Abstract
The time-course and composition of inflammatory infiltrate in mouse gastroenemius injected with Bothrops asper venom was studied. The venom induced myonecrosis, and a prominent decrease in muscle levels of creatine kinase (CK) as early as 3 hr after envenomation. Inflammatory infiltrate was scarse by 6 hr, but increased markedly at 24, 48 and 72 hr. Samples of infiltrate obtained at 6 and 24 hr contained polymorphonuclear leucocytes as the predominant cell type, whereas at 48 hr and 72 hr the relative number of macrophages increased. Inflammatory cells were located within necrotic muscle cells, as well as in the interstitial space, but there were some necrotic areas devoid of inflammatory cells even one week after envenomation. When correlating the presence of inflammatory cells with degradation of myofibrillar proteins, it was observed that at 6 hr there was little muscle protein degradation. By 48 hr a decrease in "non collagen" proteins was observed, together with a reduction in some myofibrillar components, as judged by electrophoresis. Proteolytic enzymes of inflammatory cells may play an important role in myofibrillar protein degradation after myonecrosis induced by B. asper venom.
References
Arroyo, O. & J.M. Gutiérrrez. 1981. Estudio ultraestructural de la mionecrosis inducida en ratón por el veneno de terciopelo (Bothrops asper) de Costa Rica. Toxicon 19: 173-782.
Bolaños, R. 1982. Las serpientes venenosas de Centroamérica y el problema del ofidismo. Primera parte. Aspectos zoológicos, epidemiológicos y biomédicos. Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas 3: 165-184.
Gutiérrez, J.M. & F. Chaves. 1980. Efectos proteolíticos, hemorrágico y mionecrótico de los venenos de serpientes costarricenses de los géneros Bothrops, Crotalus y Lachesis. Toxicon 18: 315-321.
Gutiérrez, J.M., O. Arroyo & R. Bolaños. 1980a. Mionecrosis, hemorragia y edema inducidos por el veneno de Bothrops asper en ratón blanco. Toxicon 18: 603-610.
Gutiérrez, J.M., F. Chaves, E. Rojas & R. Bolaños R. 1980b. Efectos locales inducidos por el veneno de la serpiente coral Micrurus nigrocinctus en ratón blanco. Toxicon 18: 633-639.
Gutiérrez, J.M., L. Cerdas, O. Arroyo, E. Rojas, B. Lomonte & J.A. Gené. 1982. Patogénesis y neutralización de los efectos locales inducidos por el veneno de la serpiente "terciopelo" (Bothrops asper). Acta Médica Costarricense 25: 255-262.
Gutiérrez, J.M., C.L. Ownby & G.V. Odell. 1984. Pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by crude venom and a myotoxin of Bothrops aspero Exp. Molec. Pathol. 40: 367-379.
Harris, J.B. & M.A. Johnson. 1978. Further observations on the pathological responses of rat skeletal muscle to toxins isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus. Clin. Exp Pharmacol. Physiol. 5: 587-600.
Harris, LB. & C.A. Maltin. 1982. Myotoxic activity of the crude venom and the principal neurotoxin, taipoxin, of the Australian taipan, Oxyuranus scutellatus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 76: 61-75.
Harris, J.B., M.A. Johnson & E. Karlsson. 1975. Pathological responses of fat skeletal muscles to a single subcutaneous injection of a toxin isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2: 383-404.
Homma, M. & A.T. Tu. 1971. Morphology of local tissue damage in experimental snake envenomation. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 52: 538-542.
lshiura, S., I. Nonaka, T. Fujita & H. Sugita. 1983. Effect of cycloheximide administration on bupivacaine-induced acute muscle degradation. J. Biochem. 94: 1631-1636.
lshiura, S., I. Nonaka, H. Nakase, A. Tada & H. Sugita. 1984. Two-step mechanism of myofibrillar protein degradation in acute plasmocid induced muscle necrosis. Biochim. Biophys, Act. 798: 333-342.
Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Cleavage of structural protein during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680-685.
Lowry, O. H., N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr & R.J. Randall. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin-phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265·268.
Maskrey, P., M.G. Pluskal, J.B. Harris & R.J .T. Pennington. 1977. Studies on incrcased acid hydrolase activities in denervated muscle. J. Neurochm. 28: 403-409.
Movat, H.Z. 1979. The acute inflammatory reaction, p. 1-161. In H.Z. Movat (ed). Inflammation. Immunity and Hypersensitivity. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Harper & Row. Hagerstown.
Nonaka, I., A. Takagi, S. Ishiura. H. Nakase & H. Sugita. 1983. Pathophysiology of muscle fiber necrosis induced by bupivacaine hidrocholoride (Marcaine). Acta Neuropathol. 60: 167-174.
Ownby, C.L. 1982. Pathology of rattlesnake envenomation, p. 163-209. In A.T. Tu (ed). Rattlesnake Venoms. Their Actions and Treatment. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Pluskal, M. G., J.B. Harris, R.L Pennington, R.J. & D. Eaker. 1978. Some biochemical responses of ratskeletal muscle to a single subcutaneous injection of a toxin (notexin) isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 5: 131-141.
Tu, A.T. 1977 Venoms: Chemistry and Molecular Biology. New York: John Wiley.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 1986 Revista de Biología Tropical