Keywords
flood areas
richness
vertical distribution
Withiidae
áreas inundables
Chernetidae
distribución vertical
riqueza
Withiidae
How to Cite
Abstract
Pseudoscorpions embrace a diverse group of arachnids with approximately 3 500 species that occur in various habitats, such as soil, leaf litter, caves and canopies. This study aimed at evaluating the relationship between the pseudoscorpion assemblages in soil, termite nests, tree trunks and canopies, as well as the temporal distribution as to the abundance and richness of species in these habitats. For this purpose different sampling techniques were applied in an integrated manner in distinct habitats of a seasonally flooded monodominant forest in the Northern Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Data regarding the abundance and richness of assemblage species were organized by means of the Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). A total of 2 068 Pseudoscorpiones distributed in seven families and 18 species were captured. Chernetidae (8 spp.) and Withiidae (5 spp.) predominated, while Atemnidae, Cheiridiidae, Geogarypidae, Lechytiidae and Olpiidae were present with only one species each. Terrestrial fauna was more abundant (1 035 ind.; 50.0 % of the total catch) with three families and 10 species. In the arboreal fauna (712 ind.; 34.4 %), four families and 13 species were found. Termite mounds (321 ind.; 15.6 %) corresponded to the habitat with the least number of individuals, however, five families and nine species were identified, including Parachernes sp. 2, Geogarypus sp. and Olpiolum sp., not found in other analyzed habitats in this forest. The analyses did not show any temporal variation as to abundance or richness of Pseudoscorpiones in each evaluated habitat; however, the analysis showed that the edaphic environment (soil + termite nests), tree trunks and tree canopies are distinct habitats in relation to the composition of the assemblage. The occurrence of typical terricolous (e.g. Parawithius sp., Withiidae gen. sp. and Parachernes sp.) and other arboricolous (e.g. Cheiridium sp., Americhernes sp. and Lustrochernes sp.) species highlights the vertical stratification of the assemblage present in this floodplain forest in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso.
References
Adis, J. (1981). Comparative ecological studies of the terrestrial arthropod fauna in Central Amazonian inundation-forests. Amazoniana, 7, 87-173.
Adis, J. (1992). Überlebensstrategien terrestrischer Invertebraten in Überschwemmungswäldern Zentralamazoniens. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein Hamburg (NF), 33, 21-114.
Adis, J. (1997). Estratégias de sobrevivência de invertebrados terrestres em florestas inundáveis da Amazônia Central: Uma resposta à inundação de longo período. Acta Amazonica, 27, 43-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921997271054
Adis, J. (2002). Taxonomical classification and biodiversity. In J. Adis (Ed.), Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda (pp. 13-15). Sofia: Pensoft Publishers.
Adis, J., Basset, Y., Floren, A., Hammond, P., & Linsenmair, K. E. (1998). Canopy fogging of an overstory tree - recommendations for standardization. Ecotropica, 4, 93-97.
Adis, J., & Harvey, M. S. (2000). How many Arachnida and Myriapoda are there world-wide and in Amazonia? Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 35, 139-141. DOI: 10.1076/0165-0521(200008)
Adis, J., & Mahnert, V. (1985). On the natural history and ecology of Pseudoscorpiones (Arachnida) from an Amazonian blackwater inundation forest. Amazoniana, 9, 297-314.
Adis, J., & Mahnert, V. (1990a). On the composition of Pseudoscorpiones (Arachnida) from Amazonian dryland and inundation forests in Brazil. Revue Suisse Zoologie, 97, 49-53. DOI.10.5962/bhl.part.79724
Adis, J., & Mahnert, V. (1990b). Vertical distribution and abundance of pseudoscorpion species (Arachnida) in the soil of a Neotropical secondary forest during the dry and the rainy season. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 190, 11-16.
Adis, J., & Mahnert, V. (1993). Vertical distribution and abundance of pseudoscorpions (Arachnida) in the soil of two different Neotropical primary forests during the dry and rainy seasons. Memoirs Queensland Museum, 33, 431-440.
Adis, J., Mahnert, V., De Morais, J. W., & Rodrigues, J. M. G. (1988). Adaptation of an amazonian pseudoscorpion (Arachnida) from dryland forests to inundation forests. Ecology, 69, 287-291. DOI: 10.2307/1943185
Adis, J., Marques, M. I., & Wantzen, K. M. (2001). First observations on the survival strategies of terricolous arthropods in the Northern Pantanal wetland of Brazil. Andrias, 15, 127-128.
