, S. L., & Chou, C. C. (2001). Production of 2-phenylethanol, flavor ingredient, by Pichia fermentans L-5 under various culture conditions. Food Research International, 34(4), 277-282.
Jabalpurwala, F. A., Smoot, J. M., & Rouseff, R. L. (2009). A comparison of Citrus blossom volatiles. Phytochemistry, 70(11-12), 1428-1434.
Janes, D., Kantar, D., Kreft, S., & Prosen, H. (2009). Identification of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) aroma compounds with GC-MS. Food Chemistry, 112(1), 120-124.
Kessler, A., Halitschke, R., & Poveda, K. (2011). Herbivory-mediated pollinator limitation: negative impacts of induced volatiles on plant-pollinator interactions. Ecology, 92(9), 1769-1780.
Kessler, M., & Krömer, T. (2000). Patterns and ecological correlates of pollination modes among bromeliad communities of Andean Forests in Bolivia. Plant Biology, 2(6), 659-669.
Knudsen, J. T., Tollsten, L., Groth, I., Bergström, G., & Raguso, R. A. (2004) Trends in floral scent chemistry in pollination syndromes: floral scent composition in hummingbird-pollinated taxa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 146(2), 191-199.
Knudsen, J., & Tollsten, L. (1995). Floral scent in bat-pollinated plants: a case of convergent evolution. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 119(1), 45-57.
Knudsen, J. T., & Gershenzon, J. (2006). The chemistry diversity of floral scent. In N. Dudareva, & E. Pichersky (Eds.), Biology of Floral Scent (pp. 27-52). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Langenheim, J. H. (1994). Higher plant terpenoids: A phytocentric overview of their ecological roles. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20(6), 1223-1280.
Lee, J., Chambers, D. H., Chambers, E., Adhikari, K., & Yoon, Y. (2013). Volatile aroma compounds in various brewed green teas. Molecules, 18(8), 10024-10041.
Liu, S. H., Wei, C. B., Sun, G. M., & Zang, X. P. (2008). Analysis of aroma components of three pineapple cultivars. Food Science, 29(12), 614-617.
Lognay, G., Marlier, M., Seck, D., & Haubruge, E. (2000). The occurrence of 2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester in Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen root bark. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment, 4(2), 107-110.
Lucas-Barbosa, D., Loon, J. J. A., & Dicke, M. (2011). The effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on interactions between plants and flower-visiting insects. Phytochemisty, 72(13), 1647-1654.
Luther, H. E. (2012). An alfabetical list of Bromeliad binomials (13th ed.). Sarasota, FL: Sarasota Bromeliad Society and Marie Selby Botanical Gardens.
Mahattanatawee, K., Rouseff, R., Filomena, V. M., & Naim, M. (2005). Identification and aroma impact of norisoprenoids in orange juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(2), 393-397.
Nogueira, P. C. L., Bittrich, V., Shepherd, G. J., Lopes, A. V., & Marsaioli, A. J. (2001). The ecological and taxonomic importance of flower volatiles of Clusia species (Guttiferae). Phytochemistry, 56(5), 443-452.
Paibon, W., Yimnoi, C. A., Tembab, N., Boonlue, W., Jampachaisri, K., Nuengchamnong, N., …, & Ingkaninan, K. (2011). Comparison and evaluation of volatile oils from three different extraction methods for some Thai fragrant flowers. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 33(2), 150-156.
Parra-Garcés, M. I., Caroprese-Araque, J. F., Arrieta-Prieto, A., & Stashenko, E. (2010). Morfología, anatomía, ontogenia y composición química de metabolites secundarios en inflorescencias de Lippia alba (Verbenaceae). Revista Biología Tropical, 58(4), 1533-1548.
Phi, N. T. L., Nishiyama, C., Choi, H. S., & Sawamura, M. (2006). Evaluation of characteristic aroma compounds of Citrus natsudaidai Hayata (Natsudaidai) cold-pressed pell oil. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 70(8), 1832-1838.
Pichersky, E., & Gershenzon, J. (2002). The formation and function of plant volatiles: perfumes for pollinator attraction and defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 5(3), 237-243.
Qiao, Y., Xie, B. J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, G., Yao, X. L., & Pan, S. Y. (2008). Characterization of aroma active compounds in fruit juice and peel oil of Jinchen sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) by GC-MS and GC-O. Molecules, 13(6), 1333-1344.
Robert, L., & Meagher, J. R. (2002). Trapping noctuid moths with synthetic floral volatile lures. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 103(3), 219-226.
Sawamura, M., Minhtu, N. T., Onishi, Y., Ogawa, E., & Choi, H. S. (2004). Characteristic odor components of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Ponkan) cold pressed oil. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 68(8), 1690-1697.
Sazima, I., Vogel, S., & Sazima, M. (1989). Bat pollination of Encholirium glaziovii, a terrestrial bromeliad. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 168(3), 167-179.
Sazima, M., Buzato, S., & Sazima, I., 1995. Bat pollination of Vriesea in Southeastern Brazil. Bromelia, 2, 29-37.
Schmid, S., Schmid, V. S., Zillikens, A., & Steiner, J. (2011). Diversity of flower visitors and their role for pollination in the ornithophilous bromeliad Vriesea friburgensis in two different habitats in Southern Brazil. Ecotropica, 17(1), 91-102.
Schmid, S., Schmid, V. S., Zillikens, A., Harter-Marques, B., & Steiner, J. (2011). Bimodal pollination system of the bromeliad Aechmea nudicaulis including hummingbirds and bees. Plant Biology, 13(1), 41-50.
Scrok, G. J., & Varassin, I. G. (2011). Reproductive biology and pollination of Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae). Acta Botanica Brasilica, 25(3), 571-576.
Siqueira Filho, J. A. (1998). Biologia floral de Hohenbergia ridleyi (Baker) Mez. Bromelia, 5, 3-13.
Siqueira Filho, J. A., & Machado, I. C. S. (2001). Biologia reprodutiva de Canistrum aurantiacum E. Morren (Bromeliaceae) em remanescente da Floresta Atlântica, Nordeste do Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 15(3), 427-443.
Smith, C. E, Allen, N., & Nelson, O. A. (1943). Some chemotropic studies with Autographa spp. Journal of Economic Entomology, 36(4), 619-621.
Stahl, J. M., Nepi, M., Galetto, L., Guimarães, E., & Machado, S. R. (2012). Functional aspects of floral nectar secretion of Ananas ananassoides, an ornithophilous bromeliad from the Brazilian savanna. Annals of Botany, 109(7), 1243-1252.
Statsoft Inc. (2004). Statistica 7.0. Tulsa, OK: Statsoft®
Suinyuy, T. N., Donaldson, J. S., & Johnson, S. D. (2013). Variation in the chemical composition of cone volatiles within the African cycad genus Encephalartos. Phytochemistry, 85(1), 82-91.
Tokitomo, Y., Steinhaus, M., Buttner, A., & Schieberle, P. (2005). Odor-active constituents in fresh pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) by quantitative and sensory evaluation. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 69(7), 1323-1330.
Versieux, L. M., Barbará, T., Wanderley, M. G. L., Calvente, A., Fay, M. F., & Lexer, C. (2012). Molecular phylogenetics of the Brazilian giant bromeliads (Alcantarea, Bromeliaceae): implications for morphological evolution and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 64(1), 177-189.
Wang, Y., Hossain, D., Perry, P. L., Adams, B., & Lin, J. (2012). Characterization of volatile and aroma-impact compounds in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L., var. Triumph) fruit by GC-MS and GC-O analyses. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 27(2), 141-148.
Wei, C. B., Liu, S. H., Liu, Y. G., Lv, L. L., Yang, W. X., & Sun, G. M. (2011). Characteristic aroma compounds from different pineapple parts. Molecules, 16(6), 5104-5112.
Whetstine, M. E. C., Cadwallader, K. R., & Drake, M. (2005). Characterization of aroma compounds responsible for the rosy/floral flavor in cheddar cheese. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(8), 3126-3132.
Zheng, C. H., Kim, T. H., Kim, K. H., Leem, Y. H., & Lee, H. J. (2004). Characterization of potent aroma compounds in Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Garland) using aroma extract dilution analysis. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 19(5), 401-405.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2016 Revista de Biología Tropical