Adis, J., & Schubart, H. R. O. (1984). Ecological research on arthropods in Central Amazonian forest ecosystems with recomendations for study procedures. In J. H. Cooley, & F. B. Golley (Eds.), Trends in Ecological Research for the 1980s (pp. 111-144). Nato Conference Series I: Ecology. New York: Plenun Press.
Aguiar, N. O., & Bührnheim, P. F. (1998a). Phoretic pseudoscorpions associated with flying insects in Brazilian Amazônia. The Journal of Arachnology, 26, 452-459. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3706256.
Aguiar, N. O., & Bührnheim, P. F. (1998b). Pseudoscorpions (Arachnida) of ilha de Maracá. In W. Milliken, & J. A. Ratter (Eds.), Maracá: The biodiversity and environment of an Amazonian rainforest (pp. 381-389). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Aguiar, N. O., & Bührnheim, P. F. (2003). Pseudoescorpiões (Arachnida) da vegetação de sub-bosque da floresta primária tropical da terra firme (Coari, Amazonas, Brasil). Acta Amazonica, 33, 515-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672003000300016
Aguiar, N. O., Gualberto, T. L., & Franklin, E. (2006). A medium-spatial scale distribution pattern of Pseudoscorpionida (Arachnida) in a gradient of topography (altitude and inclination), soil factors, and litter in a Central Amazonia forest reserve, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 66, 791-802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000500004
Battirola, L. D., Adis, J., Marques, M. I., & Silva, F. H. O. (2007). Composição da comunidade de artrópodes associada à copa de Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae), durante o período de cheia no Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Neotropical Entomology, 36, 640-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2007000500002
Battirola, L. D., Marques, M. I., & Adis, J. (2006). The importance of organic material for arthropods on Attalea phalerata (Arecaceae) in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. What’s up? ICAN, 12, 1-3.
Battirola, L. D., Marques, M. I., Adis, J., & Brescovit, A. D. (2004). Aspectos ecológicos da comunidade de Araneae (Arthropoda, Arachnida) em copas da palmeira Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae) no Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 48, 421-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262004000300020
Battirola, L. D., Marques, M. I., Brescovit, A. D., Rosado-Neto, G. H., & Anjos, K. C. (2010). Comunidade edáfica de Araneae (Arthropoda, Arachnida) em uma floresta sazonalmente inundável na região norte do Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 10, 173-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000200022
Battirola, L. D., Marques, M. I., Rosado-Neto, G. H., Pinheiro, T. G., & Pinho, N. G. C. (2009). Vertical and time distribution of Diplopoda (Arthropoda: Myriapoda) in a monodominant forest in Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Zoologia, 26, 479-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702009005000008
Castilho, A. C. C., Marques, M. I., Adis, J., & Brescovit, A. D. (2005). Distribuição sazonal e vertical de Araneae em área com predomínio de Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae), no Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Amazoniana, 18, 215-239.
Clarke, K. R. (1993). Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology, 18, 117-143. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x
Costa, C., & Vanin, A. S. (2010). Coleoptera larval fauna associated with termite nests (Isoptera) with emphasis on the bioluminescent termite nests from Central Brazil. Psyche, 2010, 1-13, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/723947
De Morais, J. W., Adis, J., Mahnert, V., & Berti-Filho, E. (1997). Abundance and phenology of Pseudoscorpiones (Arachnida) from a mixedwater inundation forest in Central Amazonia, Brazil. Revue Suisse Zoologie, 104, 475-483.
Harvey, M. S. (2013). Order Pseudoscorpiones. In Z. Q. Zhang (Ed.), Animal Biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Arachnida). Zootaxa, 3703, 1-82.
Heckman, C. W. (1998). The Pantanal of Poconé. Biota and ecology in the northern section of the world’s largest pristine wetland. Dordrecht, Kluwer: Academic Publishers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3423-3
Junk, W. J. (1997). General aspects of floodplain ecology with special reference to Amazonian Floodplains. In W. J. Junk (Ed.), The Central Amazon Floodplain. Ecology of a pulsing system (pp. 455-472). Berlin, Springer: Ecological Studies 126.
Junk, W. J., Bayley, P. B., & Sparks, R. E. (1989). The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems. In D. P. Dodge (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium (LARS) (pp. 110-127). Ontario: Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106.
Legendre, P., & Legendre, L. (1998). Numerical Ecology (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Mahnert, V. (2009). Attaleachernes gen. nov., a new Chernetid genus from palm trees in the Brazilian Pantanal (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae). Contributions Natural History, 12, 921-930.
Mahnert, V., & Adis, J. (1985). On the occurrence and habitat of Pseudoscorpiones (Arachnida) from Amazonian Forest of Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 20, 211-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650528509360691
Mahnert, V., & Adis, J. (2002). Pseudoscorpiones. In J. Adis (Ed.), Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda (pp. 367-380). Sofia: Pensoft Publishers.
Marques, M. I., Adis, J., Battirola, L. D., Santos, G. B., & Castilho, A. C. C. (2011). Arthropods associated with a forest of Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae) palm trees in the northern Pantanal of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. In W. J. Junk, C. J. Da-Silva, C. Nunes-da-Cunha, & K. M. Wantzen (Eds.), The Pantanal: Ecology, biodiversity and sustainable management of a large neotropical seasonal wetland (pp. 431-468). Sofia-Moscow: Pensoft Publishers.
Marques, M. I., Adis, J., Nunes-da-Cunha, C., & Santos, G. B. (2001). Arthropod biodiversity in the canopy of Vochysia divergens (Vochysiaceae), a forest dominant in the Brazilian Pantanal. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 36, 205-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/snfe.36.3.205.2122
Marques, M. I., Adis, J., Santos, G. B., & Battirola, L. D. (2006). Terrestrial arthropods from tree canopies in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 50, 257-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262006000200007
Martius, C. (1994). Termite nests as structural elements of the Amazon floodplain forest. Andrias, 13, 137-150.
Martius, C. (2001). Nest architecture of Nasutitermes termites in a white water floodplain forest in Central Amazonia, and a field key to species (Isoptera, Termitidae). Andrias, 15, 163-171.
Martius, C., Höfer, H., Verhaagh, M., Adis, J., & Mahnert, V. (1994). Terrestrial arthropods colonizing an abandoned termite nest in a floodplain forest of the Amazon River during the flood. Andrias, 13, 17-22.
Murienne, J., Harvey, M. S., & Giribet, G. (2008). First molecular phylogeny of the major clades of Pseudoscorpiones (Arthropoda: Chelicerata). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 170-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.06.002
Nunes-da-Cunha, C., & Junk, W. J. (2004). Year-to-year changes in water level drive the invasion of Vochysia divergens in Pantanal grasslands. Applied Vegetation Science, 7, 103-110. DOI: 10.1111/j.1654-109X.2004.tb00600.x
Nunes-da-Cunha, C., & Junk, W. J. (2011). A preliminary classification of habitats of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, and its relation to national and international wetland classification systems. In W. J. Junk, C. J. Da-Silva, C. Nunes-da-Cunha, & K. M. Wantzen (Eds.), The Pantanal: Ecology, biodiversity and sustainable management of a large neotropical seasonal wetland (pp. 127-141). Sofia-Moscow: Pensoft Publishers.
Nunes-da-Cunha, C., & Junk, W. J. (2014). A classificação dos macrohabitats do Pantanal Mato-grossense. In C. Nunes-da-Cunha, M. T. F. Piedade, & W. J. Junk (Eds.), Classificação e delineamento das áreas úmidas brasileiras e de seus macrohabitats (pp. 77-122). Cuiabá: EdUFMT.
Oksanen, J., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., O’hara, B., Stevens, M. H. H., & Oksanen, M. J. (2014). Suggests, M.A.S.S. 2014. VEGAN: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.002. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan. Accessed 17 Nov. 2014
Pinho, N. G. C. (2003). Diversidade da artropodofauna em solo no Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso (Dissertação de Mestrado). Instituto de Biociências, UFMT, Cuiabá, MT.
Ponce, V. M., & Nunes-da-Cunha, C. (1993). Vegetated earthmounds in tropical savannas of Central Brazil: a synthesis with special reference to the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. Journal of Biogeography, 20, 219-225. DOI: 10.2307/2845673
Por, F. D. (1995). The Pantanal of Mato Grosso (Brazil). World’s largest Wetlands. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/
Santos, G. B., Marques, M. I., Adis, J., & Musis, C. R. (2003). Artrópodos associados à copa de Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae), na região do Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 47, 211-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262003000200010
Silva, M. P., Mauro, R., Mourão, G., & Coutinho, M. (2000). Distribuição e quantificação de classes de vegetação do Pantanal através de levantamento aéreo. Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 23, 143-152. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-84042000000200004
Weygoldt, P. (1969). Biology of Pseudoscorpions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Yamazaki, L., Marques, M. I., Brescovit, A. D., & Battirola, L. D. (2015). Tityus paraguayensis (Scorpiones: Buthidae) em copas de Callisthene fasciculata (Vochysiaceae) no Pantanal de Mato Grosso (Brasil). Acta Biológica Paranaense, 44, 153-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/abpr.v44i1-4.44122
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2017 Revista de Biología Tropical